Macha (Irish pronunciation:[ˈmˠaxə]) was asovereignty goddess[1][2] of ancient Ireland associated with the province ofUlster, particularly the sites ofNavan Fort (Eamhain Mhacha)[3] andArmagh (Ard Mhacha),[4] which are named after her.[5] Several figures called Macha appear inIrish mythology and folklore, all believed to derive from the same goddess. She is said to be one of three sisters known as 'the three Morrígna'. Like other sovereignty goddesses, Macha is associated with the land, fertility, kingship, war and horses.[6]
Proinsias Mac Cana discusses three Machas: Macha, wife of Nemed; Queen Macha, wife of Cimbáeth; and Macha, wife of Crunnchu, who caused the debility of the Ulstermen.[6] Gregory Toner discusses four, with the addition of Macha as one of the three Morrigans.[7]
The name is presumably derived fromProto-Celtic *makajā denoting "a plain" (genitive *makajās "of the plain").[8] In modernScottish Gaelic, the etymologically related termmachair refers to a fertile grassy plain that is maintained by continuous trampling and grazing of livestock.
In the Dindsenchas Macha is calledGrian Banchure, the "Sun of Womanfolk" and is referred to as the daughter ofMidir of Brí Léith.[4]
A poem in theLebor Gabála Érenn mentions Macha as one of the daughters ofPartholón, leader of the first settlement of Ireland after the flood, although it records nothing about her.[9]
Various sources record a second Macha as the wife ofNemed, leader of the second settlement of Ireland after the flood. She was the first of Nemed's people to die in Ireland – twelve years after their arrival according toGeoffrey Keating,[10] twelve days after their arrival according to theAnnals of the Four Masters.[11] It is said that the hilltop where she was buried was named after her:Ard Mhacha, "Macha's high place". The surrounding woodland was cleared by Nemed's folk and namedMagh Mhacha, "Macha's plain".[12]
Macha, daughter ofErnmas, of theTuatha Dé Danann, appears in many early sources. She is often mentioned together with her sisters, "Badb andMorrigu, whose name wasAnand".[13] The three (with varying names) are often considered atriple goddess associated with war.[14]O'Mulconry's Glossary, a thirteenth-century compilation ofglosses from medieval manuscripts preserved in theYellow Book of Lecan, describes Macha as "one of the threemorrígna" (the plural ofMorrígan), and says the termMesrad Machae, "themast of Macha", refers to "the heads of men that have been slaughtered". A version of the same gloss in MS H.3.18 identifies Macha with Badb, calling the trio "raven women" who instigate battle.[15] Keating explicitly calls them "goddesses",[16] but medieval Irish tradition was keen to remove all trace of pre-Christian religion. Macha is said to have been killed byBalor during the battle with theFomorians.[17][18]
Macha Mong Ruad ("red hair"), daughter ofÁed Rúad ("red fire" or "fire lord" – a name ofthe Dagda), was, according to medieval legend and historical tradition, the only queen in theList of High Kings of Ireland. Her father Áed rotated the kingship with his cousinsDíthorba andCimbáeth, seven years at a time. Áed died after his third stint as king, and when his turn came round again, Macha claimed the kingship. Díthorba and Cimbáeth refused to allow a woman to take the throne, and a battle ensued. Macha won, and Díthorba was killed. She won a second battle against Díthorba's sons, who fled into the wilderness ofConnacht. She married Cimbáeth, with whom she shared the kingship. Macha pursued Díthorba's sons alone, disguised as aleper, and overcame each of them in turn when they tried to have sex with her, tied them up, and carried the three of them bodily toUlster. The Ulstermen wanted to have them killed, but Macha instead enslaved them and forced them to buildEmain Macha (Navan Fort near Armagh), to be the capital of theUlaid, marking out its boundaries with her brooch (explaining the nameEmain Macha aseó-muin Macha or "Macha's neck-brooch").[19] Macha ruled together with Cimbáeth for seven years, until he died of plague at Emain Macha, and then a further fourteen years on her own, until she was killed byRechtaid Rígderg.[20][21] TheLebor Gabála synchronises her reign to that ofPtolemy I Soter (323–283 BC).[22] The chronology of Keating'sForas Feasa ar Éirinn dates her reign to 468–461 BC, theAnnals of the Four Masters to 661–654 BC.
Marie-Louise Sjoestedt writes of this figure: "In the person of this second Macha we discover a new aspect of the local goddess, that of the warrior and dominator; and this is combined with the sexual aspect in a specific manner which reappears in other myths, the male partner or partners being dominated by the female."[23]
Macha, daughter of Sainrith mac Imbaith, was the wife ofCruinniuc, an Ulster farmer. Some time after the death of Cruinniuc's first wife, Macha appears at his house. Without speaking, she beginskeeping the house and acting as his wife. Soon she becomes pregnant by him. As long as they were together Cruinniuc's wealth grew. When he leaves to attend a festival organised by the king of Ulster, she warns him that she will only stay with him so long as he does not speak of her to anyone, and he promises to say nothing. However, during a chariot race, he boasts that his wife can run faster than the king's horses. The king orders Cruinniuc be held on pain of death unless he can make good on his claim. Although she is heavily pregnant, Macha is brought to the gathering and the king forces her to race the horses. She wins the race, but then cries out in pain as she gives birth to twins on the finish line; a boy named Fír ("True") and a girl named Fial ("Modest").[4] For disrespecting and humiliating her, she curses the men of Ulster to be overcome with weakness—as weak "as a woman in childbirth"—at the time of their greatest need. This weakness would last for five days and the curse would last for nine generations. Thereafter, the place where Macha gave birth would be calledEmain Macha, or "Macha's twins".[24][25]
This tale,The Debility of the Ulstermen (Noínden Ulad) explains the meaning of the nameEmain Macha, and explains why none of the Ulstermen but the semi-divine heroCúchulainn could resist the invasion of Ulster in theTáin Bó Cuailnge (Cattle Raid ofCooley).[5][25] It shows that Macha, as goddess of the land and sovereignty, can be vengeful if disrespected,[2] and how the rule of a bad king leads to disaster.[26]
This Macha is particularly associated with horses—it is perhaps significant that twin colts were born on the same day as Cúchulainn, and that one of his chariot-horses was calledLiath Macha or "Macha's Grey"—and she is often compared with theWelsh mythological figureRhiannon.[5]
Macha is named as the wife of Nemed, son of Agnoman, or alternately as the wife of Crund, son of Agnoman, which may indicate an identity of Nemed with Crund. Macha is also named as the daughter of Midir and Aed the Red.[4]
| Preceded by Cimbáeth and Macha | High Queen of Ireland (Alone) LGE 4th/3rd century BC FFE 468–461 BC AFM 661–654 BC | Succeeded by |
