| mDungnag Tibetan | |
|---|---|
| Dongna | |
| Native to | China |
| Region | Gansu |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | None (mis) |
| Glottolog | None |
mDungnag Tibetan (ormDung-nag; also known asDongna 东纳话[1]) is a divergentTibetic language of westernGansu, China.[2]
mDungnag is spoken in Qifeng Tibetan Ethnic Township (祁丰藏族乡),Sunan Yugur Autonomous County, Gansu, China.[1]
Shao (2018) notes that mDungnag is not mutually intelligible with eitherKhams Tibetan orAmdo Tibetan. It may possibly be a divergent form of Amdo Tibetan due to some shared vocabulary, although these similarities could also be due to contact. The exact classification of mDungnag within Tibetic remains uncertain.[1]
mDungnag is a non-tonal language.[1]
mDungnag can be divided into two dialects:[1]
Some lexical differences between the Hexi and Hedong dialects include the following. Translated English glosses have also been provided to supplement the original Chinese glosses from Shao (2018).[1]
| Chinese gloss | English gloss | Hexi | Hedong |
|---|---|---|---|
| 乌鸦 | crow (bird) | kʰɐtʰɐ | hɐtʰɐ |
| 黄羊 | Mongolian gazelle | ʱgʷɐ | ʱgo |
| 旱獭 | marmot | ʂʮ | ʂʷa |
| 开水 | boiling water | tʂʰənkʰo | tʂʰəkʰo |
| 大坂 | large mountain | lʷɐ | lɐ |
| 红嘴鸦 | Red-billed chough | ʰtʂoŋχʷa | ʰtʂoŋhɐ |
| 馒头 | mantou (steamed bun) | kɔrɐ | kʷɐrɐ |
| 骆驼 | camel | ʱŋɐmaŋ | ʱŋɐməŋ |
| 白胸黑狗 | white-chested black dog | taŋkʰar | taŋɣar |
| 踩 | to step on | ʱdə | ʱdi |
| 耕地 | to plow, till | ʰtʂɐk | ʱmi (perfective; imperative); ʱmɔ (imperfective) |
| 穿 | to wear | kon | kʷan |
| 骑 | to ride | ʂon | ʂʷan |
| 点火 | to ignite, light (fire) | ʱdʑon | ʱdʑʷan |
| 吵 | to quarrel | kʰon | kʰʷan |
| 使役/使用 | to use | kʰɔ | ko |
| 疼痛 | pain | ʱdzer | zer |
| 舀 | to scoop | ʰtʂʷi (perfective; imperative); tʂʮ (imperfective) | sʷi (perfective; imperative); sʮ (imperfective) |
| 数字连词 | numeral affix | sɔ | ʰtsɐ |
| 棉袄 | cotton jacket | tʂyɣɔtsə | orə |
| 杏子 | apricot | ɣorək | xaŋrə |
| 山羊羔子 | kid (of mountain goat) | eᶳtsə | rəᶳtsə |
| 帽子 | hat | ⁿgɔʂɐ | kɐli |
| 两口子 | married couple | ʱdzɐwɐ | ʱdzɐⁿgɔ |
| 头面 | face; woman's head ornaments | ʰtəkgʷɔ | ʰtəkdʑap |
Sino-Tibetan branches | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| WesternHimalayas (Himachal, Uttarakhand,Nepal,Sikkim) |
|  | |||
| EasternHimalayas (Tibet,Bhutan,Arunachal) | |||||
| Myanmar and Indo- Burmese border |
| ||||
| East andSoutheast Asia |
| ||||
| Dubious (possible isolates) (Arunachal) |
| ||||
| Proposed groupings | |||||
| Proto-languages | |||||
Italics indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches. | |||||