_on_the_moon.jpg) Apollo 14 Lunar ModuleAntares on the Moon's surface, February 1971 | |
| Manufacturer | Grumman |
|---|---|
| Designer | Thomas J. Kelly |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Operator | NASA |
| Applications | Crewedlunar landing |
| Specifications | |
| Spacecraft type | Lunar lander |
| Launch mass |
|
| Dry mass |
|
| Crew capacity | 2 |
| Volume | 235 cu ft (6.7 m3) |
| Power | 28 V DC, 115 V 400 Hz AC |
| Batteries | Six or seven 28–32-volt, 296ampere hoursilver-zinc |
| Regime | |
| Design life | 75 hours (extended) |
| Dimensions | |
| Length | 23 ft 1 in (7.04 m) |
| Diameter | 13 ft 10 in (4.22 m) without landing gear |
| Width | 31 ft (9.4 m), landing gear deployed |
| Production | |
| Status | Retired |
| Built | 15 |
| Launched | 10 |
| Operational | 10 |
| Retired | 1972 |
| Failed | 0 |
| Lost | 0 |
| Maiden launch | January 22, 1968 |
| Last launch | December 7, 1972 |
| Last retirement | December 14, 1972 |
| Related spacecraft | |
| Flown with | Apollo Command and Service Module |
| Configuration | |
 | |
TheApollo Lunar Module (LM/ˈlɛm/), originally designated theLunar Excursion Module (LEM), was thelunar landerspacecraft that was flown betweenlunar orbit and the Moon's surface during the United States'Apollo program. It was the first crewed spacecraft to operate exclusively in the airless vacuum of space, and remains the only crewed vehicle to land anywhere beyond Earth.
Structurally and aerodynamically incapable of flight through Earth's atmosphere, thetwo-stage Lunar Module was ferried to lunar orbit attached to theApollo command and service module (CSM), about twice its mass. Its crew of two flew the Lunar Module from lunar orbit to the Moon's surface. During takeoff, the spent descent stage was used as a launch pad for the ascent stage which thenflew back to the command module, after which it was also discarded.
Overseen byGrumman, the LM's development was plagued with problems that delayed its first uncrewed flight by about ten months and its first crewed flight by about three months. Regardless, the LM became the most reliable component of the Apollo–Saturnspace vehicle.[1] The total cost of the LM for development and the units produced was $21.65 billion in 2016 dollars, adjusting from a nominal total of $2.29 billion[2] using the NASA New Start Inflation Indices.[3]
Ten Lunar Modules were launched into space. Of these, six were landed by humans on the Moon from 1969 to 1972. The first two flown were tests inlow Earth orbit:Apollo 5, without a crew; andApollo 9 with a crew. A third test flight in low lunar orbit wasApollo 10, a dress rehearsal for the first landing, conducted onApollo 11. TheApollo 13 Lunar Module functioned as a lifeboat to provide life support and propulsion to keep the crew alive for the trip home, when their CSM was disabled by an oxygen tank explosionen route to the Moon.
The six landed descent stages remain at their landing sites; their corresponding ascent stages crashed into the Moon following use. One ascent stage (Apollo 10'sSnoopy) was discarded in aheliocentric orbit after its descent stage was discarded in lunar orbit.[4] The other three LMs were destroyed during controlled re-entry in the Earth's atmosphere: the four stages ofApollo 5 andApollo 9 each re-entered separately, while Apollo 13'sAquarius re-entered as a unit.
At launch, the Lunar Module sat directly beneath thecommand and service module (CSM) with legs folded, inside theSpacecraft-to-LM adapter (SLA) attached to theS-IVB third stage of theSaturn V rocket. There it remained through Earth parking orbit and thetrans-lunar injection (TLI) rocket burn to send the craft toward the Moon.
Soon after TLI, the SLA opened; the CSMperformed a maneuver whereby it separated, turned around, came back to dock with the Lunar Module, and extracted it from the S-IVB. During the flight to the Moon, the docking hatches were opened and the Lunar Module pilot entered the LM to power up temporarily and test all systems except propulsion. The Lunar Module pilot performed the role of an engineering officer, monitoring the systems of both spacecraft.
After achieving a lunar parking orbit, the commander and LM pilot entered and powered up the LM, replaced the hatches and docking equipment, unfolded and locked its landing legs, and separated from the CSM, flying independently. The commander operated the flight controls and engine throttle, while the Lunar Module pilot operated other spacecraft systems and kept the commander informed about systems status and navigational information. After the command module pilot visually inspected thelanding gear, the LM was withdrawn to a safe distance, then rotated until thedescent engine was pointed forward into the direction of travel. A 30-second descent orbit insertion burn was performed to reduce speed and drop the LM'sperilune to within about 50,000 feet (15 km) of the surface,[5] about 260 nautical miles (480 km) uprange of the landing site.
As the craft approached perilune, the descent engine was started again to begin powered descent. During this time, the crew flew on their backs, depending on the computer to slow the craft's forward and vertical velocity to near zero. Control was exercised with a combination of engine throttling and attitude thrusters, guided by the computer with the aid of landing radar. During braking, the LM descended to about 10,000 feet (3.0 km), then, in the final approach phase, down to about 700 feet (210 m). During final approach, the vehicle pitched over to a near-vertical position, allowing the crew to look forward and down to see the lunar surface for the first time.[6]
Astronauts flew Apollo spacecraft manually only during the lunar approach.[7] The final landing phase began about 2,000 feet (0.61 km) uprange of the targeted landing site. At this point, manual control was enabled for the commander, who had enoughpropellant to hover for up to two minutes to survey where the computer was taking the craft and make any necessary corrections. If necessary, landing could have been aborted at almost any time by jettisoning the descent stage and firing the ascent engine to climb back into orbit for an emergency return to the CSM. Finally, one or more of three 67.2-inch (1.71 m) probes extending from footpads on the legs of the lander touched the surface, activating the contact indicator light which signaled the commander to shut off the descent engine, allowing the LM to settle onto the surface. On touchdown, the probes would be bent as much as 180 degrees, or even break off. The original design used the probes on all four legs, but starting with the first landing (LM-5 on Apollo 11), the one at the ladder was removed out of concern that the bent probe after landing might puncture an astronaut's suit as he descended or stepped off the ladder.
The originalextravehicular activity plan, up through at least 1966, was for only one astronaut to leave the LM while the other remained inside "to maintain communications".[8] Communications were eventually deemed to be reliable enough to allow both crew members to walk on the surface, leaving the spacecraft to be only remotely attended by Mission Control.
Beginning withApollo 14, extra LM propellant was made available for the powered descent and landing, by using the CSM engine to achieve the 50,000-foot (15 km) perilune. After the spacecraft undocked, the CSM raised and circularized its orbit for the remainder of the mission.
When ready to leave the Moon, the LM's ascent engine fired, leaving the descent stage on the Moon's surface. After a few course correction burns, the LM rendezvoused with the CSM and docked to transfer the crew and rock samples. Having completed its job, the ascent stage was separated. The Apollo 10 ascent stage engine was fired until its fuel was used up, sending it past the Moon into aheliocentric orbit.[9][10] TheApollo 11 ascent stage was left in lunar orbit to eventually crash; all subsequent ascent stages (except for Apollo 13) were intentionally steered into the Moon to obtain readings from seismometers placed on the surface.[11]
The Lunar Module (originally designated the Lunar Excursion Module, known by theacronym LEM) was designed after NASAchose to reach the Moon viaLunar Orbit Rendezvous (LOR) instead of thedirect ascent orEarth Orbit Rendezvous (EOR) methods. Both direct ascent and EOR would have involved landing a much heavier, complete Apollo spacecraft on the Moon. Once the decision had been made to proceed using LOR, it became necessary to produce a separate craft capable of reaching the lunar surface and ascending back to lunar orbit.
In July 1962, eleven firms were invited to submit proposals for the LEM. Nine companies responded in September, answering 20 questions posed by the NASA RFP in a 60-page limited technical proposal.Grumman was awarded the contract officially on November 7, 1962.[12] Grumman had begun lunar orbit rendezvous studies in the late 1950s and again in 1961. The contract cost was expected to be around $350 million.[13] There were initially four major subcontractors:Bell Aerosystems (ascent engine),Hamilton Standard (environmental control systems),Marquardt (reaction control system) andRocketdyne (descent engine).[14]
ThePrimary Guidance, Navigation and Control System (PGNCS) was developed by theMIT Instrumentation Laboratory; theApollo Guidance Computer was manufactured byRaytheon (a similar guidance system was used in thecommand module). A backup navigation tool, theAbort Guidance System (AGS), was developed byTRW. The landing gear was manufactured byHéroux.[15]
The Apollo Lunar Module was assembled in a Grumman factory inBethpage, New York.[16][17]
The Apollo Lunar Module was chiefly designed by Grumman aerospace engineerThomas J. Kelly.[18] The first LEM design looked like a smaller version of the Apollo command and service module (a cone-shaped cabin atop a cylindrical propulsion section) with folding legs. The second design invoked the idea of a helicopter cockpit with large curved windows and seats to improve the astronauts' visibility for hover and landing. This also included a second, forward docking port, allowing the LEM crew to take an active role in docking with the CSM.
As the program continued, there were numerous redesigns to save weight, improve safety, and fix problems. First to go were the heavy cockpit windows and the seats; the astronauts would stand while flying the LEM, supported by a cable and pulley system, with smaller triangular windows giving them sufficient visibility of the landing site. Later, the redundant forward docking port was removed, which meant the Command Pilot gave up active control of the docking to the Command Module Pilot; he could still see the approaching CSM through a small overhead window. Egress while wearing bulky extra-vehicular activity spacesuits was eased by a simpler forward hatch (32 in × 32 in or 810 mm × 810 mm).
The configuration was frozen in April 1963, when the ascent and descent engine designs were decided. In addition to Rocketdyne, a parallel program for the descent engine[19] was ordered fromSpace Technology Laboratories (TRW) in July 1963, and by January 1965 the Rocketdyne contract was cancelled.
Power was initially to be produced byfuel cells built byPratt and Whitney similar to the CSM, but in March 1965 these were discarded in favor of an all-battery design.[20]
The initial design had three landing legs, the lightest possible configuration. But as any particular leg would have to carry the weight of the vehicle if it landed at a significant angle, this was also the least stable configuration if one of the legs were damaged during landing. The next landing gear design iteration had five legs and was the most stable configuration for landing on an unknown terrain. That configuration, however, was too heavy and the designers compromised on four landing legs.[21]
In June 1966, the name was changed to Lunar Module (LM), eliminating the wordexcursion.[22][23] According toGeorge Low, Manager of the Apollo Spacecraft Program Office, this was because NASA was afraid that the wordexcursion might lend a frivolous note to Apollo.[24] Despite the name change, the astronauts and other NASA and Grumman personnel continued to pronounce the abbreviation as (/lɛm/) instead of the letters "L-M".
Comparing landing on the Moon to "a hovering operation",Gus Grissom said in 1963 that although most early astronauts were fighter pilots, "now we're wondering if the pilot making this first moon landing shouldn't be a highly experienced helicopter pilot".[25] To allow astronauts to learn lunar landing techniques, NASA contractedBell Aerosystems in 1964 to build theLunar Landing Research Vehicle (LLRV), which used agimbal-mounted vertical jet engine to counter five-sixths of its weight to simulate the Moon's gravity, in addition to its own hydrogen peroxide thrusters to simulate the LM's descent engine and attitude control. Successful testing of two LLRV prototypes at theDryden Flight Research Center led in 1966 to three production Lunar Landing Training Vehicles (LLTV) which along with the LLRV's were used to train the astronauts at the Houston Manned Spacecraft Center. This aircraft proved fairly dangerous to fly, as three of the five were destroyed in crashes. It was equipped with a rocket-powered ejection seat, so in each case the pilot survived, including the first man to walk on the Moon,Neil Armstrong.[26]
LM-1 was built to make the first uncrewed flight for propulsion systems testing, launched into low Earth orbit atop aSaturn IB. This was originally planned for April 1967, to be followed by the first crewed flight later that year. But the LM's development problems had been underestimated, and LM-1's flight was delayed until January 22, 1968, asApollo 5. At that time, LM-2 was held in reserve in case the LM-1 flight failed, which did not happen.
LM-3 now became the first crewed LM, again to be flown in low Earth orbit to test all the systems and practice the separation, rendezvous, and docking planned forApollo 8 in December 1968. But again, last-minute problems delayed its flight untilApollo 9 on March 3, 1969. A second, higher Earth orbit crewed practice flight had been planned to follow LM-3, but this was cancelled to keep the program timeline on track.Apollo 10 launched on May 18, 1969, using LM-4 for a "dress rehearsal" for the lunar landing, practicing all phases of the mission except powered descent initiation through takeoff. The LM descended to 47,400 feet (9.0 mi; 14.4 km) above the lunar surface, then jettisoned the descent stage and used its ascent engine to return to the CSM.[27]
The first crewed lunar landing occurred on July 20, 1969, in theApollo 11LM-5Eagle. Four days later, the Apollo 11 crew in thecommand moduleColumbia splashed down in the Pacific Ocean, completingPresident John F. Kennedy's goal: "...before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth".
This was followed by landings byApollo 12 (LM-6Intrepid) andApollo 14 (LM-8Antares). In April 1970, theApollo 13 LM-7Aquarius saved the lives of the three astronauts after an oxygen tank in theservice module ruptured, disabling the CSM.Aquarius served as a "lifeboat" for the astronauts during their return to Earth. Itsdescent stage engine[19] was used to replace the crippled CSM Service Propulsion System engine,[28] and its batteries supplied power for the trip home and recharged the Command Module's batteries critical for reentry. The astronauts splashed down safely in theSouth Pacific Ocean on April 17, 1970. The LM's systems, designed to support two astronauts for 45 hours (including two depressurization and repressurization cycles, causing loss of oxygen supply), actually stretched to support three astronauts for 90 hours (without pressurization cycles and loss of oxygen).[29]
Hover times were maximized on the last four landing missions by using the Service Module engine to perform the initial descent orbit insertion burn 22 hours before the LM separated from the CSM, a practice begun on Apollo 14. This meant that the complete spacecraft, including the CSM, orbited the Moon with a 9.1-nautical-mile (16.9 km) perilune, enabling the LM to begin its powered descent from that altitude with a full load of descent stage propellant, leaving more reserve propellant for the final approach. The CSM would then raise its perilune back to the normal 60 nautical miles (110 km).[30]
The Extended Lunar Module (ELM) used on the final three"J-class missions"—Apollo 15,16, and17—was upgraded. The descent engine thrust was increased by the addition of a 10-inch (250 mm) extension to theengine bell, and the descent propellant tanks were enlarged. A waste storage tank was added to the descent stage, with plumbing from the ascent stage. These upgrades allowed stays of up to 75 hours on the Moon.[31] TheLunar Roving Vehicle was folded up and carried in Quadrant 1 of the descent stage. It was deployed by the astronauts after landing.[31]
Weights given here are an average for the original pre-ELM spec vehicles.
The ascent stage contained the crew cabin with instrument panels and flight controls. It contained its ownascent propulsion system (APS) engine and twohypergolic propellant tanks for return to lunar orbit and rendezvous with theApollo command and service module. It also contained a reaction control system (RCS) forattitude andtranslation control, which consisted of sixteen hypergolic thrusters similar to those used on the Service Module, mounted in four quads, with their own propellant supply. A forward extravehicular activity hatch provided access to and from the lunar surface, while an overhead hatch and docking port provided access to and from the Command Module.
Internal equipment included an environmental control (life support) system; avery high frequency (VHF) communications system with two antennas for communication with the Command Module; aunified S-band system and steerableparabolic dish antenna for communication with Earth; an extravehicular activity antenna resembling a miniature parasol which relayed communications from antennas on the astronauts'Portable Life Support Systems through the LM;primary (PGNCS) andbackup (AGS) guidance and navigation systems; anAlignment Optical Telescope for visually determining the spacecraft orientation; rendezvous radar with its own steerable dish antenna; and a system for active thermal control. Electrical storage batteries, cooling water, and breathing oxygen were stored in amounts sufficient for a lunar surface stay of 48 hours initially, extended to 75 hours for the later missions.
During rest periods, while parked on the Moon, the crew would sleep on hammocks slung across the cabin.[32] The return payload included the lunar rock and soil samples collected by the crew (as much as 238 pounds (108 kg) on Apollo 17), plus their exposedphotographic film.
The descent stage's primary job was to support a powered landing and surface extravehicular activity. When the excursion was over, it served as the launch pad for the ascent stage. Its octagonal shape was supported by four folding landing gear legs, and contained athrottleableDescent Propulsion System (DPS) engine with fourhypergolic propellant tanks. Acontinuous-waveDoppler radar antenna was mounted by the engineheat shield on the bottom surface, to send altitude and rate of descent data to the guidance system and pilot display during the landing.
Almost all external surfaces, except for the top, platform, ladder, descent engine and heat shield, were covered in amber, dark (reddish) amber, black, silver, and yellow aluminizedKapton foil blankets forthermal insulation. The number 1 (front) landing leg had an attached platform (informally known as the "porch") in front of the ascent stage's extravehicular activity hatch and a ladder, which the astronauts used to ascend and descend between the cabin and the surface. The landing pad of each leg incorporated a 67-inch-long (1.7 m) surface contact sensor probe, which signaled the commander to switch off the descent engine. The probe was omitted from the number 1 leg of every landing mission, to avoid a suit-puncture hazard to the astronauts, as the probes tended to break off and protrude upwards from the surface. For suspension, each leg incorporated an aluminum honeycomb shock absorber that would crumple on impact; the actual landings were softer than anticipated, using less of the compression range and leaving the leg's attached ladder higher off the surface than intended.
Equipment for the lunar exploration was carried in the modular equipment stowage assembly (MESA), a drawer mounted on a hinged panel dropping out of the lefthand forward compartment. Besides the astronaut's surface excavation tools and sample collection boxes, the MESA contained a television camera with a tripod;[33][34] as the commander opened the MESA by pulling on a lanyard while descending the ladder, the camera was automatically activated to send the first pictures of the astronauts on the surface back to Earth.[34] AUnited States flag for the astronauts to erect on the surface was carried in a container mounted on the ladder of each landing mission.
The Early Apollo Surface Experiments Package[35] (later theApollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package) was carried in the opposite compartment behind the LM. An external compartment on the right front panel carried a deployableS-band antenna which, when opened, looked like an inverted umbrella on a tripod. This was not used on the first landing due to time constraints, and the fact that communications were being received using the LM's S-band antenna but was used on Apollo 12 and 14.[36] A hand-pulledModular Equipment Transporter (MET), similar in appearance to a golf cart, was carried on Apollo 14 to facilitate carrying the tools and samples on extended moonwalks.[37] On the extended missions (Apollo 15 and later), the antenna and TV camera were mounted on theLunar Roving Vehicle, which was carried folded up and mounted on an external panel.[38] Compartments also contained replacementPortable Life Support System (PLSS) batteries and extralithium hydroxide canisters to purgecarbon dioxide from the LM.[39]
| Serial number | Name | Use | Launch date | Location | Image |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LTA-1 | Not flown | Cradle of Aviation Museum (Long Island, New York)[41] |  | ||
| LTA-2R | Apollo 6 | April 4, 1968 | Re-entered Earth's atmosphere | | |
| LTA-3A | Not flown | Kansas Cosmosphere and Space Center[42] |  | ||
| LTA-3DR | Non-flight descent stage | Franklin Institute[43] |  | ||
| LTA-5D | Not flown | White Sands Test Facility[44] | |||
| LTA-8A | Thermal-vacuum tests | Ground tests in 1968 | Space Center Houston[45][46] |
| |
| LTA-10R | Apollo 4 | November 9, 1967 | Re-entered Earth's atmosphere[45] | ||
| MSC-16 | Lunar Module Trainer | Museum of Science and Industry (Chicago)[47] |  | ||
| TM-5 | Non-flight | Museum of Life and Science (Durham, North Carolina)[48] |  | ||
| PA-1 | Not flown | White Sands Test Facility[49] | |||
| LM-1 | Apollo 5 | January 22, 1968 | Re-entered Earth's atmosphere | -7_in_the_Kennedy_Space_Center%2527s_Manned_Spacecraft_Operations_Building.jpg) | |
| LM-2 | Intended for second uncrewed flight, used instead for ground testing. Landing gear added for drop testing. Lacks Alignment Optical Telescope and flight computer[50] | National Air and Space Museum (Washington, D.C.)[51] |  | ||
| LM-3 | Spider | Apollo 9 | March 3, 1969 | Descent and ascent stages reentered Earth's atmosphere separately |  |
| LM-4 | Snoopy | Apollo 10 | May 18, 1969 | Descent stage may have hit the Moon, ascent stage inheliocentric orbit.Snoopy is the only flown LM ascent stage known to have survived intact (possibly asteroid 2018 AV2[52]). |  |
| LM-5 | Eagle | Apollo 11 | July 16, 1969 | Descent stage on lunar surface inSea of Tranquility, ascent stage left in lunar orbit (could be still orbiting the moon[53]) |  |
| LM-6 | Intrepid | Apollo 12 | November 14, 1969 | Descent stage on lunar surface atOcean of Storms, ascent stage deliberately crashed into Moon |  |
| LM-7 | Aquarius | Apollo 13 | April 11, 1970 | Re-entered Earth's atmosphere |  |
| LM-8 | Antares | Apollo 14 | January 31, 1971 | Descent stage on lunar surface atFra Mauro, ascent stage deliberately crashed into Moon |  |
| LM-9 | Not flown, intended as Apollo 15, last H-class mission | On display at theKennedy Space Center (Apollo/Saturn V Center)[54] |  | ||
| LM-10 | Falcon | Apollo 15, first ELM | July 26, 1971 | Descent stage on lunar surface atHadley–Apennine, ascent stage deliberately crashed into Moon |  |
| LM-11 | Orion | Apollo 16 | April 16, 1972 | Descent stage on lunar surface atDescartes Highlands, ascent stage left in lunar orbit, crashed on Moon |  |
| LM-12 | Challenger | Apollo 17 | December 7, 1972 | Descent stage on lunar surface atTaurus-Littrow, ascent stage deliberately crashed into Moon |  |
| LM-13 | Not flown, intended asApollo 19[55][56] | Partially completed byGrumman, restored and on display atCradle of Aviation Museum (Long Island, New York). Also used during 1998 miniseriesFrom the Earth to the Moon.[57] |  | ||
| LM-14 | Not flown, intended asApollo 20[58] | Incomplete, most likely scrapped[59] | |||
| LM-15 | Not flown, intended for modification intoApollo Telescope Mount[60][61] | Incomplete,[59] scrapped[62] | |||
| * For the location of LMs left on the Lunar surface, seelist of artificial objects on the Moon. | |||||
One proposed Apollo application was an orbital solar telescope constructed from a surplus LM with its descent engine replaced with a telescope controlled from the ascent stage cabin, the landing legs removed and four "windmill" solar panels extending from the descent stage quadrants. This would have been launched on an uncrewed Saturn IB, and docked with a crewedcommand and service module, named the Apollo Telescope Mission (ATM).
This idea was later transferred to the originalwet workshop design for theSkylab orbital workshop and renamed theApollo Telescope Mount to be docked on a side port of the workshop's multiple docking adapter (MDA).[63] When Skylab changed to a "dry workshop" design pre-fabricated on the ground and launched on a Saturn V, the telescope was mounted on a hinged arm and controlled from inside the MDA.[63] Only the octagonal shape of the telescope container, solar panels and the Apollo Telescope Mount name were kept, though there was no longer any association with the LM.[64]
Thetelemetry subsystem of the Apollo Telescope Mount included two VHF telemetry transmitters from the Apollo Saturn IBlaunch vehicle.[64] An instrument that was attached to theSkylab was a telescope designed to photograph the solar disk inX-ray light. The imaging mirror is a prototype fabricated at theMarshall Space Flight Center in 1967.[65]
The Apollo LM Truck (also known as Lunar Payload Module) was a stand-alone LM descent stage intended to deliver up to 11,000 pounds (5.0 t) of payload to the Moon for an uncrewed landing.[66] This technique was intended to deliver equipment and supplies to a permanent crewedlunar base. As originally proposed, it would be launched on a Saturn V with a full Apollo crew to accompany it to lunar orbit and guide it to a landing next to the base; then the base crew would unload the "truck" while the orbiting crew returned to Earth.[67] In later AAP plans, the LPM would have been delivered by an uncrewed lunar ferry vehicle.[68]
The 1995 Ron Howard filmApollo 13, a dramatization of that mission starringTom Hanks,Kevin Bacon, andBill Paxton, was filmed using realistic spacecraft interior reconstructions of theAquarius and the Command ModuleOdyssey. In 2013, in the television showArrested Development, a fictionalized version of Howard is depicted as having the Apollo 11 "LEM" in his office, which his character claims was used tofake the 1969 moon landing.
The development and construction of the lunar module is dramatized in the 1998 miniseriesFrom the Earth to the Moon episode entitled"Spider". This is in reference to LM-3, used on Apollo 9, which the crew namedSpider after its spidery appearance. The unused LM-13 stood in during the teleplay to depict LM-3 and LM-5,Eagle, used by Apollo 11.
The Apollo 11Lunar ModuleEagle is depicted in the 2018 filmFirst Man, a biopic ofNeil Armstrong. The 2024 filmFly Me to the Moon is set against the backdrop of the Apollo 11 mission; in the film, the co-protagonist is tasked with creating a fake moon landing in case the actual mission fails.
While one astronaut explores the area around the LEM, the second remains inside to maintain communications.
Crewed lunar spacecraft | ||
|---|---|---|
| Orbiters |  | |
| Landers | ||
| Proposed | ||
| Related | ||
| Launch vehicles | |
|---|---|
| Launch vehicle components | |
| Spacecraft | |
| Spacecraft components | |
| Space suits | |
| Lunar surface equipment |
|
| Ground support | |
| Ceremonial | |
| Related | |
| Launch complexes |  | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ground facilities | |||||||||||
| Launch vehicles | |||||||||||
| Spacecraft and rover | |||||||||||
| Flights |
| ||||||||||
| Apollo 8 specific | |||||||||||
| Apollo 11 specific | |||||||||||
| Apollo 12 specific | |||||||||||
| Apollo 13 specific | |||||||||||
| Apollo 14 specific | |||||||||||
| Apollo 15 specific | |||||||||||
| Apollo 16 specific | |||||||||||
| Apollo 17 specific | |||||||||||
| Post-Apollo capsule use | |||||||||||
| Related | |||||||||||
| |||||||||||
