The local English pronunciation of the name of the city has varied over time. A 1953 article in thejournal of theAmerican Name Society asserts that the pronunciation/lɔːsˈændʒələs/lawssAN-jəl-əs was established following the 1850 incorporation of the city and that since the 1880s the pronunciation/loʊsˈæŋɡələs/lohssANG-gəl-əs emerged from a trend in California to give places Spanish, or Spanish-sounding, names and pronunciations.[32] In 1908, librarianCharles Fletcher Lummis, who argued for the name's pronunciation with a hardg (/ɡ/),[33][34] reported that there were at least 12 pronunciation variants.[35] In the early 1900s, theLos Angeles Times advocated for pronouncing itLoce AHNG-hayl-ais (/loʊsˈɑːŋheɪleɪs/), approximating Spanish[losˈaŋxeles], by printing therespelling under its masthead for several years.[36] This did not find favor.[37]
New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, and the pueblo now existed within the newMexican Republic. During Mexican rule, GovernorPío Pico made Los Angeles the regional capital ofAlta California.[51] By this time, the new republic introduced moresecularization acts within the Los Angeles region.[52] In 1846, during the widerMexican–American War, marines from the United States occupied the pueblo. This resulted in thesiege of Los Angeles where 150 Mexican militias fought the occupiers which eventually surrendered.[53]
Railroads arrived with the completion of the transcontinentalSouthern Pacific line fromNew Orleans to Los Angeles in 1876 and theSanta Fe Railroad in 1885.[55] Petroleum was discovered in the city and surrounding area in 1892, and by 1923, the discoveries had helpedCalifornia become the country's largest oil producer, accounting for about one-quarter of the world's petroleum output.[56]
By 1900, the population had grown to more than 102,000,[57] putting pressure on the city'swater supply.[58] The completion of theLos Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, under the supervision ofWilliam Mulholland, ensured the continued growth of the city.[59] Because of clauses in the city's charter that prevented the City of Los Angeles from selling or providing water from the aqueduct to any area outside its borders, many adjacent cities and communities felt compelled to join Los Angeles.[60][61][62]
Los Angeles created the first municipalzoning ordinance in the United States. On September 14, 1908, theLos Angeles City Council promulgated residential and industrial land use zones. The new ordinance established three residential zones of a single type, where industrial uses were prohibited. The proscriptions included barns, lumber yards, and any industrial land use employing machine-powered equipment. These laws were enforced against industrial properties after the fact. These prohibitions were in addition to existing activities that were already regulated as nuisances. These included explosives warehousing, gas works, oil drilling, slaughterhouses, andtanneries. Los Angeles City Council also designated seven industrial zones within the city. However, between 1908 and 1915, the Los Angeles City Council created various exceptions to the broad proscriptions that applied to these three residential zones, and as a consequence, some industrial uses emerged within them. There are two differences between the 1908 Residence District Ordinance and later zoning laws in the United States. First, the 1908 laws did not establish a comprehensive zoning map as the1916 New York City Zoning Ordinance did. Second, the residential zones did not distinguish types of housing; they treated apartments, hotels, and detached-single-family housing equally.[63]
In 1910, Hollywood merged into Los Angeles, with 10 movie companies already operating in the city at the time. By 1921, more than 80 percent of the world's film industry was concentrated in L.A.[64] The money generated by the industry kept the city insulated from much of the economic loss suffered by the rest of the country during theGreat Depression.[65]By 1930, the population surpassed one million.[66] In 1932, the city hosted theSummer Olympics.
DuringWorld War II Los Angeles was a major center of wartime manufacturing, such as shipbuilding and aircraft.Calship built hundreds ofLiberty Ships andVictory Ships on Terminal Island, and the Los Angeles area was the headquarters of six of the country's major aircraft manufacturers (Douglas Aircraft Company,Hughes Aircraft,Lockheed,North American Aviation,Northrop Corporation, andVultee). During the war, more aircraft were produced in one year than in all the pre-war years since the Wright brothers flew the first airplane in 1903, combined. Manufacturing in Los Angeles skyrocketed, and asWilliam S. Knudsen, of the National Defense Advisory Commission put it, "We won because we smothered the enemy in an avalanche of production, the like of which he had never seen, nor dreamed possible."[67]
After the end ofWorld War II Los Angeles grew more rapidly than ever,sprawling into theSan Fernando Valley.[68] The expansion of the state ownedInterstate Highway System during the 1950s and 1960s helped propel suburban growth and signaled the demise of the city's privately ownedelectrified rail system, once the world's largest. As a consequence of World War II, suburban growth, and population density, many amusement parks were built and operated in this area.[69] An example isBeverly Park, which was located at the corner of Beverly Boulevard and La Cienega before being closed and substituted by theBeverly Center.[70]
In the second half of the 20th century, Los Angeles substantially reduced the amount of housing that could be built by drasticallydownzoning the city. In 1960, the city had a total zoned capacity for approximately 10 million people. By 1990, that capacity had fallen to 4.5 million as a result of policy decisions to ban housing through zoning.[71]
Racial tensions led to theWatts riots in 1965, resulting in 34 deaths and over 1,000 injuries.[72]
In 1973,Tom Bradley was elected as the city's first African American mayor, serving for five terms until retiring in 1993. Other events in the city during the 1970s included theSymbionese Liberation Army'sSouth Central standoff in 1974 and theHillside Stranglers murder cases in 1977–1978.[74]
In early 1984, the city surpassed Chicago in population, thus becoming the second largest city in the United States.[75]
In 1984, the city hosted the Summer Olympic Gamesfor the second time. Despite beingboycotted by 14 Communist countries, the 1984 Olympics became more financially successful than any previous,[76] and the second Olympics to turn a profit; the other, according to an analysis of contemporary newspaper reports, was the1932 Summer Olympics, also held in Los Angeles.[77]
In 1994, the magnitude 6.7Northridge earthquake shook the city, causing $12.5 billion in damage and 72 deaths.[80] The century ended with theRampart scandal, one of the most extensive documented cases of police misconduct in American history.[81]
21st century
In 2002, MayorJames Hahn led the campaign against secession, resulting in voters defeating efforts by the San Fernando Valley and Hollywood to secede from the city.[82]
In2022,Karen Bass became the city's first femalemayor, making Los Angeles the largest U.S. city to have ever had a woman as mayor.[83]
In January 2025, a series ofdevastating wildfires caused by severe winds swept through Southern California, with thePacific Palisades fire causing widespread destruction in Los Angeles' northwestern community ofPacific Palisades, with many calling it the most destructive in the history of the city of Los Angeles.[84]
The city of Los Angeles covers a total area of 502.7 square miles (1,302 km2), comprising 468.7 square miles (1,214 km2) of land and 34.0 square miles (88 km2) of water.[87] The city extends for 44 miles (71 km) from north to south and for 29 miles (47 km) from east to west. The perimeter of the city is 342 miles (550 km).
Surrounding the city are much higher mountains. Immediately to the north lie theSan Gabriel Mountains, which is a popular recreation area for Angelenos. Its high point isMount San Antonio, locally known as Mount Baldy, which reaches 10,064 feet (3,068 m). Further afield, the highest point in southern California isSan Gorgonio Mountain, 81 miles (130 km) east of downtown Los Angeles,[90] with a height of 11,503 feet (3,506 m).
TheLos Angeles River, which is largely seasonal, is the primarydrainage channel. It was straightened and lined in 51 miles (82 km) of concrete by theArmy Corps of Engineers to act as a flood control channel.[91] The river begins in theCanoga Park district of the city, flows east from the San Fernando Valley along the north edge of the Santa Monica Mountains, and turns south through the city center, flowing to its mouth in the Port ofLong Beach at the Pacific Ocean. The smallerBallona Creek flows into theSanta Monica Bay atPlaya del Rey.
The city is divided into many different districts and neighborhoods,[101][102] some of which had been separately incorporated cities that eventually merged with Los Angeles.[103] These neighborhoods were developed piecemeal, and are well-defined enough that the city has signage which marks nearly all of them.[104]
The city's street patterns generally follow agrid plan, with uniform block lengths and occasional roads that cut across blocks. However, this is complicated by rugged terrain, which has necessitated having different grids for each of the valleys that Los Angeles covers. Major streets are designed to move large volumes of traffic through many parts of the city, many of which are extremely long;Sepulveda Boulevard is 43 miles (69 km) long, whileFoothill Boulevard is over 60 miles (97 km) long, reaching as far east as San Bernardino. Drivers in Los Angeles suffer from one of the worst rush hour periods in the world, according to an annual traffic index by navigation system maker,TomTom. LA drivers spend an additional 92 hours in traffic each year. During the peak rush hour, there is 80% congestion, according to the index.[105]
Los Angeles is often characterized by the presence oflow-rise buildings, in contrast to New York City. Outside of a few centers such asdowntown,Warner Center,Century City,Koreatown,Miracle Mile, Hollywood, andWestwood, skyscrapers and high-rise buildings are not common in Los Angeles. The few skyscrapers built outside of those areas often stand out above the rest of the surrounding landscape. Most construction is done in separate units, rather thanwall-to-wall. However, downtown Los Angeles has many buildings over 30 stories, with fourteen over 50 stories, and two over 70 stories, the tallest of which is theWilshire Grand Center.
Los Angeles has a two-seasonsemi-arid climate (Köppen:BSh) with dry summers and very mild winters, but it receives more annual precipitation than most semi-arid climates, narrowly missing the boundary of a Mediterranean climate (Köppen:Csb on the coast,Csa otherwise).[107] Daytime temperatures are generally temperate all year round. In winter, they average around 68 °F (20 °C).[108] Autumn months tend to be hot, with major heat waves a common occurrence in September and October, while the spring months tend to be cooler and experience more precipitation. Los Angeles has plenty of sunshine throughout the year, with an average of only 35 days with measurable precipitation annually.[109]
Temperatures in the coastal basin exceed 90 °F (32 °C) on a dozen or so days in the year, from one day a month in April, May, June and November to three days a month in July, August, October and to five days in September.[109] Temperatures in the San Fernando and San Gabriel Valleys are considerably warmer. Temperatures are subject to substantial daily swings; in inland areas the difference between the average daily low and the average daily high is over 30 °F (17 °C).[110] The average annual temperature of the sea is 63 °F (17 °C), from 58 °F (14 °C) in January to 68 °F (20 °C) in August.[111] Hours of sunshine total more than 3,000 per year, from an average of 7 hours of sunshine per day in December to an average of 12 in July.[112]
Due to the mountainous terrain of the surrounding region, the Los Angeles area contains a large number of distinctmicroclimates, causing extreme variations in temperature in close physical proximity to each other. For example, the average July maximum temperature at theSanta Monica Pier is 70 °F (21 °C) whereas it is 95 °F (35 °C) in Canoga Park, 15 miles (24 km) away.[113] The city, like much of the Southern Californian coast, is subject to a late spring/early summer weather phenomenon called "June Gloom". This involves overcast or foggy skies in the morning that yield to sun by early afternoon.[114]
More recently, statewidedroughts in California have further strained the city'swater security.[115] Downtown Los Angeles averages 14.67 in (373 mm) of precipitation annually, mainly occurring between November and March,[116][110] generally in the form of moderate rain showers, but sometimes as heavy rainfall during winter storms. Rainfall is usually higher in the hills and coastal slopes of the mountains because oforographic uplift. Summer days are usually rainless. Rarely, an incursion of moist air from the south or east can bring brief thunderstorms in late summer, especially to the mountains. The coast gets slightly less rainfall, while the inland and mountain areas get considerably more. Years of average rainfall are rare. The usual pattern is a year-to-year variability, with a short string of dry years of 5–10 in (130–250 mm) rainfall, followed by one or two wet years with more than 20 in (510 mm).[110] Wet years are usually associated with warm waterEl Niño conditions in the Pacific, dry years with cooler waterLa Niña episodes. A series of rainy days can bring floods to the lowlands and mudslides to the hills, especially afterwildfires have denuded the slopes.
Both freezing temperatures and snowfall are extremely rare in the city basin and along the coast, with the last occurrence of a 32 °F (0 °C) reading at the downtown station being January 29, 1979;[110] freezing temperatures occur nearly every year in valley locations while the mountains within city limits typically receive snowfall every winter. The greatest snowfall recorded in downtown Los Angeles was 2.0 inches (5 cm) on January 15, 1932.[110][117] While the most recent snowfall occurred in February 2019, the first snowfall since 1962,[118][119] with snow falling in areas adjacent to Los Angeles as recently as January 2021.[120] Brief, localized instances of hail can occur on rare occasions, but are more common than snowfall. At the official downtown station, the highest recorded temperature is 113 °F (45 °C) on September 27, 2010,[110][121] while the lowest is 28 °F (−2 °C),[110] on January 4, 1949.[110] Within the City of Los Angeles, the highest temperature ever officially recorded is 121 °F (49 °C), on September 6, 2020, at the weather station atPierce College in theSan Fernando Valley neighborhood ofWoodland Hills.[122] During autumn and winter,Santa Ana winds sometimes bring much warmer and drier conditions to Los Angeles, and raise wildfire risk.
Owing to geography, heavy reliance on automobiles, and the Los Angeles/Long Beach port complex, Los Angeles suffers from air pollution in the form of smog. TheLos Angeles Basin and theSan Fernando Valley are susceptible toatmospheric inversion, which holds in the exhausts from road vehicles, airplanes, locomotives, shipping, manufacturing, and other sources.[130]
Viewable smog in Los Angeles in December 2005
The smog season lasts from approximately May to October.[131] While other large cities rely on rain to clear smog, Los Angeles gets only 15 inches (380 mm) of rain each year: pollution accumulates over many consecutive days. Issues of air quality in Los Angeles and other major cities led to the passage of early national environmental legislation, including theClean Air Act. When the act was passed, California was unable to create aState Implementation Plan that would enable it to meet the new air quality standards, largely because of the level of pollution in Los Angeles generated by older vehicles.[132] More recently, the state of California has led the nation in working to limit pollution by mandatinglow-emission vehicles. Smog is expected to continue to drop in the coming years because of aggressive steps to reduce it, which includeelectric andhybrid cars, improvements inmass transit, and other measures.
The number of Stage 1 smog alerts in Los Angeles has declined from over 100 per year in the 1970s to almost zero in the new millennium.[133] Despite improvement, the 2006 and 2007 annual reports of theAmerican Lung Association ranked the city as the most polluted in the country with short-term particle pollution and year-round particle pollution.[134] In 2008, the city was ranked the second most polluted and again had the highest year-round particulate pollution.[135] The city met its goal of providing 20 percent of the city's power from renewable sources in 2010.[136] The American Lung Association's 2013 survey ranks the metro area as having the nation's worst smog, and fourth in both short-term and year-round pollution amounts.[137]
Los Angeles is also home to the nation's largest urbanoil field. There are more than 700 active oil wells within 1,500 feet (460 m) of homes, churches, schools and hospitals in the city, a situation about which theEPA has voiced serious concerns.[138]
The2020 U.S. census reported Los Angeles had a population of 3,898,747.[156] The population density was 8,304.2 people per square mile (3,168 people per square kilometer). 5.2% of the total population is under 5 years old, 19.5% under 18 and 13.8% 65 years old and over.[156] Females make up 50.2% of the total population.[156]
Housing and families
Owner-occupied housing units make 36.3% of the total Los Angeles housing units and they cost $879,500 in average. (2019–2023)[156] With a mortgage, the medium selected monthly owner costs are $3,399 and without a mortgage $950. (2019–2023)[156] Median gross rent is $1,879. (2019–2023)[156] There are 1,419,663 households in Los Angeles, with an average of 2.64 people being part of them. (2019–2023).[156]
Economy
Percentage of households with incomes above $150k acrossLos Angeles County census tracts
66.5% of the total population aged 16 and over make up Los Angeles in civilian labor force, while among female residents aged 16 and over the percentage is 61.0%.[156] In 2022, accommodation and food services made $17,366,966, health care and social assistance sectors made $46,297,839, transportation and warehousing $25,410,257 and the retail sector $81,351,523, with residents spending and average of $21,281 in retail purchases throughout the year.[156] From 2019 to 2023, the median households income in Los Angeles was $80,366 (2023 dollars), while the per capita income in the past 12 months was $46,270.[156] 16.5% of Los Angeles inhabitants live in poverty.[156]
The largest Asian ethnic groups areFilipinos (3.2%) andKoreans (2.9%), which have their own established ethnic enclaves—Koreatown in the Wilshire Center andHistoric Filipinotown.[159]Chinese people, which make up 1.8% of Los Angeles's population, reside mostly outside of Los Angeles city limits, in theSan Gabriel Valley of eastern Los Angeles County, but make a sizable presence in the city, notably inChinatown.[160] Chinatown andThaitown are also home to manyThais andCambodians, which make up 0.3% and 0.1% of Los Angeles's population, respectively. TheJapanese comprise 0.9% of the city's population and have an establishedLittle Tokyo in the city's downtown, and another significant community of Japanese Americans is in theSawtelle district of West Los Angeles.Vietnamese make up 0.5% of Los Angeles's population.Indians make up 0.9% of the city's population.
African Americans have been the predominant ethnic group inSouth Los Angeles, which has emerged as the largest African-American community in the western United States since the 1960s. The neighborhoods of South Los Angeles with highest concentration of African Americans includeCrenshaw,Baldwin Hills,Leimert Park,Hyde Park,Gramercy Park,Manchester Square andWatts.[163] Since the 1990s, the growing cost of living in the city has most impacted the African American population. African Americans are the fastest declining population in the city and many of the formerly predominately African American neighborhoods have become much more diverse.[164][165] There is also a sizableEritrean andEthiopian community in the Fairfax region.[166]
Los Angeles has the second-largest Mexican, Armenian, Salvadoran, Filipino, and Guatemalan populations by city in the world, the third-largest Canadian population in the world, and has the largest Japanese, Iranian/Persian, Cambodian, and Romani (Gypsy) populations in the country.[167] The Italian community is concentrated in San Pedro.[168]
In 2011, the once common, but ultimately lapsed, custom of conducting a procession andMass in honor of Nuestra Señora de los Ángeles, in commemoration of the founding of the City of Los Angeles in 1781, was revived by theQueen of Angels Foundation and its founder Mark Albert, with the support of the Archdiocese of Los Angeles as well as several civic leaders.[174] The recently revived custom is a continuation of the original processions and Masses that commenced on the first anniversary of the founding of Los Angeles in 1782 and continued for nearly a century thereafter.
As of January 2020, there are 41,290homeless people in the City of Los Angeles, comprising roughly 62% of the homeless population of LA County.[183] This is an increase of 14.2% over the previous year (with a 12.7% increase in the overall homeless population of LA County).[184][185] The epicenter of homelessness in Los Angeles is theSkid Row neighborhood, which contains 8,000 homeless people, one of the largest stable populations of homeless people in the United States.[186][187] The increased homeless population in Los Angeles has been attributed to lack of housing affordability[185] and to substance abuse.[188] Almost 60 percent of the 82,955 people who became newly homeless in 2019 said their homelessness was because of economic hardship.[184] In Los Angeles, black people are roughly four times more likely to experience homelessness.[184][189]
The economy of Los Angeles is driven by international trade, entertainment (television, motion pictures, video games, music recording, and production), aerospace, technology, petroleum, fashion, apparel, and tourism.[190] Other significant industries include finance, telecommunications, law, healthcare, andtransportation. In the 2017Global Financial Centres Index, Los Angeles was ranked the 19th most competitive financial center in the world and sixth most competitive in the U.S. afterNew York City,San Francisco,Chicago,Boston, andWashington, D.C.[191] Although many businesses have leftdowntown Los Angeles following theCOVID-19 pandemic, efforts are underway to re-invent the neighborhood as a cultural center with a large architectural showcase inBunker Hill designed byFrank Gehry.[28]
Los Angeles is the largest manufacturing center in the United States.[193] The contiguousports of Los Angeles andLong Beach together comprise the busiest port in the United States by some measures and the fifth busiest port in the world, vital to trade within thePacific Rim.[194]
The Department of Cannabis Regulation enforces cannabis legislation after the legalization of the sale and distribution ofcannabis in 2016.[196] As of October 2019[update], more than 300 existing cannabis businesses (both retailers and their suppliers) have been granted approval to operate in what is considered the nation's largest market.[197][198]
At the end of the second quarter of 2024, Los Angeles saw an office space vacancy rate of 31.5%, a 33.5% increase year-over-year.[201][202] Retail vacancy stood at 8.6%, a 15% increase year-over-year.[202]
Los Angeles is often billed as the creative capital of the world because one in every six of its residents works in a creative industry[205] and there are more artists, writers, filmmakers, actors, dancers and musicians living and working in Los Angeles than any other city at any other time inworld history.[206] Los Angeles is strongly influenced by Mexican American culture due to California formerly being part of Mexico and, previously, the Spanish Empire.[207] The city is also known forits prolific murals.[208]
Los Angeles' food culture is a fusion of global cuisine brought on by the city's rich immigrant history and population. As of 2022, theMichelin Guide recognized 10 restaurants granting 2 restaurants two stars and eight restaurants one star.[242]
Los Angeles is the second-largest city in the United States buthosted no NFL team between 1995 and 2015. At one time, the Los Angeles area hosted two NFL teams: theRams and theRaiders. Both left the city in 1995, with the Rams moving toSt. Louis, and the Raiders moving back to their original home ofOakland. After 21 seasons in St. Louis, on January 12, 2016, the NFL announced the Rams would be moving back to Los Angeles for the2016 NFL season with its home games played at theLos Angeles Memorial Coliseum for four seasons.[258][259][260] Prior to 1995, the Rams played their home games in the Coliseum from 1946 to 1979 which made them the first professional sports team to play in Los Angeles, and then moved toAnaheim Stadium from 1980 until 1994. TheSan Diego Chargers announced on January 12, 2017, that they would also relocate back to Los Angeles (the first since its inaugural season in 1960) and become theLos Angeles Chargers beginning in the2017 NFL season and played atDignity Health Sports Park inCarson, California, for three seasons.[261] The Rams and the Chargers would soon move to the newly builtSoFi Stadium, located in nearbyInglewood during the 2020 season.[262]
Los Angeles is one of six North American cities to have won championships in all five of its major leagues (MLB, NFL, NHL, NBA and MLS), having completed the feat with the Kings'2012 Stanley Cup title.[273]
The charter of the City of Los Angeles ratified by voters in 1999 created a system of advisory neighborhood councils that would represent the diversity of stakeholders, defined as those who live, work or own property in the neighborhood. The neighborhood councils are relatively autonomous and spontaneous in that they identify their own boundaries, establish their own bylaws, and elect their own officers. There are about 90 neighborhood councils.
Residents of Los Angeles electsupervisors for the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th supervisorial districts.
TheLAPD onMay Day 2006 in front of the new Caltrans District 7 Headquarters
In 1992, the city of Los Angeles recorded 1,092 murders.[287] Los Angeles experienced a significant decline in crime in the 1990s and late 2000s and reached a 50-year low in 2009 with 314 homicides.[288][289] This is a rate of 7.85 per 100,000 population—a major decrease from 1980 when a homicide rate of 34.2 per 100,000 was reported.[290][291] This included 15 officer-involved shootings. One shooting led to the death of aSWAT team member, Randal Simmons, the first in LAPD's history.[292] Los Angeles totaled 251 murders in 2013, a decrease of 16 percent from the previous year. Police speculate the drop resulted from a number of factors, including young people spending more time online.[293] In 2021, murders rose to the highest level since 2008 and there were 348.[294]
In 2015, it was revealed that the LAPD had been under-reporting crime for eight years, making the crime rate in the city appear much lower than it really was.[295][296]
TheDragna crime family andMickey Cohen dominated organized crime in the city during theProhibition era[297] and reached its peak during the 1940s and 1950s with the "Battle of Sunset Strip" as part of theAmerican Mafia, but has gradually declined since then with the rise of various black andHispanic gangs in the late 1960s and early 1970s.[297]
According to theLos Angeles Police Department, the city is home to 45,000 gang members, organized into 450 gangs.[298] Among them are theCrips andBloods, which are both African American street gangs that originated in theSouth Los Angeles region. Latino street gangs such as theSureños, a Mexican American street gang, andMara Salvatrucha, which has mainly members ofSalvadoran descent, as well as otherCentral American descents, all originated in Los Angeles. This has led to the city being referred to as the "Gang Capital of America".[299]
There are numerous additional colleges and universities outside the city limits in the Greater Los Angeles area, including theClaremont Colleges consortium, which includes the most selective liberal arts colleges in the U.S., and theCalifornia Institute of Technology (Caltech), one of the top STEM-focused research institutions in the world.
Los Angeles Unified School District serves almost all of the city of Los Angeles, as well as several surrounding communities, with a student population around 800,000.[331] AfterProposition 13 was approved in 1978, urban school districts had considerable trouble with funding. LAUSD has become known for its underfunded, overcrowded and poorly maintained campuses, although its 162 Magnet schools help compete with local private schools.
The Los Angeles metro area is the second-largest broadcastdesignated market area in the U.S. (afterNew York) with 5,431,140 homes (4.956% of the U.S.), which is served by a wide variety of localAM andFM radio andtelevision stations. Los Angeles and New York City are the only two media markets to have sevenVHF allocations assigned to them.[334]
The major daily English-language newspaper in the area is theLos Angeles Times.[335]La Opinión is the city's major daily Spanish-language paper.[336]The Korea Times is the city's major dailyKorean-language paper whileThe World Journal is the city and county's major Chinese newspaper. TheLos Angeles Sentinel is the city's major African-American weekly paper, boasting the largest African-American readership in the Western United States.[337]Investor's Business Daily is distributed from its LA corporate offices, which are headquartered in Playa del Rey.[338]
As part of the region's aforementioned creative industry, the Big Five major broadcast television networks,ABC,CBS,FOX,NBC, andThe CW, all have production facilities and offices throughout various areas of Los Angeles. All four major broadcast television networks, plus major Spanish-language networksTelemundo andUnivision, also own and operate stations that both serve the Los Angeles market and serve as each network's West Coastflagship station: ABC'sKABC-TV (Channel 7),[339] CBS'sKCBS-TV (Channel 2), Fox'sKTTV-TV (Channel 11),[340] NBC'sKNBC-TV (Channel 4),[341] The CW'sKTLA-TV (Channel 5), MyNetworkTV'sKCOP-TV (Channel 13), Telemundo'sKVEA-TV (Channel 52), and Univision'sKMEX-TV (Channel 34). The region also has fourPBS member stations, withKCET, re-joining the network as secondary affiliate in August 2019, after spending the previous eight years as the nation's largest independent public television station.KTBN (Channel 40) is theflagship station of the religiousTrinity Broadcasting Network, based out ofSanta Ana. A variety of independent television stations, such asKCAL-TV (Channel 9), also operate in the area.
There are also a number of smaller regional newspapers, alternative weeklies and magazines, including theLos Angeles Register, Los Angeles Community News, (which focuses on coverage of the greater Los Angeles area),Los Angeles Daily News (which focuses coverage on theSan Fernando Valley),LA Weekly,L.A. Record (which focuses coverage on the music scene in theGreater Los Angeles Area),Los Angeles Magazine, theLos Angeles Business Journal, theLos Angeles Daily Journal (legal industry paper),The Hollywood Reporter,Variety (both entertainment industry papers), andLos Angeles Downtown News.[342] In addition to the major papers, numerous local periodicals serve immigrant communities in their native languages, including Armenian, English, Korean, Persian, Russian, Chinese, Japanese, Hebrew, and Arabic. Many cities adjacent to Los Angeles also have their own daily newspapers whose coverage and availability overlaps with certain Los Angeles neighborhoods. Examples includeTheDaily Breeze (serving theSouth Bay), andTheLong Beach Press-Telegram.
Los Angeles arts, culture and nightlife news is also covered by a number of local and national online guides, includingTime Out Los Angeles,Thrillist,Kristin's List,DailyCandy,Diversity News Magazine,LAist, andFlavorpill.[343][344][345][346]
The city and the rest of theLos Angeles metropolitan area are served by an extensive network of freeways and highways.Texas Transportation Institute's annual Urban Mobility Report ranked Los Angeles area roads the most congested in the United States in 2019 as measured by annual delay per traveler, area residents experiencing a cumulative average of 119 hours waiting in traffic that year.[347] Los Angeles was followed by San Francisco/Oakland, Washington, D.C., andMiami. Despite the congestion in the city, the mean daily travel time for commuters in Los Angeles is shorter than other major cities, including New York City,Philadelphia and Chicago. Los Angeles's mean travel time for work commutes in 2006 was 29.2 minutes, similar to those of San Francisco and Washington, D.C.[348]
TheLos Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority (LACMTA; branded as Metro) and other regional agencies provide a comprehensive bus system that covers Los Angeles County. While theLos Angeles Department of Transportation is responsible for contracting local and commuter bus services primarily within the city limits of Los Angeles and several immediate neighboring municipalities in southwest Los Angeles County,[349] the largest bus system in the city is operated by Metro.[350] CalledLos Angeles Metro Bus, the system consists of 117 routes (excluding Metro Busway) throughout Los Angeles and neighboring cities primarily in southwestern Los Angeles County, with most routes following along a particular street in the city's street grid and run to or through downtown Los Angeles.[351] As of the third quarter of 2023, the system had an average ridership of approximately 692,500 per weekday, with a total of 197,950,700 riders in 2022.[352] Metro also runs twoMetro Busway lines, theG andJ lines, which arebus rapid transit lines with stops and frequencies similar to those of Los Angeles's light rail system.
There are also smaller regional public transit systems that mainly serve specific cities or regions in Los Angeles County. For example, theBig Blue Bus provides extensive bus service in Santa Monica and western Los Angeles County, whileFoothill Transit focuses on routes in the San Gabriel Valley in southeast Los Angeles County with oneexpress route going into downtown Los Angeles.Los Angeles World Airports also runs two frequentFlyAway express bus routes (via freeways) fromLos Angeles Union Station andVan Nuys to Los Angeles International Airport.[353]
While cash is accepted on all buses, the primary payment method for Los Angeles Metro Bus, Metro Busway, and 27 other regional bus agencies is aTAP card, a contactless stored-value card.[354] According to the 2016 American Community Survey, 9.2% of working Los Angeles (city) residents made the journey to work via public transportation.[355]
Map of the Los Angeles Metro Rail system (as of June 16, 2023).
The Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority also operate asubway andlight rail system across Los Angeles and its county. The system is calledLos Angeles Metro Rail and consists of theB andD subway lines, as well as theA,C,E, andK light rail lines.[351] TAP cards are required for all Metro Rail trips.[356] As of the third quarter of 2023, thecity's subway system is theninth busiest in the United States, and its light rail system is the country's secondbusiest.[352] In 2022, the system had a ridership of 57,299,800, or about 189,200 per weekday, in the third quarter of 2023.[352]
Since the opening of the first line, the A Line, in 1990, the system has been extended significantly, with more extensions currently in progress. Today, the system serves numerous areas across the county on 107.4 mi (172.8 km) of rail, includingLong Beach,Pasadena,Santa Monica,Norwalk,El Segundo,North Hollywood,Inglewood, anddowntown Los Angeles. As of 2023, there are 101 stations in the Metro Rail system.[357]
Los Angeles is also center of its county'scommuter rail system,Metrolink, which links Los Angeles to Ventura, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, and San Diego Counties. The system consists of eight lines and 69 stations operating on 545.6 miles (878.1 kilometres) of track.[358] Metrolink averages 42,600 trips per weekday, the busiest line being theSan Bernardino Line.[359] Apart from Metrolink, Los Angeles is also connected to other cities by intercity passenger trains fromAmtrak on five different lines.[360] One of the lines is thePacific Surfliner route which operates multiple daily round trips betweenSan Diego andSan Luis Obispo, California through Union Station.[361] It is Amtrak's busiest line outside theNortheast Corridor.[362]
The main rail station in the city isUnion Station which opened in 1939, and it is the largest passenger rail terminal in theWestern United States.[363] The station is a major regionaltrain station forAmtrak,Metrolink andMetro Rail. The station is Amtrak's fifth busiest station, having 1.4 million Amtrak boardings and de-boardings in 2019.[364] Union Station also offers access to Metro Bus,Greyhound, LAX FlyAway, and other buses from different agencies.[365]
The main international and domestic airport serving Los Angeles isLos Angeles International Airport, commonly referred to by its airport code, LAX.[366] It is located on the Westside of Los Angeles near theSofi Stadium in Inglewood.
Hollywood Burbank Airport, jointly owned by the cities of Burbank, Glendale, and Pasadena. Formerly known as Bob Hope Airport and Burbank Airport, it is the closest airport to downtown Los Angeles and serves the San Fernando, San Gabriel, and Antelope Valleys.[368]
ThePort of Los Angeles is inSan Pedro Bay in theSan Pedro neighborhood, approximately 20 miles (32 km) south of downtown. Also called Los Angeles Harbor and WORLDPORT LA, the port complex occupies 7,500 acres (30 km2) of land and water along 43 miles (69 km) of waterfront. It adjoins the separatePort of Long Beach.[371]
The sea ports of thePort of Los Angeles andPort of Long Beach together make up theLos Angeles/Long Beach Harbor.[372][373] Together, both ports are the fifth busiestcontainer port in the world, with a trade volume of over 14.2 millionTEU's in 2008.[374] Singly, the Port of Los Angeles is the busiest container port in the United States and the largest cruise ship center on theWest Coast of the United States – The Port of Los Angeles's World Cruise Center served about 590,000 passengers in 2014.[375]
^Barrows, H.D. (1899)."Felepe de Neve".Historical Society of Southern California Quarterly. Vol. 4. p. 151ff.Archived from the original on November 6, 2023. RetrievedSeptember 28, 2011.
^Gordon J. MacDonald."Environment: Evolution of a Concept"(PDF). p. 2.Archived(PDF) from the original on June 27, 2013. RetrievedApril 16, 2013.The Native American name for Los Angeles was Yang na, which translates into "the valley of smoke."
^Sullivan, Ron (December 7, 2002)."Roots of native names".San Francisco Chronicle.Archived from the original on December 18, 2014. RetrievedJanuary 7, 2015.Los Angeles itself was built over a Gabrielino village called Yangna or iyaanga', 'poison oak place.'
^Weiss, Marc A (1987).The Rise of the Community Builders: The American Real Estate Industry and Urban Land Planning. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 80–86.ISBN978-0-231-06505-4.
^Parker, Dana T.Building Victory: Aircraft Manufacturing in the Los Angeles Area in World War II, pp.5–8, 14, 26, 36, 50, 60, 78, 94, 108, 122, Cypress, CA, 2013.ISBN978-0-9897906-0-4.
^"Flower".Los Angeles Magazine. Emmis Communications. April 2003. p. 62.ISSN1522-9149.Archived from the original on November 6, 2023. RetrievedOctober 6, 2011.
^National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration."Los Angeles/Oxnard".National Weather Service Forecast Office.Archived from the original on September 18, 2020. RetrievedSeptember 9, 2020.
^"Early Implementation of the Clean Air Act of 1970 in California." EPA Alumni Association. Video,TranscriptArchived April 12, 2019, at theWayback Machine (see p7,10). July 12, 2016.
^Treat, Jeremy (April 15, 2016)."A Mini History of the L.A. Clippers".Lamag - Culture, Food, Fashion, News & Los Angeles.Archived from the original on October 10, 2021. RetrievedOctober 9, 2021.
^"2021 Urban Mobility Report"(PDF). Texas Transportation Institute. June 2021.Archived(PDF) from the original on November 2, 2021. RetrievedApril 22, 2022.
^"Gradovi prijatelji Splita" [Split Twin Towns].Grad Split [Split Official City Website] (in Croatian). Archived fromthe original on March 24, 2012. RetrievedDecember 19, 2013.
Abu-Lughod, Janet L.New York, Chicago, Los Angeles: America's global cities (U of Minnesota Press, 1999).ISBN978-0-8166-3336-4.online
Holli, Melvin G., and Jones, Peter d'A., eds.Biographical Dictionary of American Mayors, 1820-1980 (Greenwood Press, 1981) short scholarly biographies each of the city's mayors 1820 to 1980.online; see index at p. 409 for list.
Leonard Pitt & Dale Pitt (2000).Los Angeles A to Z: An Encyclopedia of the City and County. Berkeley: University of California Press.ISBN978-0-520-20530-7.
George, Lynell (1992).No Crystal Stair: African Americans in the City of Angels. Verso.ISBN978-0-86091-389-4.
Sides, Josh (2006).L.A. City Limits: African American Los Angeles from the Great Depression to the Present. Berkeley: University of California Press.ISBN978-0-520-24830-4.
Eduardo Obregón Pagán (2006).Murder at the Sleepy Lagoon: Zoot Suits, Race, and Riot in Wartime L.A. The University of North Carolina Press.ISBN978-0-8078-5494-5.
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