Hackney | |
|---|---|
 Hackney from the air | |
 Council logo | |
 Hackney shown withinGreater London | |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Constituent country | England |
| Region | London |
| Ceremonial county | Greater London |
| Created | 1 April 1965 |
| Admin HQ | Mare Street, Hackney |
| Government | |
| • Type | London borough council |
| • Body | Hackney London Borough Council |
| • Mayor | Caroline Woodley (Labour) |
| • London Assembly | Sem Moema (Labour) AM forNorth East |
| • MPs | Diane Abbott (Labour) Meg Hillier (Labour) David Lammy (Labour) Emily Thornberry (Labour) |
| Area | |
• Total | 7.36 sq mi (19.06 km2) |
| • Rank | 291st(of 296) |
| Population (2022) | |
• Total | 261,491 |
| • Rank | 70th(of 296) |
| • Density | 36,000/sq mi (14,000/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC (GMT) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+1 (BST) |
| Postcodes | |
| ISO 3166 code | GB-HCK |
| ONS code | 00AM |
| GSS code | E09000012 |
| Police | Metropolitan Police |
| Website | hackney |
TheLondon Borough of Hackney (/ˈhækni/ ⓘHAK-nee) is aLondon borough inInner London, England. The historical and administrative heart of Hackney isMare Street, which lies 5 miles (8 km) north-east ofCharing Cross. The borough is named afterHackney, its principal district. Southern and eastern parts of the borough are popularly regarded as being part of east London that spans some of the traditionalEast End of London with the northwest belonging to north London. Its population is estimated to be 281,120.
The London Plan issued by theGreater London Authority assigns whole boroughs tosub-regions for statutory monitoring, engagement and resource allocation purposes. The most recent (2011) iteration of this plan assigns Hackney to the 'East' sub-region,[1] while the 2008 and 2004 versions assigned the borough to "North" and "East" sub-regions respectively. The modern borough was formed in 1965 by the merger of theMetropolitan Borough of Hackney with the much smaller Metropolitan Boroughs ofStoke Newington andShoreditch.
Hackney is bounded byIslington to the west,Haringey to the north,Waltham Forest to the north-east,Newham to the east,Tower Hamlets to the south-east and theCity of London to the south-west. Hackney was one of the host boroughs of theLondon Olympics in 2012, with several of theQueen Elizabeth Olympic Park venues falling within its boundaries.
In the 13th century the name appears asHackenaye orHacquenye, but no certain derivation is advanced.[2] TheConcise Oxford Dictionary of Place Names (fourth edition) discusses the origin of the name. The first surviving records of the place name are as Hakney (1231) and Hakeneye (1242 and 1294). The "ey" suffix almost certainly refers to an island; the dictionary favours the interpretation that Hackney means "Haka's island", with Haka being a notable local person and the island (or inaccessible place surrounded by marshes) lying close to theRiver Lea. This was once a much wilder place than today.
The dictionary suggests that theHack element may also derive from:
Given the island context, the "hatch" option is unlikely to be correct, so the favoured "Haka's Island" or the "Island on the bend" seem more likely.
The place name will have originally referred to just the island or possibly both the island and the manor of the same name based around it. Subsequently, the name Hackney was applied to the wholeancient parish of Hackney.
In the Iron Age and probably until after the Roman period (as the Romans used tribal territories as administrative sub-divisions), theRiver Lea was considered to separate the territories of theCatuvellauni[3] to the west of the river from theTrinovantes to the east.
The Romans built theRoman road,Ermine Street, which runs through the modern borough under the namesShoreditch High Street andKingsland Road, among others.
In the Anglo-Saxon period, theRiver Lea separated the core territories of theEast Saxons (on the east side) from theMiddle Saxons (on the western, Hackney side) they often controlled. This continuity of this natural boundary from pre-Roman period may be a result of the differing Saxon groups taking control of pre-defined territories.
After both areas were brought under the control ofAlfred the Great, the river became the boundary between the historic counties of Middlesex (Hackney) and Essex (modernNewham,Waltham Forest andRedbridge).
In theTudor period, the lands of religious orders wereseized by the Crown and put up for sale. Thus Hackney became a retreat for thenobility aroundHackney Central andHomerton.Henry VIII's Palace was byLea Bridge roundabout, whereBSix Sixth Form College stands today.[4]Sutton House, on Homerton High Street, is the oldest surviving dwelling in Hackney,[5] originally built in 1535 asBryck Place forSir Ralph Sadleir, a diplomat. The village of Hackney flourished from the Tudor to lateGeorgian periods as a rural retreat.
The first documented "hackney coach"—the forerunner of the more generic "hackney carriage"—operated in London in 1621. Current opinion is that the name "hackney", to refer to a London taxi, is derived from the village name.[6] (Hackney, associated with high-stepping horses and horse-drawn carriages, is the root of the French wordhaquenée, a term used for a small breed of horse,[7] and theSardinianachetta horse.) Construction of the railway in the 1850s ended Hackney's rural reputation by connecting it to other parts of the city and stimulating development.
London's firstTudor theatres were built atShoreditch. TheGunpowder Plot was first exposed nearby inHoxton.[8]
In 1727Daniel Defoe said of the villages of Hackney
All these, except the Wyck-house, are within a few years so encreas'd in buildings, and so fully inhabited, that there is no comparison to be made between their present and past state: Every separate hamlet is encreas'd, and some of them more than treble as big as formerly; Indeed as this whole town is included in the bills of mortality, tho' no where joining to London, it is in some respects to be call'd a part of it.
This town is so remarkable for the retreat of wealthy citizens, that there is at this time near a hundred coaches kept in it; tho' I will not join with a certain satyrical author, who said of Hackney, that there were more coaches than Christians in it.[9]
The parishchurch of St John-at-Hackney was built in 1792, replacing the nearby former 16th-century parish church dedicated toSt Augustine (pulled down in 1798).
Notable residents from the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries includedRobert Aske,William Cecil,Samuel Courtauld,Samuel Hoare,Joseph Priestley andThomas Sutton.
Many grand houses stood inStoke Newington andStamford Hill; the latter neighbourhood became a center of Hackney's many OrthodoxJewish residents from the 1930s.Alfred Hitchcock made many of his first films in Hoxton at theGainsborough Studios in Poole Street.[10]
The interwar era saw the building ofsocial housing by the LCC and the borough council in the area including the Kingsmead Estate, Morningside Estate, Banister House and Nisbet House.[11][12][13] The borough also includes housing projects developed by high-profile postwar architects including The Beckers (1958) bySir Frederick Gibberd, Granard House (1959) byColin St John Wilson and Pitcairn House (1962) byEric Lyons.[14][15][16] Following extensive post-war development and immigration since the late 20th century, population pressure has increased and the area's many Georgian and Victorian terraces are being gentrified, warehouses are being converted to housing, and new flats are being built.[17]
In the 1980s and beyond, Hackney was described as the poorest borough in Britain - although it has been questioned whether this may have in fact beenGlasgow, at the time.[18][19][20][21] The council used the phrase 'Britain's Poorest Borough' in official materials.[22][23] It was described in this way as late as 2001[24] and in Parliament in 2010.[25] This picture has now changed: the 2019Indices of Multiple Deprivation found that Hackney was the 22nd most deprived borough in England, down from 11th in 2015 and 2nd in 2010, whilst Hackney has also featured prominently in discussions ofgentrification.[26][27][28]
It was ranked as inner London's "greenest borough" and London Transport's "best bike borough 2006",[29] with 62parks and open spaces, covering 815 acres (3.3 km2).[30] Seven Hackney parks have now achievedGreen Flag status.[31] One,Abney Park, became scheduled in 2009 as one of Britain's historic parks and garden at risk from neglect and decay.[32]Hackney Marshes play host to the largest collection of football pitches in Europe. Part of it was used as a site for events of the2012 Summer Olympics.
In 2021, the addition of 3 illegal art pieces,the anarchist charityAntepavillion was given an ordinance to remove their most recent illegal art piece "Sharks!" This brought theMetropolitan Police to raid Antepavillion's main warehouse and illegal Potemkin Theatre to stop the addition of the piece. After its placement was banned in the protected canal area, the Islington Boat Club put it on display in their private area.[33]
There are 1,300listed buildings in Hackney, including theHackney Empire,TudorSutton House, and the Grade I medievalSt Augustine's Tower, the borough's oldest building. The borough contains 25conservation areas includingClapton Square andurban open-spaces including Clapton Common andClissold Park. Conservation areas also protect large areas ofGeorgian andVictorian housing, and areas ofindustrial heritage.[34]
The area of the modern borough broadly corresponds to the threeancient parishes ofHackney,Shoreditch andStoke Newington, which had all historically been part of theOssulstonehundred of the county ofMiddlesex. For some administrative functions, Ossulstone was divided into four divisions. Stoke Newington was part of theFinsbury division. Hackney and Shoreditch were both part of theTower division, which was noteworthy in that the men of the area owed military service to theTower of London.
The ancient parishes provided a framework for both civil (administrative) and ecclesiastical (church) functions, but during the 19th century there was a divergence into distinct civil and ecclesiastical parish systems. The ecclesiastical parishes were gradually sub-divided to better serve the needs of a growing population, while the civil parishes continued to be based on the same ancient parish areas.
From 1856 the area was governed by theMetropolitan Board of Works, which was established to provide services across themetropolis of London.[35] In 1889 the Metropolitan Board of Works' area was made theCounty of London. From 1856 until 1900 the lower tier of local government within the metropolis comprised variousparish vestries and district boards. Shoreditch was governed by itsvestry, whilst Hackney and Stoke Newington were initially grouped into theHackney District with a single board covering the two parishes. This proved unpopular, especially in more affluent Stoke Newington. After four unsuccessful attempts, the Hackney District was dissolved in 1894 under the Metropolis Management (Plumstead and Hackney) Act 1893, and its two parishes were then each governed separately by their own vestries.[36][37]
In 1900 the lower tier was reorganised intometropolitan boroughs. In this area the three parishes each became a borough:Hackney,Shoreditch andStoke Newington.[38] There were some rationalisations to boundaries, notably that Shoreditch absorbed part of the tinyLiberty of Norton Folgate (with the rest going to neighbouringStepney).
Stoke Newington was smaller than the desired size for the new boroughs, and there were proposals to re-merge Stoke Newington and Hackney, or to detach the northern part of Hackney and join it with Stoke Newington. These proposals were rejected due to the experience of "intolerable and interminable feuds" between the districts when they were previously "forced together". TheFirst Lord of the Treasury,Arthur Balfour recognised that there was "great ill-feeling and mutual ill-will... between the inhabitants of the two districts".[39] It was therefore decided to merge theSouth Hornsey exclaves ofHornsey, with a population about 20,000, with Stoke Newington. While this still created a borough of only about 50,000 inhabitants, and thus "the smallest borough in London, the anomaly would be a gradually diminishing one, because the population in this district was rapidly increasing. When dividing London up into boroughs they could not avoid creating some anomalies as to size."[40]
The modern London Borough of Hackney was created in 1965 under theLondon Government Act 1963. It covered the combined area of the three metropolitan boroughs of Hackney, Shoreditch and Stoke Newington.[37]
The local authority is Hackney Council, which meets atHackney Town Hall and has its main offices in the adjoining Hackney Service Centre. Since 2002 the council has been led by the directly electedMayor of Hackney. Aspeaker fulfils the civic and ceremonial duties previously undertaken by the (non-political) mayor prior to 2002.[41]
Since 2000, for elections to theLondon Assembly, the borough forms part of theNorth East constituency. The constituency returnedSem Moema AM as the directly elected Assembly Member in 2021.
The borough comprises two parliamentary constituencies:Hackney North and Stoke Newington (represented byDiane Abbott MP) andHackney South and Shoreditch (represented byMeg Hillier MP); both arePrivy Counsellors andLabour Party Members ofParliament. Final recommendations for a change to the boundaries of these two constituencies were published by the Boundary Commission in July 2023.[42]
The borough was formed by the merger of the metropolitan boroughs ofHackney,Shoreditch andStoke Newington, with the boundaries of these very closely based on the Ancient Parishes of the same name; these areas have been consistently defined for many centuries. Historically, the River Lea formed the boundary between the predecessor counties ofMiddlesex andEssex.
Within these parish areas are a large number of sub-districts, some of which have sub-districts of their own. These sub-districts are generally based on former hamlets that expanded and merged as the area urbanised. These sub-districts have never been administrative units so have never had any formal boundaries, however a degree of informal definition has developed.
The sub-districts typically takeMetropolitan Borough\Ancient Parish boundaries where available, and can also have informal customary boundaries such as road and railways. Despite this, many areas have only a weakly or partially understood extent and it is not unusual for perceptions of place to overlap or change over time.
The area of the former parish and borough ofStoke Newington includes theWoodberry Down area, while the former parish and borough ofShoreditch includesHoxton andHaggerston.
The former parish and borough ofHackney is much larger and includesHackney Central,Hackney Downs,West Hackney,Dalston,De Beauvoir Town,Shacklewell,Stamford Hill,London Fields,Upper and Lower Clapton,Hackney Wick andHomerton.
The London Borough of Hackney covers an area of 19.06 km2 (7.36 sq mi), rising westward from the Lea to reach 30 m (98 ft) above sea level at Clapton Common andStamford Hill. The area aroundVictoria Park, in the south of the borough lies about 15 metres (49 feet) above sea level.
After theNorman Conquest the area became part of theForest of Middlesex, which covered much of thecounty, but this gives rise to misunderstanding, as in this context "Forest" is a legal term referring to royal hunting rights and had a weak correlation with woodland cover, especially in the early post-Conquest Period.[43]
By the time of the earliest reliable maps, in the 18th century, the area covered by the modern borough was an agricultural area characterised by enclosed farmland with small hamlets and very little woodland. There were a number of commons, most of which survived to become the basis of modern parks. Many of the major roads were present by this time, the road now known as theA10 was Roman, and others, like many in England, may be older.[43]
With the obvious exception of the urbanisation of the area, the greatest changes have been to the waterways and wetlands of the area. TheRiver Lea, the area's primary geographic feature, has lost its grazing marshes and seen theRiver Lee Navigation created in 1770. This is an artificial channel of the river, passing throughHackney Cut and across theHackney Marshes to straighten a meander of the natural river. In Roman times and for a long time after, theRiver Lea was an estuary, tidal as far asHackney Wick.
At Hackney Wick theHackney Brook met theLea; theconfluence was very wide when flooded.Hackney Brook was fully culverted in 1860 by theMetropolitan Board of Works.[44]
TheNew River was opened in 1613, diverting water from the Lea catchment to create a source of drinking water for London. The New River still passes through the borough, close toFinsbury Park and flows towardsIslington. Another man-made feature, theRegents Canal also crosses the borough to the south ofDe Beauvoir Town in the west, joining theHertford Union Canal below Victoria Park.[44]
Much of Hackney retains an inner-city character, but in such places asDalston largehousing estates have been joined by newly developedgated communities. InSouth Hackney, nearVictoria Park, terracedGeorgian,Victorian andEdwardian housing still survives.
Light industries in the area around theRiver Lea employ over 3,000 people.
The Lea and Hackney Marshes are underlain byalluvium soils; and the higher ground between Homerton and Stamford Hill is formed on a widening bed ofLondon Clay.Brickearth deposits are within tongues of clay extending beneath Clapton Common, Stamford Hill and Stoke Newington High Street. The centre and south-western districts lie on river terrace deposits of Taplow Gravel. Victoria Park and Well Street Common lie on flood plain gravel.[44]
This data was taken between 1971 and 2000 at the nearest national weather station inGreenwich; around 7 miles (11.3 km) south of Hackney Town Hall:
Climate data forGreenwich Park, elevation: 47 m (154 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1948–2004 | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 16.8 (62.2) | 19.7 (67.5) | 23.3 (73.9) | 25.3 (77.5) | 29.0 (84.2) | 34.5 (94.1) | 35.3 (95.5) | 37.5 (99.5) | 30.2 (86.4) | 26.1 (79.0) | 18.9 (66.0) | 16.4 (61.5) | 37.5 (99.5) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 8.5 (47.3) | 9.2 (48.6) | 12.1 (53.8) | 15.4 (59.7) | 18.6 (65.5) | 21.4 (70.5) | 23.8 (74.8) | 23.3 (73.9) | 20.3 (68.5) | 15.8 (60.4) | 11.6 (52.9) | 8.9 (48.0) | 15.8 (60.4) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 5.9 (42.6) | 6.2 (43.2) | 8.4 (47.1) | 10.7 (51.3) | 13.8 (56.8) | 16.7 (62.1) | 18.8 (65.8) | 18.7 (65.7) | 15.9 (60.6) | 12.4 (54.3) | 8.8 (47.8) | 6.3 (43.3) | 11.9 (53.4) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 3.4 (38.1) | 3.2 (37.8) | 4.7 (40.5) | 6.0 (42.8) | 9.1 (48.4) | 12.0 (53.6) | 13.9 (57.0) | 14.1 (57.4) | 11.6 (52.9) | 9.0 (48.2) | 6.1 (43.0) | 3.8 (38.8) | 8.1 (46.6) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −12.7 (9.1) | −9.4 (15.1) | −6.7 (19.9) | −4.8 (23.4) | −1.0 (30.2) | 1.1 (34.0) | 5.0 (41.0) | 5.3 (41.5) | 1.1 (34.0) | −2.1 (28.2) | −8.0 (17.6) | −10.5 (13.1) | −12.7 (9.1) |
| Averageprecipitation mm (inches) | 43.9 (1.73) | 39.9 (1.57) | 36.5 (1.44) | 38.6 (1.52) | 44.0 (1.73) | 49.3 (1.94) | 36.3 (1.43) | 53.0 (2.09) | 52.4 (2.06) | 58.3 (2.30) | 59.9 (2.36) | 50.7 (2.00) | 562.9 (22.16) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 1.0 mm) | 10.5 | 9.2 | 7.9 | 8.1 | 7.9 | 7.8 | 7.1 | 8.2 | 7.9 | 10.3 | 10.6 | 10.2 | 105.6 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 44.4 | 66.1 | 109.7 | 152.9 | 198.7 | 198.6 | 209.2 | 198.0 | 140.6 | 99.7 | 58.5 | 50.1 | 1,526.4 |
| Source 1:Met Office[45][46][47] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Starlings Roost Weather[48][49] | |||||||||||||
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1801 | 14,609 | — |
| 1811 | 19,523 | +33.6% |
| 1821 | 25,342 | +29.8% |
| 1831 | 35,482 | +40.0% |
| 1841 | 68,246 | +92.3% |
| 1851 | 94,961 | +39.1% |
| 1861 | 172,385 | +81.5% |
| 1871 | 249,810 | +44.9% |
| 1881 | 327,234 | +31.0% |
| 1891 | 369,209 | +12.8% |
| 1901 | 374,132 | +1.3% |
| 1911 | 379,120 | +1.3% |
| 1921 | 368,469 | −2.8% |
| 1931 | 358,117 | −2.8% |
| 1941 | 305,501 | −14.7% |
| 1951 | 260,626 | −14.7% |
| 1961 | 240,521 | −7.7% |
| 1971 | 221,975 | −7.7% |
| 1981 | 179,536 | −19.1% |
| 1991 | 187,792 | +4.6% |
| 2001 | 202,819 | +8.0% |
| 2011 | 246,270 | +21.4% |
| 2021 | 259,147 | +5.2% |
| Source:A Vision of Britain through time | ||
In 1801, thecivil parishes that form the modern borough had a total population of 14,609. This rose steadily throughout the 19th century, as the district became built up; reaching 95,000 in the middle of that century. When the railways arrived the rate ofpopulation growth increased — reaching nearly 374,000 by the turn of the century. This increase in population peaked before World War I, falling slowly in the aftermath until World War II began an exodus from London towards thenew towns under theAbercrombie Plan for London (1944).[50] The population is now rising again, and the2001 census gives Hackney a population of 202,824.[51]
The population is ethnically diverse. Of the resident population, 89,490 (44%) people describe themselves asWhite British. 24,861 (12%) are in other Whiteethnic groups, 50,009 (24%) are Black or Black British, 19,791 (9%) are Asian or Asian British, 8,501 (4%) describe themselves as 'Mixed', and 6,432 (3%) as Chinese or Other.
There is also a largeTurkish andKurdish population resident in Hackney.[52][53] Turkish and Kurdish communities are located in all parts of the borough, though there is a greater concentration in north and central Hackney.
132,931 (66%) of the resident population were British born. A further 10,095 (5%) were born in other parts of Europe, and the remaining 59,798 (29%) born elsewhere in the world.
2018 estimates[54] are that Christianity is the biggest religion in Hackney, with 31% of residents identifying Christian; 13% identified as Muslim, 10% Jewish, and 7% belonged to other religions. A further 38% either have no religion, or did not submit a response. In numerical terms, Hackney has the second largest Jewish population of any local authority in the United Kingdom, after theLondon Borough of Barnet (and in percentage terms, third after Barnet and theHertsmere borough ofHertfordshire).
32% of households are owner–occupied.
The largest rise of ethnic groups between 2001 and 2011 was "Other", which increased by 222%. This was followed by "Mixed", which rose by 84%.
According to the GLA Population Estimate for 2018, 36.4% of the borough's population are White British, 18.1% are "Other White", 10.3% are of Black African heritage, and 6.4% are of Black Caribbean heritage. Hackney is also home to several smaller Asian communities.
| Ethnic Group | Year | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1966 estimations[55][56] | 1971 estimations[57] | 1981 estimations[58] | 1991 census[59][60] | 2001 census[61] | 2011 census[62] | 2021 census[63] | ||||||||
| Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
| White: Total | – | 92.9% | – | 85.1% | 131,797 | 73.2% | 124,090 | 66% | 120,468 | 59.4% | 134,617 | 54.7% | 137,709 | 53.1% |
| White:British | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 89,490 | 44.1% | 89,030 | 36.2% | 87,927 | 33.9% |
| White:Irish | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 6,117 | 3.0% | 5,216 | 2.1% | 5,582 | 2.2% |
| White:Gypsy or Irish Traveller | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 474 | 0.2% | 248 | 0.1% |
| White: Roma | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 865 | 0.3% |
| White:Other | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 24,861 | 12.3% | 39,897 | 16.2% | 43,087 | 16.6% |
| Black or Black British: Total | – | – | – | – | 33,171 | 18.4% | 41,903 | 22.3% | 50,009 | 24.7% | 56,858 | 23.1% | 54,645 | 21.1% |
| Black or Black British:African | – | – | – | – | 7,701 | 4.3% | 12,886 | 6.9% | 24,290 | 12.0% | 27,976 | 11.4% | 29,478 | 11.4% |
| Black or Black British:Caribbean | – | – | – | – | 19,330 | 10.7% | 21,321 | 11.3% | 20,879 | 10.3% | 19,168 | 7.8% | 17,903 | 6.9% |
| Black or Black British:Other Black | – | – | – | – | 6,140 | 7,696 | 4,840 | 2.4% | 9,714 | 3.9% | 7,264 | 2.8% | ||
| Asian or Asian British: Total | – | – | – | – | 11,411 | 6.3% | 16,550 | 8.8% | 19,791 | 9.8% | 25,867 | 10.5% | 26,885 | 10.3% |
| Asian or Asian British:Indian | – | – | – | – | 5,405 | 6,629 | 7,624 | 3.8% | 7,599 | 3.1% | 8,832 | 3.4% | ||
| Asian or Asian British:Pakistani | – | – | – | – | 1,489 | 1,845 | 2,165 | 1.1% | 1,905 | 0.8% | 2,461 | 0.9% | ||
| Asian or Asian British:Bangladeshi | – | – | – | – | 1,824 | 3,446 | 5,970 | 2.9% | 6,180 | 2.5% | 6,554 | 2.5% | ||
| Asian or Asian British:Chinese | – | – | – | – | 1,308 | 2,016 | 2,377 | 1.2% | 3,436 | 1.4% | 3,459 | 1.3% | ||
| Asian or Asian British: Other Asian | – | – | – | – | 1,385 | 2,614 | 1,655 | 0.8% | 6,747 | 2.7% | 5,579 | 2.2% | ||
| Mixed or British Mixed: Total | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 8,501 | 4.2% | 15,869 | 6.4% | 17,487 | 6.7% |
| Mixed: White and Black Caribbean | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 3,075 | 1.5% | 4,989 | 2.0% | 4,749 | 1.8% |
| Mixed: White and Black African | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1,599 | 0.8% | 2,866 | 1.2% | 2,735 | 1.1% |
| Mixed: White and Asian | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1,576 | 0.8% | 3,020 | 1.2% | 3,691 | 1.4% |
| Mixed: Other Mixed | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2,251 | 1.1% | 4,994 | 2.0% | 6,312 | 2.4% |
| Other: Total | – | – | – | – | 3,764 | 5,357 | 4,055 | 2.0% | 13,059 | 5.3% | 22,421 | 8.6% | ||
| Other: Arab | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1,721 | 0.7% | 2,342 | 0.9% |
| Other: Any other ethnic group | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 4,055 | 2.0% | 11,338 | 4.6% | 20,079 | 7.7% |
| Ethnic minority: Total | – | 7.1% | – | 14.9% | 48,348 | 26.8% | 63,810 | 33% | 82,356 | 40.7% | 111,653 | 45.3% | 121,438 | 46.9% |
| Total | – | 100% | – | 100% | 180,145 | 100% | 187,900 | 100% | 202,824 | 100% | 246,270 | 100% | 259,147 | 100% |
The following shows the religious identity of residents residing in Hackney according to the census results.
| Religion | 1971 estimates[64] | 1995 estimates[65] | 2001 census[66] | 2011 census[67] | 2021 census[68] | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
| Holds religious beliefs | – | – | – | – | 139,902 | 69.0 | 153,170 | 62.2 | 142,592 | 55.0 |
| Christian | – | – | – | – | 94,431 | 46.6 | 95,131 | 38.6 | 79,499 | 30.7 |
| Muslim | – | – | – | – | 27,908 | 13.8 | 34,727 | 14.1 | 34,578 | 13.3 |
| Sikh | – | – | – | – | 1,725 | 0.9 | 1,872 | 0.8 | 1,867 | 0.7 |
| Hindu | – | – | – | – | 1,637 | 0.8 | 1,577 | 0.6 | 1,998 | 0.8 |
| Buddhist | – | – | – | – | 2,321 | 1.1 | 3,075 | 1.2 | 2,343 | 0.9 |
| Jewish | 30,000 | 14% | 17,900 | 9.9% | 10,732 | 5.3 | 15,477 | 6.3 | 17,426 | 6.7 |
| Other religion | – | – | – | – | 1,148 | 0.6 | 1,311 | 0.5 | 4,879 | 1.9 |
| No religion | – | – | – | – | 38,607 | 19.0 | 69,454 | 28.2 | 94,113 | 36.3 |
| Religion not stated | – | – | – | – | 24,315 | 12.0 | 23,646 | 9.6 | 22,442 | 8.7 |
| Total population | – | 100% | – | 100% | 202,824 | 100% | 246,270 | 100% | 259,147 | 100% |
In a 2007 report, every ward of Hackney was among the 10% most deprived in the country, with 47% of children living in low-income households.[69]
Hackney had a reputation as one of the most crime-ridden London boroughs, and some of its streets have even been referred to as "Murder Mile",[70] but cooperation between local police and council has resulted in the borough experiencing a bigger drop in crime than in any other London borough in the four-year period up to 2007 (28% reduction).[71][obsolete source]
In the 2011 census, Hackney had the highest rate of commuters travelling by bicycle in London.[72]
In 2002, the borough entered into a 10-year contract with the Learning Trust, an independent collaborative body that organises education for Hackney's 27,000 pupils in over 70 schools, nurseries and play centres. The trust was set up in response to anOFSTED report that identified failings in the then existing system.[73] Two of London's most successfulCity Academies are in Hackney with another two in development and plans to rebuild or renovate every other Hackney school by 2016.LBH regained responsibility for education in 2012, absorbing the Learning Trust under the new name "Hackney Learning Trust".
The London Borough of Hackney has eight public libraries:[74]
ThreeLondon Overground lines serve Hackney: theNorth London Line crosses from west to east while theEast London Line runs from Highbury & Islington and passes throughDalston Junction and on south through Haggerston, Hoxton, Shoreditch towards destinations south of the River Thames, including Clapham Junction, Crystal Palace, Croydon, and New Cross. Local services on theLea Valley Lines passed intoLondon Overground on 31 May 2015. Trains originate atLondon Liverpool Street and head towards eitherEnfield Town (viaBush Hill Park),Cheshunt (viaTurkey Street) orChingford (viaClapton).
It is proposed thatCrossrail 2 will provide Hackney a new station at Dalston with the potential of the future 'eastern branch' with stops at Hackney Central and Hackney Wick.
North London Line Travelling west to east —Dalston Kingsland,Hackney Central,Homerton andHackney Wick
East London Line Travelling north to south —Dalston Junction,Haggerston,Hoxton andShoreditch High Street
Lea Valley Lines Travelling south to north –London Fields,Hackney Downs,Rectory Road,Stoke Newington andStamford Hill.
In March 2011, the main forms of transport that residents used to travel to work were: bus, minibus or coach, 16.9% of all residents aged 16–74; underground, metro, light rail, tram, 9.2%; bicycle, 9.2%; on foot, 7.5%; driving a car or van, 7.1%; train, 4.6%; work mainly at or from home, 3.5%.[75]
65% of households in Hackney arecar free.[76]
TheHackney Gazette andHackney Citizen provide local news.
The borough'scoat of arms includes elements representing its three predecessor boroughs:
Hackney was formerly also twinned withGöttingen in Germany,Presnensky District in Russia, andAlexandra in South Africa, but these links are not active anymore.[77]
The following people, military units, and organisations and groups have received theFreedom of the Borough of Hackney.
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This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Hackney".Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 794.
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