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| Lodhi | |
|---|---|
| Sabar, Sabara | |
| ସାବାର | |
| Native to | India |
| Region | Odisha,West Bengal,Jharkhand |
| Ethnicity | Lodha |
Native speakers | 139,000 (2011)[1] 22% of ethnic population |
Austroasiatic
| |
| Devanagri Script | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | lbm |
| Glottolog | lodh1246 |
Lodhi (Lodi, Lohi, Lozi) is aMunda language, or dialect cluster, of India.Kharia Thar is only spoken by one quarter of ethnic Lodhi in Orissa. However, while admitting that Lodhi is related toSora, a Munda language,Ethnologue classifies it as Indic (Bengali–Assamese), and it is considered a variety of Hindi in the Indian census. It may be that there are both Munda and Indic varieties subsumed under the name Lodhi.[citation needed]
However, Anderson (2008:299) suggests that Lodhi (Lodha) of northern Orissa may be an endangered Munda language; some members use theautonym Sabar or Sabara.
Lodhi is spoken in:
Since the Lodha live in multilingual communities in frequent contact with peoples such as theKharia,Begali andBhumij almost all Lodha are bilingual and can speakBengali. In addition to bilingualism the multilingualism of the Lodha means that the Lodhi language is only used within the home or amongst the tribe. The Lodhi language is declining as now most of its speakers are elderly with the younger population switching to Bengali.[2]
The Lodhi language is neither a subject nor a medium of instruction in any of the schools. It is not used in the judicial or in government system. In the religious and cultural ceremonies, the Lodhi language is sparingly used. Instead of Lodha Bengali is used instead.[2]
Lodhi is a mostly unwritten language but when it needs to be written the Devanagri Script is used.[2]
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unvoiced | Voiced | Unvoiced | Voiced | Unvoiced | Voiced | Unvoiced | Voiced | Unvoiced | Voiced | Unvoiced | Voiced | Unvoiced | Voiced | ||
| Plosive | Aspirated | pʰ | bʰ | tʰ | dʰ | ʈ | ɖ | c | ɟ | k | ɡ | ||||
| Unaspirated | p | b | t | d | ʈʰ | ɖʰ | cʰ | ɟʰ | kʰ | ɡʰ | ʔ | ||||
| Fricative | s | ɦ | |||||||||||||
| Nasal | m | n | ɳ | ŋ | |||||||||||
| Flap | ɾ | ||||||||||||||
| Lateral Approximent | w | l | ɭ | ʎ | |||||||||||
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i | u | |
| Mid | e | o | |
| Low | a |
All phonemes can occur in either the beginning, middle, or the end of a world.[2]
The 4diphthongs that are used are: /eu/ /oi/ /ua/ /ui/.[2]
The lexicon of Lodhi is divded into 2 groups: the vast majority of words are in the first group which is made up ofpredicates, complements of predicates and asmodifiers, and a second smaller group which serves to indicate things liketense,person, andnumber.[2]
Nouns in Lodhi are distinguished by grammatical number,grammatical gender, andcase; and can only be used at the head of a predicate phrase. They are divided byanimacy into two groups: animate, and inanimate; animate nouns include words likeLebuki (persons) andbiloiki (cats) while inanimate nouns are words likedaru (stone).[2]
Words in Lodhi are divided by three types of number:singular,dual, andplural. Singular words are unmarked, dual words are marked with the suffix-kiyar, and plural words are marked with the suffix-ki.[2]
| Lodhi | English | |
|---|---|---|
| Singular | lebu | man |
| Dual | lebukiyar | two men |
| Plural | lebuki | men |
The dual can also be used in combination with apersonal name refers to that person and a person who is related to him or her in some fashion, usually by marriage; while the plural is also often found to denote approximation between two things.[2]
Lodhi does not have grammatical gender but it does havenatural gender where words for things which have a gender use either use a word with the gender within the defintion ex.konselu (woman) andkõpuu (man), or the suffix-ay can be added to make a word from its female version to its male version ex.saw (husband) vs.saway (wife). Inanimate objects do not have any gender associated with them.[2]
Lodhi has 3 cases:nominative,locative, andpossessive.[2]
Nominative is unmarked ex. dʰaru (tree), bi:or (jungle)
Locative is marked with the suffix-te ex. oʔ (house) oʔte (in the house)
Possessive is marked with 1 of 3 suffixes depending on the grammatical person of the possession
| Lodhi | example | English | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st Person | -im | emga'im | my mother |
| 2nd person | -m | emgam | your mother |
| 3rd Person | -te | emgate | his mother |
There are manypostposition in Lodhi with the most popular being.[2]
| Lodhi | English |
|---|---|
| bahart | outside of |
| mugamte | in front of |
| kunabte | behind |
| toblute | on top of, above |
| mo jhite | amidst, among |
| tutate | under, below |
Adjectives in Lodhi are divided into 2 groups: simple adjectives and derived pronouns. Simple adjective are all mono-morphophonetic.[2]
Derived adjectives are derived by adding either-i, -e, or-te to the end of a simple adjective to get a new adjective with a related but different definition. Examples includedhoa (smoky) vs.dhoate (smoky),mati (earth) vs.maite (early), anddes (country) vs.desi (indigenous).[2]
In Lodhi the verbs ending in personal suffix arefinite Verbs and those which do not end in personal suffix and which carryparticiple suffix orinfinitive suffix arenon-finite Verbs. Additionally the verbs contain aspect and/ ortense orimperative suffixes or thegerundial suffix.[3]
There are four tenses in Lodhi:past,present,future, andcontinuous.[3]
| Past | -te |
|---|---|
| Present | -oʔ |
| Future | -e |
| Continuous | -j- |
Imperative mood is only used in the second person and is marked via theinfix-na- as in the wordcom (go) vs.conam (you go).[3]
Perfect participle is marked via the suffix-kon ex.co (go) vs.cokon (having gone)
Theinfinitive is marked marked with the suffix-na ex.co vs.cona (to go)
Verbal nous are formed are adding either the infix-ne- or-na- to a verb ex.dej (cut)denej (axe).[3]
Causative Verbs are formed either by adding for the infix-b- for polysyllabic roots or by adding the prefix-ob- for monosyllabic roots ex.nog (eat) vs.obnog (feed) ex.remag (call) vs.rebmag (make it call).[3]
Negative verbs have two markers those that go before non-imperative verbs use the prefixum- while those that go beforeImperative verbs use the prefixag- ex.in cona (I will go) vsunim cona (I won't go) ex.nok og (he ate) vs.umnok og (he didn't eat).[3]
Compound verbs are formed by combining the two verbs being compounded ex.pad (jump) andparo (cross) >padparo (jump and cross).[3]
Passive formation is done by adding the suffix-dom to the verb root ex.yo (see) vs.yodom (seen).[3]
| Singular | Dual | Plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st Person | inclusive | im | anam | ampe |
| exclusive | imjar | ele | ||
| 2nd Person | am | ambar | ampe | |
| 3rd person | hokar | hokiyar | hoki | |
| Interrogative | a kar | akiyar | N/A | |
There are two special interrogative pronounsa betu (which boy) anda lebu (which man).[2]
| Lodhi[2] | English | Literal Translation |
|---|---|---|
| Iɡʰay kawaʔray buɳam ki taroʔmay | How crow hen killed the snake | how crowhen snake case marker killed |
| moɳ kinirte kisim kisim yaʔ kontheɖ ro hoɖom jiwjantu ki awnalaʔ kimay | In a forest lived many different types of birds and other animals | one forest + in different different types birds and other animals together live + case |
| moɳ kawaʔ ro sawray moɳ bara daɾu te awnalaʔki | One crow lived with its spouse in a big tree | one crow and spouse one big tree in lived |
| sadʰu ayo or aba dom ko moɳ gesulʔ bay siʔmay | The simple parents made a nes | simple parents one nest make tense personal marker |
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