Niue's position is inside a triangle drawn betweenTonga,Samoa, and theCook Islands. It is 2,400 kilometres (1,500 mi) northeast of New Zealand, and 604 kilometres (375 mi) northeast of Tonga. Niue's land area is about 261.46 square kilometres (100.95 sq mi)[6] and its population was 1,689 at the Census in 2022.
The terrain of the island has two noticeable levels. The higher level is made up of alimestone cliff running along the coast, with a plateau in the centre of the island reaching approximately 60 metres (200 ft) above sea level. The lower level is a coastal terrace approximately 0.5 km (0.3 miles) wide and about 25–27 metres (80–90 feet) high, which slopes down and meets the sea in small cliffs. Acoral reef surrounds the island; the only major break in the reef is in the central western coast, close to the capital,Alofi.
Niue issubdivided into 14villages (municipalities). Each village has a council that elects its chairperson; they are also electoral districts, and send an assemblyperson to theNiue Assembly (parliament).[15]
Since Niue is part of theRealm of New Zealand, most diplomatic relations on behalf of Niue are conducted by New Zealand. Niueans are citizens of New Zealand, andCharles III is Niue'shead of state in his capacity asKing of New Zealand. Between 90% and 95% of Niuean people live in New Zealand,[16] along with about 70% of the speakers of theNiuean language.[17] Niue is abilingual country: 30% of the population speak both Niuean and English; 11% speak only English; and 46% speak only Niuean.
Niue is aparliamentary democracy;legislative elections are held every three years. Niue is not a member of theUnited Nations (UN), but UN organisations accept its status as a freely associated state, equivalent to an independent state for the purposes of international law.[18] As such, Niue is a member of someUN specialised agencies (such asUNESCO[19] and theWHO),[20] and is invited, along with the other non-UN member state, theCook Islands, to attend United Nations conferences open to "all states".[21] Niue has been a member of thePacific Community since 1980.
Polynesians fromSamoa settled Niue around 900 CE. Further settlers arrived fromTonga in the 16th century.[22]
Until the beginning of the 18th century, Niue appears to have had no national government or national leader; chiefs and heads of families exercised authority over segments of the population.A succession ofpatu-iki (kings) ruled, beginning with Puni-mata. Tui-toga, who reigned from 1875 to 1887, was the first of the country's kings to adopt Christianity.[23]
The first Europeans to sight Niue sailed under CaptainJames Cook in 1774. Cook made three attempts to land, but the inhabitants refused to grant permission to do so. He named the island "Savage Island" because, as legend has it, the natives who "greeted" him were painted in what appeared to be blood. The substance on their teeth was hulahula, a native redfe'i banana.[24] For the next couple of centuries, Niue was known as Savage Island until its original name, "Niue", which translates as "behold the coconut",[25] regained use.
Whaling vessels were some of the most regular visitors to the island in the nineteenth century. The first on record was theFanny in February 1824. The last known whaler to visit was theAlbatross in November 1899.[26]
A 1932 stamp of Niue inscribed "Cook Islands Niue"
The next documented European visitors represented theLondon Missionary Society, who arrived on theMessenger of Peace. After many years of trying to land a European missionary, they abducted a Niuean namedNukai Peniamina and trained him as a pastor at theMalua Theological College in Samoa.[27]
Peniamina returned in 1846 on theJohn Williams as a missionary with the help of Toimata Fakafitifonua. He was finally allowed to land in UluvehiMutalau after a number of attempts in other villages had failed. The chiefs of Mutalau village allowed him to land and protected him day and night at the fort in Fupiu.[28]
Christianity was first taught to the Mutalau people before it spread to all the villages. Originally other major villages opposed the introduction of Christianity and had sought to kill Peniamina.[citation needed] The people from the village of Hakupu, although the last village to receive Christianity, came and asked for a "word of God"; hence, their village was renamed "Ha Kupu Atua" meaning "any word of God", or "Hakupu" for short.[citation needed]
In 1889, the chiefs and rulers of Niue, in a letter toQueen Victoria, asked her "to stretch out towards us your mighty hand, that Niue may hide herself in it and be safe".[30] After expressing anxiety lest some other nation should take possession of the island, the letter continued: "We leave it with you to do as seems best to you. If you send the flag of Britain that is well; or if you send a Commissioner to reside among us, that will be well".[30] The British did not initially take up the offer. In 1900 a petition by the Cook Islanders asking for annexation included Niue "if possible".[30]
In a document dated 19 October 1900, the "King" and Chiefs of Niue consented to "Queen Victoria taking possession of this island". A despatch to theSecretary of State for the Colonies from theGovernor of New Zealand referred to the views expressed by the Chiefs in favour of "annexation" and to this document as "the deed of cession". A British Protectorate was declared, but it remained short-lived. Niue was brought within the boundaries of New Zealand on 11 June 1901 by the same Order and Proclamation as the Cook Islands. The Order limited the islands to which it related by reference to an area in the Pacific described by co-ordinates, and Niue, at 19.02 S., 169.55 W, lies within that area.[30]
Niue International Airport was established in 1970 and opened to commercial flight passengers in November 1971.
TheNew Zealand Parliament restored self-government in Niue with the 1974Niue Constitution Act, following the1974 Niuean constitutional referendum in which Niueans had three options: independence, self-government, or continuation as a New Zealand territory. The majority selected self-government, and Niue's written constitution[31]was promulgated as supreme law.Robert Rex, ethnically part European, part native, was elected by theNiue Assembly as the firstPremier of Niue, a position he held until his death 18 years later. In 1984, Rex became the first Niuean to receive a knighthood.
In January 2004,Cyclone Heta hit Niue, killing one person and causing extensive damage to the entire island, including wiping out most of the south of the capital, Alofi.[32]
On March 7, 2020, theInternational Dark-Sky Association announced that Niue had become the first entire country to be designated an International Dark Sky Sanctuary.[33] On 29 September 2022, PresidentJoe Biden announced that the United States would recognise Niue as a sovereign nation.[34] On 25 September 2023, recognition was declared by President Biden and diplomatic relations were established.[35]
Beveridge Reef, 240 km (150 mi) southeast, submergedatoll drying during low tide, 9.5 km (5.9 mi) north-south, 7.5 km (4.7 mi) East-West, total area 56 km2 (22 sq mi), no land area, lagoon 11 metres (36 ft) deep.
Antiope Reef, 180 km (110 mi) northeast, a circular plateau approximately 400 metres (1,300 ft) in diameter, with a least depth of 9.5 metres (31 ft).
Haran Reef (also known as Harans Reef), 294 km (183 mi) southeast.
Besides these, Albert Meyer Reef, (almost 5 km (3.1 mi) long and wide, least depth 3 m (9.8 ft), 326 km (203 mi) southwest) is not officially claimed by Niue, and the existence ofHaymet Rocks (1,273 km (791 mi) east-southeast) is in doubt.
Niue is one of the world's largestcoral islands. The terrain consists of steeplimestone cliffs along the coast with a centralplateau rising to about 60 metres (200 ft) above sea level. Acoral reef surrounds the island, with the only major break in the reef being in the central western coast, close to the capital, Alofi. A number of limestone caves occur near the coast.
The island is roughly oval in shape (with adiameter of about 18 kilometres (11 mi)), with two large bays indenting the western coast, Alofi Bay in the centre andAvatele Bay in the south. Between these is the promontory of Halagigie Point. A small peninsula, TePā Point (Blowhole Point), is close to the settlement of Avatele in the southwest. Most of the population resides close to the west coast, around the capital, and in the northwest.
Some Niue soils are geochemically very unusual. They are extremely weathered tropical soils, with high levels of iron and aluminium oxides (oxisol) and mercury, and they contain high levels ofnatural radioactivity, withThorium-230 andProtactinium-231 heading thedecay chains. This distribution of elements is found naturally on very deep seabeds, but the geochemical evidence suggests that the origin of these elements is extremeweathering of coral and brief sea submergence120,000 years ago. Endothermal upwelling, by which mild volcanic heat draws deep seawater up through the porous coral, almost certainly contributes.[37]
No adverse health effects from the radioactivity or the other trace elements have been demonstrated, and calculations show that the level of radioactivity is probably much too low to be detected in the population. These unusual soils are very rich inphosphate, but it is not accessible to plants, being in the very insoluble form ofiron phosphate, or crandallite. It is thought that similar radioactive soils may exist onLifou andMare nearNew Caledonia, andRennell in theSolomon Islands, but no other locations are known.
The island has atropical rainforest climate (Af) according to theKöppen climate classification with high temperatures and rainfall throughout the year. Although there are no true wet or dry seasons, there is a noticeably wetter stretch from October to May.
Although Niue currently has one of the highest rates ofgreenhouse gas emissions per capita in the world,[42] due to the small population, and the fossil fuel based generating capacity of between 833 kW to 1MW, with help from the European Union,[43][44] Niue aims to use 80% renewable energy by 2025.[45][46][47]
In July 2009, asolar panel system was installed, injecting about 50 kW into the Niue national power grid. This is nominally 6% of the average 833 kW electricity production. The solar panels are atNiue High School (20 kW),Niue Power Corporation office, (1.7 kW)[48] and theNiue Foou Hospital (30 kW). The EU-funded grid-connectedphotovoltaic systems are supplied under the REP-5 programme and were installed recently by the Niue Power Corporation on the roofs of the high school and the power station office and on ground-mounted support structures in front of the hospital. They will be monitored and maintained by the NPC.[49]
In 2014, two additional solar power installations were added to the Niue national power grid, one funded underPALM5 of Japan is located outside the Tuila power station – so far only this has battery storage, the other under European Union funding is located opposite theNiue International Airport Terminal.
In 2022, Niue declared its entireEEZ to be amarine park, though enforcement of that declaration would be a challenge. The entire Fisheries Division was reported to have only five staff and there were no locally based patrol boats. Enforcement would depend on stronger support from theNew Zealand Defence Forces, though its ability to maintain a continuous presence was limited.[53]
Niue is part of theTongan tropical moist forests terrestrial ecoregion.[54] The island is home to approximately 60 native or pre-European plants, and approximately 160 naturalised flowering plant species.[55] Compared to other Polynesian islands, Niue has sparse documentation for what plants were traditionally found on the island (almost no records are found between the documentation by James Cook's crew in 1774, andTruman G. Yuncker's botanical survey of the island in 1940).[55]
The Assembly consists of 20 members, 14 of them elected by the electors of each villageconstituency, and six by all registered voters in all constituencies.[59] Electors must be New Zealand citizens, resident for at least three months, and candidates must be electors and resident for 12 months. Everyone born in Niue must register on the electoral roll.[60]
The Legislative Assembly elects a Speaker as its first official in the first sitting of the Assembly following an election. The speaker calls for nominations for prime minister; the candidate with the most votes from the 20 members is elected. The prime minister selects three other members to form a Cabinet, the executive arm of government.[62]General elections take place every three years, most recently on 29 April 2023.
Niue has operated as aself-governing state infree association with New Zealand since 3 September 1974, when the people endorsed the Constitution in a plebiscite.[64][65] Niue is fully responsible for its internal affairs. Niue's position concerning its external relations is less clear-cut. Section 6 of theNiue Constitution Act provides that: "Nothing in this Act or in the Constitution shall affect the responsibilities of Her Majesty the Queen in right of New Zealand for the external affairs and defence of Niue." Section 8 elaborates but still leaves the position unclear:
Effect shall be given to the provisions of sections 6 and 7 [concerning external affairs and defence and economic and administrative assistance respectively] of this Act, and to any other aspect of the relationship between New Zealand and Niue which may from time to time call for positive co-operation between New Zealand and Niue after consultation between the Prime Minister of New Zealand and thePrime Minister of Niue, and in accordance with the policies of their respective Governments; and, if it appears desirable that any provision be made in the law of Niue to carry out these policies, that provision may be made in the manner prescribed in the Constitution, but not otherwise."
Initially, Niue's foreign relations and defence were the responsibility of New Zealand.[67]: 207 However, Niue gradually began to develop its own foreign relations, independent of New Zealand.[67]: 208 It is a member of thePacific Islands Forum and of a number of regional and international agencies. It is not a member of the United Nations, but is a state party to theUnited Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, theUnited Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, theOttawa Treaty and theTreaty of Rarotonga. The country became a member state ofUNESCO on 26 October 1993.[68] It established diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China on 12 December 2007.[69] The joint communique signed by Niue and China differs in its treatment of theTaiwan question from that agreed by New Zealand and China. New Zealand "acknowledged" China's position onTaiwan but has never expressly agreed with it, but Niue "recognises that there is only one China in the world, the Government of the People's Republic of China is the sole legal government representing the whole of China and Taiwan is an inalienable part of the territory of China."[69] Niue established diplomatic relations with India on 30 August 2012.[70] On 10 June 2014, the Government of Niue announced that Niue had established diplomatic relations with Turkey. The Honourable Minister of InfrastructureDalton Tagelagi formalised the agreement at the Pacific Small Island States Foreign Ministers meeting in Istanbul, Turkey.[71]
Niue is not a republic, but for a number of years the ISO list of country names (ISO 3166-1) listed its full name as "the Republic of Niue". In its newsletter of 14 July 2011, the ISO acknowledged that this was a mistake and the words "the Republic of" were deleted from the ISO list of country names.[73]
Niue has no regular indigenous military forces; defence is the responsibility of New Zealand.[74] TheNew Zealand Defence Force has responsibilities for protecting the territory as well as its offshore exclusive economic zone (EEZ). The total offshore EEZ is about 317,500 square kilometres (122,600 sq mi).[75] Vessels of theRoyal New Zealand Navy can be employed for this task including itsProtector-class offshore patrol vessels.[76] These naval forces may also be supported byRoyal New Zealand Air Force aircraft, includingP-8 Poseidons.[77] New Zealand forces also provide additional logistics and specialized support for Niue.[78]
However, these forces are limited in size with, for instance, only infrequent air force overflights of the EEZ.[53] In 2023 New Zealand's forces were described by the Government as "not in a fit state" to respond to regional challenges.[79][80] New Zealand's subsequently announced "Defence Policy and Strategy Statement" noted that shaping the security environment, "focusing in particular on supporting security in and for the Pacific" would receive enhanced attention.[81]
Niue's gross domestic product (GDP) was NZ$17 million in 2003,[83] or US$10 million atpurchasing power parity.[84] Its GDP had increased to US$24.9 million by 2016.[85] Niue uses the New Zealand dollar.
TheNiue Integrated Strategic Plan (NISP) is the national development plan, setting national priorities for development.Cyclone Heta set the island back about two years from its planned timeline to implement the NISP, since national efforts concentrated on recovery efforts. In 2008, Niue had yet to fully recover. After Heta, the government made a major commitment to rehabilitate and develop the private sector.[86] In 2004, the New Zealand government allocated $1 million for the private sector,[87] and spent it on helping businesses devastated by the cyclone, and on construction of the Fonuakula Industrial Park.[citation needed] Thisindustrial park is now completed and some businesses are already operating from there. The Fonuakula Industrial Park is managed by the Niue Chamber of Commerce, a not-for-profit organisation providing advisory services to businesses.[citation needed]
The government and the Reef Group from New Zealand started two joint ventures in 2003 and 2004 to develop fisheries and a 120-hectare (300 acre)noni juice operation.[88] Noni fruit comes fromMorinda citrifolia, a small tree with edible fruit. Niue Fish Processors Ltd (NFP) is a joint venture company processing fresh fish, mainly tuna (yellowfin, big eye and albacore), for export to overseas markets. NFP operates out of a fish plant in Amanau Alofi South, completed and opened in October 2004.[89]
In August 2005, an Australian mining company, Yamarna Goldfields, suggested that Niue might have the world's largest deposit of uranium. By early September these hopes were seen as overoptimistic,[90] and in late October the company cancelled its plans, announcing that exploratory drilling had identified nothing of commercial value.[91] TheAustralian Securities and Investments Commission filed charges in January 2007 against two directors of the company, now called Mining Projects Group Ltd, alleging that their conduct had been deceptive and that they engaged ininsider trading.[92] This case was settled out of court in July 2008, both sides withdrawing their claims.[93]
On 27 October 2016, Niue officially declared that all itsnational debt was paid off.[94] The government plans to spend money saved from servicing loans on increasing pensions and offering incentives to lure expatriates back home. However, Niue is not entirely independent. New Zealand pays $14 million in aid each year and Niue still depends on New Zealand economically. Premier Toke Talagi said Niue managed to pay off US$4 million of debt and had "no interest" in borrowing again, particularly from huge powers such as China.[94]
Remittances from expatriates were a major source of foreign exchange in the 1970s and early 1980s. Continuousmigration to New Zealand has shifted most members of nuclear andextended families there, removing the need to send remittances back home. In the late 1990s, PFTAC conducted studies on thebalance of payments,[95] which confirmed that Niueans are receiving few remittances but are sending more money overseas.
Foreign aid is a significant source of income, accounting for approximately a third of Niue's annual government revenue.[96] Most aid comes from New Zealand,[84] which has a legal obligation to provide economic and administrative assistance.[97] Other sources of revenue for the government are taxation and trading activities, such as philatelic services and the lease of phone lines.[98]
The government briefly considered offshore banking. Under pressure from theUS Treasury, Niue agreed to end its support for schemes designed to minimise tax in countries like New Zealand. Niue provides automated Companies Registration, administered by theNew Zealand Ministry of Economic Development. TheNiue Legislative Assembly passed theNiue Consumption Tax Act in the first week of February 2009, and the 12.5% tax on goods and services was expected to take effect on 1 April 2009. Income tax has been lowered, and import tax may be reset to zero except for "sin" items like tobacco, alcohol and soft drinks. Tax on secondary income has been lowered from 35% to 10%, with the stated goal of fostering increased labour productivity.[99]
In 1997, theInternet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), under contract with the U.S. Department of Commerce, assigned the Internet Users Society-Niue (IUS-N), a private non-profit, as manager of the.nutop-level domain on the Internet. The stated purpose of IUS-N was to use revenue from .nu domain registrations to support Internet services for Niue. According to a letter toICANN in 2007, IUS-N's auditors reported an investment of US$3 million in Niue's Internet services between 1999 and 2005, funded by domain registration revenue. In 1999, an agreement was reached between IUS-N and the Government of Niue, recognizing IUS-N's management of the .nu ccTLD under IANA's authority. This agreement included commitments to provide free Internet services to government departments and citizens.
A subsequent government disputed this agreement and sought compensation from IUS-N.[100] A Commission of Inquiry in 2005 found no merit in these claims, which were dismissed by the government in 2007.[101] Starting in 2003, IUS-N began expandingWi-Fi coverage throughout the capital village ofAlofi and in several nearby villages and schools, and has been expanding Wi-Fi coverage into the outer villages since then, making Niue the first Wi-Fi nation.[102] Additionally, IUS-N provides secure DSL connections for government departments at no cost.
On December 16, 2020, the Government of Niue initiated proceedings to reassign control of its national webspace, .nu, from the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) to itself. This action reflects ongoing efforts by Niue to assert control over its digital assets amid concerns about national sovereignty and economic benefits associated with the .nu domain.[103]
Agriculture is very important to the lifestyle of Niueans and the economy, and around 204 square kilometres of the land area are available for agriculture.[104]Subsistence agriculture is very much part of Niue's culture, where nearly all the households have plantations oftaro.[105] Taro is astaple food, and the pink taro now dominant in the taro markets in New Zealand and Australia is a product of Niue. This is one of the naturally occurring taro varieties on Niue, and has a strong resistance to pests. The Niuetaro is known in Samoa as "talo Niue" and in international markets as pink taro. Niue exports taro to New Zealand.Tapioca or cassava,yams andkumara also grow very well,[84] as do different varieties of bananas.Coconut meat,passionfruit andlimes dominated exports in the 1970s, but in 2008vanilla,noni and taro were the main export crops.
Most families grow their own food crops for subsistence and sell their surplus at the Niue Makete in Alofi, or export to New Zealand.[106]Coconut crab, or uga, is also part of thefood chain; it lives in the forest and coastal areas.[107]
In 2003, the government made a commitment to develop and expandvanilla production with the support ofNZAID. Vanilla has grown wild on Niue for a long time. The industry was devastated byCyclone Heta in early 2004, but has since recovered.[108]
Along with fisheries and agriculture, tourism is one of the three priorityeconomic sectors for economic development. In 2006, estimated visitor expenditure reachedUS$1.6 million (equivalent to about $2M in 2024). The only airport isNiue International Airport, andAir New Zealand is the sole airline, flying twice a week fromAuckland.[110][111] In the early 1990s Niue International Airport was served by a local airline,Niue Airlines, but it closed in 1992.
There is a tourism development strategy to increase the number of rooms available to tourists at a sustainable level. Niue is trying to attract foreign investors to invest in the tourism industry by offering import and company tax concessions as incentives.
New Zealand businessmanEarl Hagaman, founder of Scenic Hotel Group, was awarded a contract in 2014 to manage the Matavai Resort in Niue after he made a $101,000 political donation to theNew Zealand National Party, which at that time led a minority government in New Zealand. The resort is subsidized by New Zealand, which wants to bolster tourism there. In 2015, New Zealand announced $7.5m in additional funding for expansion of the resort.
The selection of the Matavai contractor was made by the Niue Tourism Property Trust, whose trustees are appointed by New Zealand Foreign Affairs ministerMurray McCully. Prime MinisterJohn Key said he did not handle campaign donations, and that Niue premierToke Talagi has long pursued tourism as a growth strategy. McCully denied any link between the donation, the foreign aid and the contractor selection.[112]
Niue became the world's firstdark sky country in March2020. The entire island maintains standards of light development and keeps light pollution limited. Visitors will be able to enjoy guided Astro-tours led by trained Niuean community members. Viewing sites which are used for whale-watching and accessing the sea, as well as the roads that cross the island, make ideal viewing locations.[113]
The sailing season begins in May. Alofi Bay has many mooring buoys and yacht crews can lodge at Niue Backpackers.[114] The anchorage in Niue is one of the least protected in the South Pacific. Other challenges of the anchorage are a primarily coral bottom and many deep spots.[115] Mooring buoys are attached to seine floats that support the mooring lines away from seabed obstructions.[116]
Students using theirOLPC laptops in the school yard.
The Census of Households and Population in 1986 was the first to be processed using a personal computer with the assistance of David Marshall, FAO adviser on agricultural statistics, advisingUNFPA demographer Lawrence Lewis and Niue government statisticianBill Vakaafi Motufoou to switch from using manual tabulation cards. In 1987, Statistics Niue got its new personal computer NEC PC AT use for processing the 1986 census data; personnel were sent on training in Japan and New Zealand to use the new computer. The first Computer Policy was developed and adopted in 1988.[117]
In 2003, Niue became the first country in the world to provide state-fundedwireless internet to all inhabitants.[118][119]
In August 2008, it has been reported that all school students have what is known as theOLPC XO-1, a specialised laptop by theOne Laptop per Child project designed for children in the developing world.[120][121] Niue was also a location of tests for theOpenBTS project, which aims to deliver low-costGSMbase stations built withopen source software.[122]In July 2011, Telecom Niue launched pre-paid mobile services (Voice/EDGE – 2.5G) as Rokcell Mobile based on the commercial GSM product of vendor Lemko.[citation needed] Three BTS sites will cover the nation. International roaming is not currently available.
In January 2015, Telecom Niue completed the laying of the fibre optic cable around Niue connecting all the 14 villages, making land line phones and ADSL internet connection available to households.[citation needed]
According to the World Health Organization, residents are evidently very susceptible to skin cancer. In 2002 Niue reported skin cancer deaths at a rate of 2,482 per 100,000 people – far higher than any other country.[127]
Niue is the birthplace of New Zealand artist and writerJohn Pule. Author ofThe Shark That Ate the Sun, he also paintstapa cloth inspired designs on canvas.[128] In 2005, he co-wroteHiapo: Past and Present in Niuean Barkcloth, a study of a traditional Niuean artform, with Australian writer and anthropologist Nicholas Thomas.[129]Matafetu Smith founded the first Niuean women's weaving group in Auckland.[130][131]
Taoga Niue is a new Government Department responsible for the preservation of culture, tradition and heritage. Recognising its importance, the Government has added Taoga Niue as the sixth pillar of theNiue Integrated Strategic Plan (NISP).[132]
Due to the island location and the fact that the Niue produce a significant array of fruits and vegetables, natural local produce, especially coconut, features in many of the dishes of the islands, as does fresh seafood.Takihi, the national dish, is made from coconut cream and thinly slicedtaro andpapaya.[citation needed]
^The King in right of New Zealand is represented by the Governor-General of New Zealand in relation to Niue.[3]
^The Prime Minister is still referred to as the "Premier of Niue" in most governmental pages and entities, and retains the titlePremier as an alternate, transitional, or quasi-official name despite therecent referendum.
^Langdon, Robert (1984)Where the whalers went: an index to the Pacific ports visited by American whalers (and some other ships) in the 19th century, Canberra, Pacific Manuscripts Bureau, p. 192–3.ISBN086784471X.
^Juergensmeyer, Mark; Roof, Wade C., eds. (18 October 2011)."Nukai Peniamina".Encyclopedia of Global Religion. Sage Publishing. p. 925.ISBN978-1452266565.
^Jacobson G, Hill PJ (1980) Hydrogeology of a raised coral atoll, Niue Island, South Pacific Ocean.Journal of Australian Geology and Geophysics,5 271–278.
^"Niuean criminal court system". Association of Commonwealth Criminal Lawyers. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved29 December 2010.
^Masahiro Igarashi,Associated Statehood in International Law, p. 167
^"Towards self-government, or something".Pacific Islands Monthly. Vol. 45, no. 10. 1 October 1974. p. 7. Retrieved19 June 2022 – via National Library of Australia.
^"Niue".insidethegames.biz. 30 October 2012. Retrieved16 October 2023.
^"127th IOC Session comes to close in Monaco". International Olympic Committee. 9 December 2014. Retrieved6 August 2016.The NOC of Kosovo met the requirements for recognition as outlined in the Olympic Charter. These include the sport and technical requirements as well as the definition of "country" as defined in Rule 30.1 – "an independent State recognised by the international community". Kosovo is recognised as a country by 108 of the 193 UN Member States.
Chapman, Terry M. (1976) –The Decolonisation of Niue.
Hekau, Maihetoe & al.,Niue: A History of the Island,Suva: Institute of Pacific Studies (USP) & the government of Niue, 1982 [no ISBN]
Loeb, Edwin M. (1926) –History and Traditions of Niue.
Painter, Margaret and Kalaisi Folau (2000) –Tagi Tote e Loto Haaku, My Heart Is Crying a Little: Niue Island Involvement in the Great War, 1914–1918.
Smith, Percy –Niue-fekai (or Savage) Island and its People.
Sperlich, Wolfgang B. (2012) –Tohi Vagahau Niue/Niue Language Dictionary: Niuean-English, with English-Niuean Finderlist.
Thomson, Basil C. (2012) –Savage Island: An Account of a Sojourn in Niue and Tonga.
James P Terry and Warwick E Murray (edited by) –Niue Island: Geographical Perspectives on the Rock of Polynesia International Scientific Council for Island Development (INSULA), UNESCO,ISBN9299002304.
SPREP, Rod Hay and Ralph Powlesland, Compiled by Joanna Sim –Guide to Birds of Niue
24Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1962; overlaps portions of Argentine and Chilean claims, borders not enforced but claim not renounced under theAntarctic Treaty.
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