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List of Solar System probes

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected fromList of planetary probes)

For a list of active probes only, seeList of active Solar System probes. For a list of landers only, seeList of landings on extraterrestrial bodies.

Part ofa series on
Spaceflight
List of space organizations
Spaceflight portal

This is a list ofspace probes that have left Earth orbit (or were launched with that intention but failed), organized by their planned destination. It includes planetary probes, solar probes, and probes to asteroids and comets. Flybys (such asgravity assists) that were incidental to the main purpose of the mission are also included.

Excluded are lunar missions, which are listed separately atList of lunar probes andList of Apollo missions. Flybys of Earth are listed separately atList of Earth flybys. Planned and proposed missions are in theList of proposed Solar System probes.

Key

[edit]

Colour key:

  – Mission or flybycompleted successfully (or partially successfully)     –Failed mission
  – Missionen route or in progress (including mission extensions)
  • † means "tentatively identified", as classified by NASA.[1] These are Cold War-era Soviet missions, mostly failures, about which few or no details have been officially released. The information given may be speculative.
  • Date is the date of:
  • closest encounter (flybys)
  • impact (impactors)
  • orbital insertion to end of mission, whether planned or premature (orbiters)
  • landing to end of mission, whether planned or premature (landers)
  • launch (missions that never got underway due to failure at or soon after launch)
In cases which do not fit any of the above, the event to which the date refers is stated. As a result of this scheme missions are not always listed in order of launch.
  • Some of the terms used underType:
  • Flyby: The probe flies by an astronomical body, but does not orbit it
  • Orbiter: Part of a probe that orbits an astronomical body
  • Lander: Part of a probe that descend to the surface of an astronomical body
  • Rover: Part of a probe that acts as a vehicle to move on the solid-surface of an astronomical body
  • Penetrator: Part of a probe that impacts an astronomical body
  • Atmospheric probe or balloon: Part of a probe that descend through or floats in the atmosphere of an astronomical body; not restricted toweather balloons and otheratmospheric sounders, as it can also be used for surface and subsurface imaging andremote sensing.
  • Sample return: Parts of the probe return to Earth with physical samples
  • UnderStatus, in the case of flybys (such as gravity assists) that are incidental to the main mission, "success" indicates the successful completion of the flyby, not necessarily that of the main mission.

Solar probes

[edit]
Main articles:Heliophysics andSun § Solar space missions

While the Sun is not physically explorable with current technology, the followingsolar observation probes have been designed and launched to operate inheliocentric orbit or at one of the Earth–SunLagrangian points – additional solar observatories were placed in Earth orbit and are not included in this list:

1960–1969

[edit]
SpacecraftOrganizationDateTypeStatusNotesImageRef
Pioneer 5United StatesNASA/
DOD		March–April 1960orbitersuccessmeasured magnetic field phenomena, solar flare particles, and ionization in the interplanetary region1960-001A
Pioneer 6(A)United StatesNASADecember 1965 – still contactable in 2000orbitersuccessnetwork of solar-orbiting "space weather" monitors, observing solar wind, cosmic rays, and magnetic fields1965-105A
Pioneer 7(B)United StatesNASAAugust 1966 – still contactable in 1995orbitersuccess1966-075A
Pioneer 8(C)United StatesNASADecember 1967 – still contactable in 2001orbitersuccess1967-123A
Pioneer 9(D)United StatesNASANovember 1968 – May 1983orbitersuccess1968-100A
Pioneer-EUnited StatesNASA27 August 1969orbiterfailureintended as part of the Pioneer6–9 network; failed to reach orbitPIONE

1974–1997

[edit]
SpacecraftOrganizationDateTypeStatusNotesImageRef
Helios AWest GermanyDFVLR/
United StatesNASA		November 1974 – 1982orbitersuccessobservations of solar wind, magnetic and electric fields, cosmic rays and cosmic dust between Earth and Sun1974-097A
Helios BWest GermanyDFVLR/
United StatesNASA		January 1976 – 1985?orbitersuccess1976-003A
ISEE-3United StatesNASA1978–1982orbitersuccessobserved solar phenomena in conjunction with earth-orbiting ISEE-1 and ISEE-2; later renamedInternational Cometary Explorer (ICE) and directed to Comet Giacobini-Zinner1976-003A
Ulysses
(first pass)		EuropeESA/
United StatesNASA		1994orbitersuccesssouth polar observations1990-090B
1995north polar observations
WINDUnited StatesNASANovember 1994 – still active as of October 2024[2]orbitersuccesssolar wind measurements1994-071A
SOHOEuropeESA/
United StatesNASA		May 1996 – extended to December 2025[3]orbitersuccessinvestigation of Sun's core, corona, and solar wind; comet discoveries1995-065A
ACEUnited StatesNASAAugust 1997 – projected until 2024

[4]

orbitersuccesssolar wind observations1997-045A

Since 2000

[edit]
SpacecraftOrganizationDateTypeStatusNotesImageRef
Ulysses
(second pass)		EuropeESA/
United StatesNASA		2000orbitersuccesssouth polar observations1990-090B
2001north polar observations
GenesisUnited StatesNASA2001–2004orbiter/
sample return		successsolar wind sample return; crash landed on return to Earth, much data salvaged2001-034A
STEREO AUnited StatesNASADecember 2006 –
still active as of October 2024[5][6][7]		orbitersuccessstereoscopic imaging of coronal mass ejections and other solar phenomena2006-047A
STEREO BUnited StatesNASADecember 2006 – October 2014.
August 2016 – October 2018
(communication lost between 1 October 2014 and 21 August 2016)
NASA directed that periodic recovery operations of Stereo-B cease with last support on October 17, 2018.[7][8]		orbitersuccessstereoscopic imaging of coronal mass ejections and other solar phenomena2006-047B
Ulysses
(third pass)		EuropeESA/
United StatesNASA		2007orbitersuccesssouth polar observations1990-090B
2008partial successnorth polar observations; some data returned despite failing power and reduced transmission capacity
DSCOVRUnited StatesNOAAFebruary 2015 – still active as of October 2024[9]orbitersuccesssolar wind andcoronal mass ejection monitoring, as well as Earth climate monitoring2015-007A[10]
Parker Solar ProbeUnited StatesNASANovember 2018 – December 2025orbiter/flyby
(approach 26 times)		en routeclose-range solar coronal study2018-065A[11]
Solar OrbiterEuropeESA10 February 2020 (launch)orbiteren routesolar and heliospheric physics2020-010A[12]
Aditya-L1IndiaISRO2 September 2023 (launch)orbitersuccessSolar corona observation2023-132A[13][14]

Mercury probes

[edit]
Main article:Exploration of Mercury
SpacecraftOrganizationDateTypeStatusNotesImageRef
Mariner 10United StatesNASA29 March 1974flybysuccessminimum distance 704 km1973-085A
21 September 197448,069 km
16 March 1975327 km
MESSENGERUnited StatesNASA14 January 2008flybysuccessminimum distance 200 km2004-030A
6 October 2008minimum distance 200 km
29 September 2009minimum distance 228 km
18 March 2011 –
30 April 2015		orbitersuccessfirst spacecraft to orbit Mercury; unavoidable impact on the surface at end of mission
BepiColombo
(Mercury Cruise System)		EuropeESA/
JapanJAXA		1 October 2021flybysuccessminimum distance 199 km2018-080A
23 June 2022minimum distance 200 km
19 June 2023minimum distance 236 km
4 September 2024minimum distance 165 km - closest planetary flyby ever performed[15]
1 December 2024minimum distance 37,626 km
8 January 2025minimum distance 295 km
  Mercury
Planetary Orbiter		EuropeESA21 November 2026 (orbital insertion)
TBD 2027 (final MPO orbit)		orbiteren route (attached to Mercury Cruise System)
Mio
(Mercury
Magnetospheric Orbiter)		JapanJAXA21 November 2026 (orbital insertion)orbiteren route (attached to Mercury Cruise System)

Venus probes

[edit]
Main articles:List of missions to Venus andExploration of Venus

Early programs encompassing multiple spacecraft include:

1961–1969

[edit]
SpacecraftOrganizationDateTypeStatusNotesImageRef
Tyazhely SputnikSoviet Union (USSR)4 February 1961landerfailurefailed to escape from Earth orbit1961-002A
Venera 1Soviet Union (USSR)19 May 1961 –
20 May 1961		flybyfailurecontact lost 7 days after launch; first spacecraft to fly by another planet1961-003A
Mariner 1United StatesNASA22 July 1962flybyfailureguidance failure shortly after launchMARIN1
Sputnik 19Soviet Union (USSR)25 August 1962landerfailurefailed to escape Earth orbit1962-040A
Sputnik 20Soviet Union (USSR)1 September 1962landerfailurefailed to escape Earth orbit1962-043A
Sputnik 21Soviet Union (USSR)12 September 1962flybyfailurethird stage exploded1962-045A
Mariner 2United StatesNASA14 December 1962flybysuccessfirst successful Venus flyby; minimum distance 34,773 km1962-041A
Cosmos 21†Soviet Union (USSR)11 November 1963flybyfailurefailed to escape Earth orbit1963-044A
Venera 1964A†Soviet Union (USSR)19 February 1964flybyfailurefailed to reach Earth orbit[1]
Venera 1964B†Soviet Union (USSR)1 March 1964flybyfailurefailed to reach Earth orbit[1]
Cosmos 27Soviet Union (USSR)27 March 1964flybyfailurefailed to escape Earth orbit1964-014A
Zond 1Soviet Union (USSR)1964flyby and possible landerfailurecontact lost en route1964-016D
Cosmos 96Soviet Union (USSR)23 November 1965landerfailuredid not depart low Earth orbit due to a launch failure1965-094A
Venera 1965A†Soviet Union (USSR)26 November 1965flybyfailurelaunch vehicle failure?[1]
Venera 2Soviet Union (USSR)27 February 1966flybyfailureceased to operate en route1965-091A
Venera 3Soviet Union (USSR)1 March 1966landerfailurecontact lost before arrival; first spacecraft to impact on the surface of another planet1965-092A
Kosmos 167Soviet Union (USSR)17 June 1967landerfailurefailed to escape Earth orbit1967-063A
Venera 4Soviet Union (USSR)18 October 1967atmospheric probesuccesscontinued to transmit to an altitude of 25 km1967-058A
Mariner 5United StatesNASA19 October 1967flybysuccessminimum distance 5,000 km1967-060A
Venera 5Soviet Union (USSR)16 May 1969atmospheric probesuccesstransmitted atmospheric data for 53 minutes, to an altitude of about 26 km1969-001A
Venera 6Soviet Union (USSR)17 May 1969atmospheric probesuccesstransmitted atmospheric data for 51 minutes, to an altitude of perhaps 10–12 km1969-002A

1970–1978

[edit]
SpacecraftOrganizationDateTypeStatusNotesImageRef
Cosmos 359Soviet Union (USSR)22 August 1970landerfailurefailed to escape Earth orbit1970-065A
Venera 7Soviet Union (USSR)15 December 1970landersuccessfirst successful landing on another planet; signals returned from surface for 23 minutes1970-060A
Cosmos 482Soviet Union (USSR)31 March 1972landerfailurefailed to escape Earth orbit1972-023A
Venera 8Soviet Union (USSR)22 July 1972landersuccesssignals returned from surface for 50 minutes1972-021A
Mariner 10United StatesNASA5 February 1974flybysuccessminimum distance 5768 km, en route to Mercury; first use ofgravity assist by an interplanetary spacecraft1973-085A
Venera 9Soviet Union (USSR)1975orbitersuccessfirst spacecraft to orbit Venus; communications relay for lander; atmospheric and magnetic studies1975-050A
22 October 1975landersuccessfirst images from the surface; operated on surface for 53 minutes1975-050D
Venera 10Soviet Union (USSR)1975orbitersuccesscommunications relay for lander; atmospheric and magnetic studies1975-054A
23 October 1975landersuccesstransmitted from surface for 65 minutes1975-054D
Pioneer Venus OrbiterUnited StatesNASA4 December 1978 –
1992		orbitersuccessatmospheric and magnetic studies1978-051A
Pioneer Venus MultiprobeUnited StatesNASA9 December 1978
busprobe transportersuccessdeployed four atmospheric probes, then burnt up in Venusian atmosphere, continuing to transmit to 110 km altitude1978-078A
large probeatmospheric probesuccess1978-078D
north probeatmospheric probesuccess1978-078E
day probeatmospheric probesuccesssurvived impact and continued to transmit from surface for over an hour1978-078G
night probeatmospheric probesuccess1978-078F
Venera 12Soviet UnionSAS
flight platform21 December 1978flybysuccessminimum distance 34,000 km; deployed lander and then acted as communications relay1978-086A
descent craft21 December 1978landerpartial successsoft landing; transmissions returned for 110 minutes; failure of some instruments1978-086C
Venera 11Soviet UnionSASidentical to Venera 12
  flight platform25 December 1978flybysuccessminimum distance 34,000 km; deployed lander and then acted as communications relay1978-084A
descent craft25 December 1978landerpartial successsoft landing; transmissions returned for 95 minutes; failure of some instruments1978-084D

1982–1999

[edit]
SpacecraftOrganizationDateTypeStatusNotesImageRef
Venera 13Soviet UnionSAS
  bus1 March 1982flybysuccessdeployed lander and then acted as communications relay1981-106A
descent craft1 March 1982landersuccesssurvived on surface for 127 minutes1981-106D
Venera 14Soviet UnionSASidentical to Venera 13
bus5 March 1982flybysuccessdeployed lander and then acted as communications relay1981-110A
descent craft5 March 1982landersuccesssurvived on surface for 57 minutes1981-110D
Venera 15Soviet UnionSAS1983–1984orbitersuccessradar mapping1983-053A
Venera 16Soviet UnionSAS1983–1984orbitersuccessradar mapping; identical to Venera 151983-054A
Vega 1Soviet UnionSAS11 June 1985flybysuccesswent on to fly by Halley's comet1984-125A
landerfailureinstruments deployed prematurely1984-125E
atmospheric balloonsuccessfloated at an altitude of about 54 km and transmitted for around 46 hours1984-125F
Vega 2Soviet UnionSAS15 June 1985flybysuccesswent on to fly by Halley's comet1984-128A
landersuccesstransmitted from surface for 56 minutes1984-128E
atmospheric balloonsuccessfloated at an altitude of about 54 km and transmitted for around 46 hours1984-128F
GalileoUnited StatesNASA10 February 1990flybysuccessgravity assist en route to Jupiter; minimum distance 16,000 km1989-084B[16]
MagellanUnited StatesNASA10 August 1990 –
12 October 1994		orbitersuccessglobal radar mapping1989-033B[17]
CassiniUnited StatesNASA/
EuropeESA/
ItalyASI		26 April 1998flybysuccessgravity assist en route to Saturn1997-061A[18]
24 June 1999

Since 2006

[edit]
SpacecraftOrganizationDateTypeStatusNotesImageRef
Venus ExpressEuropeESA11 April 2006 – 18 January 2015orbitersuccessatmospheric studies; planetary imaging; magnetic observations2005-045A
MESSENGERUnited StatesNASA24 October 2006flybysuccessgravity assist only; minimum distance 2990 km2004-030A
6 June 2007successminimum distance 300 km; en route to Mercury
Akatsuki
(PLANET-C)		JapanJAXA6 December 2010 (Venus flyby)orbiterfailurefailed orbital insertion in 2010; success in 2015
science mission began May 2016, contact lost April 2024, end of mission declared May 2024		2010-020D
7 December 2015 (orbital insertion) – 29 May 2024orbitersuccess
IKAROSJapanJAXA8 December 2010flyby[19]successsolar sail technology development / interplanetary space exploration2010-020E[20]
Shin'en
(UNITEC-1)		JapanUNISECDecember 2010?flyby[21]failurecontact lost shortly after launch2010-020F[22][23]
Parker Solar ProbeUnited StatesNASA10 October 2018flybysuccessgravity assist en route to solar corona2018-065A[11]
26 December 2019
11 July 2020
BepiColombo
(first pass)		EuropeESA/
JapanJAXA		15 October 2020flybysuccessgravity assist en route to Mercury; minimum approach distance was about 10,720 km[24]2018-080A
Solar OrbiterEuropeESA27 December 2020flybysuccessgravity assist en route to inclined heliocentric orbit for solar polar observations2020-010A[12]
Parker Solar ProbeUnited StatesNASA20 February 2021flybysuccessgravity assist en route to solar corona2018-065A[11]
Solar OrbiterEuropeESA9 August 2021flybysuccessgravity assist en route to inclined heliocentric orbit for solar polar observations2020-010A[12]
BepiColombo
(second pass)		EuropeESA/
JapanJAXA		10 August 2021flybysuccessgravity assist en route to Mercury, during which it may study Venus' atmosphere and solar environment2018-080A
Parker Solar ProbeUnited StatesNASA16 October 2021flybysuccessgravity assist en route to solar corona2018-065A[11]
Solar OrbiterEuropeESA4 September 2022flybysuccessgravity assist en route to inclined heliocentric orbit for solar polar observations2020-010A[12]
Parker Solar ProbeUnited StatesNASA21 August 2023flybysuccessgravity assist en route to solar corona2018-065A[11]
6 November 2024
Solar OrbiterEuropeESA18 February 2025flybysuccessgravity assist en route to inclined heliocentric orbit2020-010A[12]
JUICEEuropeESAAugust 2025flybyen routegravity assist en route to Jupiter[25]
Solar OrbiterEuropeESADecember 2026flybyen routegravity assist en route to inclined heliocentric orbit2020-010A[12]

Earth flybys

[edit]
SeeList of Earth flybys

In addition, several planetary probes have sent back observations of the Earth-Moon system shortly after launch, most notablyMariner 10, Pioneers10 and11 and both Voyager probes (Voyager 1 andVoyager 2).

Lunar probes

[edit]
SeeList of lunar probes

Mars probes

[edit]
Main articles:Exploration of Mars andList of missions to Mars

Major early programs encompassing multiple probes include:

1960–1969

[edit]
SpacecraftOrganizationDateTypeStatusNotesImageRef
Mars 1M No.1Soviet Union USSR10 October 1960flybyfailurefailed to reach Earth orbitMARSNK1
Mars 1M No.2Soviet Union USSR14 October 1960flybyfailurefailed to reach Earth orbitMARSNK2
Mars 1962ASoviet Union USSR24 October 1962flybyfailureexploded in or en route to Earth orbit1962-057A
Mars 1962BSoviet Union USSR11 November 1962 (launch)landerfailurebroke up during transfer to Mars trajectory1962-062A
Mars 1Soviet Union USSR19 June 1963flybyfailurecontact lost en route; flew within approximately 193,000 km of Mars1962-061A
Mariner 3United StatesNASA5 November 1964flybyfailureprotective shield failed to eject, preventing craft from attaining correct trajectory1964-073A
Mariner 4United StatesNASA15 July 1965flybysuccessfirst close-up images of Mars1964-077A
Zond 2Soviet Union USSR6 August 1965flybyfailurecontact lost en route; flew within 1,500 km of Mars1964-078C
Mariner 6United StatesNASA31 July 1969flybysuccess1969-014A
Mariner 7United StatesNASA5 August 1969flybysuccess1969-030A
Mars 1969ASoviet Union USSR27 March 1969 (launch)orbiterfailurelaunch failureMARS69A
Mars 1969BSoviet Union USSR2 April 1969 (launch)orbiterfailurelaunch failureMARS69B

1971–1976

[edit]
SpacecraftOrganizationDateTypeStatusNotesImageRef
Mariner 8United StatesNASA9 May 1971 (launch)orbiterfailurelaunch vehicle failureMARINH
Kosmos 419Soviet Union USSR10 May 1971 (launch)orbiterfailurefailed to escape Earth orbit1971-042A
Mariner 9United StatesNASA14 November 1971 –
27 October 1972		orbitersuccessfirst spacecraft to orbit another planet1971-051A
Mars 2Soviet Union USSR27 November 1971 –
22 August 1972		orbitersuccessfirst Soviet spacecraft to orbit another planet1971-045A
  Mars 2 LanderSoviet Union USSR27 November 1971landerfailurecrashed; first manmade object to reach surface of Mars1971-045D
  PrOP-MSoviet Union USSR27 November 1971roverfailurenever activated
Mars 3Soviet Union USSR2 December 1971 –
22 August 1972		orbiterpartial successattained a different orbit than intended due to insufficient fuel1971-049A
Mars 3 LanderSoviet Union USSR2 December 1971landerpartial successfirst soft landing on Mars; contact lost 110 sec after soft landing, first picture from surface1971-049F
  PrOP-MSoviet Union USSR2 December 1971roverfailurenever activated
Mars 4Soviet Union USSR10 February 1974orbiterfailureorbit insertion failed, became flyby1973-047A
Mars 5Soviet Union USSR12 February 1974 –
28 February 1974		orbitersuccess1973-049A
Mars 6Soviet Union USSR12 March 1974flybysuccess1973-052A
Mars 6 LanderSoviet Union USSR12 March 1974landerfailurecontact lost 148 sec after parachute deployment (returned 224 seconds of atmospheric data)
Mars 7Soviet Union USSR9 March 1974flybysuccess1973-053A
Mars 7 LanderSoviet Union USSR9 March 1974landerfailuremissed Mars
Viking 1 OrbiterUnited StatesNASA19 June 1976 –
17 August 1980		orbitersuccess1975-075A
Viking 1 LanderUnited StatesNASA20 July 1976 –
13 November 1982		landersuccess1975-075C
Viking 2 OrbiterUnited StatesNASA7 August 1976 –
25 July 1978		orbitersuccess1975-083A
Viking 2 LanderUnited StatesNASA3 September 1976 –
11 April 1980		landersuccess1975-083C

1988–1999

[edit]
SpacecraftOrganizationDateTypeStatusNotesImageRef
Phobos 1Soviet Union USSR7 July 1988 (launch)orbiterfailurecontact lost en route to Mars1988-058A
Phobos 2Soviet Union USSR29 January 1989 –
27 March 1989		orbiterpartial successMars orbit acquired, but contact lost shortly before Phobos approach phase and deployment of Phobos landers1988-059A
Mars ObserverUnited StatesNASA25 September 1992 (launch)orbiterfailurecontact lost shortly before Mars orbit insertion1992-063A
Mars 96RussiaRKA16 November 1996 (launch)orbiterfailurefailed to escape Earth orbit1996-064A
landerMARS96B
landerMARS96C
penetratorMARS96D
penetratorMARS96E
Mars PathfinderUnited StatesNASA4 July 1997 –
27 September 1997		landersuccess1996-068A
   SojournerUnited StatesNASA6 July 1997 –
27 September 1997		roversuccessfirst Mars roverMESURPR
Mars Global SurveyorUnited StatesNASA12 September 1997 –
2 November 2006		orbitersuccess1996-062A
Mars Climate OrbiterUnited StatesNASA23 September 1999orbiterfailureMars orbit insertion failed due to navigation error. Part ofMars Surveyor '98.1998-073A
Mars Polar LanderUnited StatesNASA3 December 1999landerfailureContact lost just prior to entering Martian atmosphere. Part ofMars Surveyor '98.1999-001A
Deep Space 2 "Amundsen"United StatesNASA3 December 1999penetratorDEEPSP2
Deep Space 2 "Scott"United StatesNASA3 December 1999penetrator

2001–2009

[edit]
SpacecraftOrganizationDateTypeStatusNotesImageRef
2001 Mars OdysseyUnited StatesNASA24 October 2001 – still active as of October 2024[26]orbitersuccessstudying climate and geology; communications relay for Spirit and Opportunity rovers
longest surviving spacecraft in orbit around a planet other than Earth		2001-013A
NozomiJapanISAS14 December 2003orbiterfailurefailed to attain Mars orbit, became flyby1998-041A
Mars ExpressEuropeESA25 December 2003 – still active as of October 2024[27]orbitersuccesssurface imaging and mapping; first European probe in Martian orbit2003-022A
  Beagle 2United KingdomUK25 December 2003landerfailureDeployed by theMars Express; lost for 11 years and imaged by NASA'sMRO in 2015[28]2003-022C
Mars Exploration Rover-A "Spirit"United StatesNASA4 January 2004 – 22 March 2010roversuccessbecame stuck in May 2009; then operating as a static science station until contact lost in March 20102003-027A
Mars Exploration Rover-B "Opportunity"United StatesNASA25 January 2004 – 10 June 2018roversuccesslost contact 10 June 2018 due to 2018 global dust storm. NASA concluded mission on 13 February 2019 after failed communication attempts since August 2018.2003-032A
Mars Reconnaissance OrbiterUnited StatesNASA10 March 2006 – still active as of October 2024[29]orbitersuccesssurface imaging and surveying2005-029A
RosettaEuropeESA25 February 2007flybysuccessgravity assist en route to asteroid and comet encounters2004-006A
PhoenixUnited StatesNASA25 May 2008 –
10 November 2008		landersuccesscollection of soil samples near the northern pole to search for water and investigate Mars' geological history and biological potential2007-034A[30]
DawnUnited StatesNASA17 February 2009flybysuccessgravity assist en route to Vesta and Ceres2007-043A

2011–2018

[edit]
SpacecraftOrganizationDateTypeStatusNotesImageRef
Fobos-GruntRussiaRKA8 November 2011 (launch)orbiter and Phobos sample returnfailurefailed to escape Earth orbit2011-065A
   Yinghuo-1ChinaCNSAorbiterYINGHUO-1
Mars Science Laboratory CuriosityUnited StatesNASA6 August 2012 –roversuccessinvestigation of past and present habitability, climate and geology2011-070A[31]
Mangalyaan /Mars Orbiter MissionIndiaISRO24 September 2014 – 27 September 2022orbitersuccessfirst Indian spacecraft to orbit another planet, studying Martian atmosphere; mineralogical mapping.2013-060A[32][33]
MAVENUnited StatesNASA25 September 2014 –orbitersuccessstudying Martian atmosphere2013-063A[34]
ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (ExoMars 2016)EuropeESA/
RussiaRKA		19 October 2016 –orbitersuccessatmospheric gas analysis; communication relay for surface probes2016-017A[35]
   Schiaparelli EDM landerEuropeESA19 October 2016landerfailurelanding test, meteorological observation, crashed upon landing[36]
InSightUnited StatesNASA26 November 2018 – 21 December 2022landersuccessstudied the deep interior of Mars, with a seismometer and a heat-flow probe.[37]2018-042A[38]
MarCO A "WALL-E"United StatesNASA26 November 2018flybysuccessrelaying data from InSight during its entry, descent, and landing
2018-042B
MarCO B "EVE"United StatesNASA26 November 2018flybysuccess2018-042C

Since 2020

[edit]
SpacecraftOrganizationDateTypeStatusNotesImageRef
Emirates Mars MissionUnited Arab EmiratesMBRSC9 February 2021 –orbiterin orbitconduct studies of Martian atmosphere2020-047A[39]
Tianwen-1 orbiterChinaCNSA10 February 2021 -orbiterin orbitorbital studies of Martian surface morphology, soil, and atmosphere2020-049A[40][41][42][43][44]
   Tianwen-1 Deployable Camera 1ChinaCNSA~10 February 2021flyby (post mission)successimagedTianwen-1 in deep space
   Tianwen-1 Deployable Camera 2ChinaCNSA10 February 2021 (released on 31 December 2021)orbitersuccessimagedTianwen-1 orbiter and Northern Mars Ice Caps from Mars orbit.
   Tianwen-1 landerChinaCNSA14 May 2021landersuccessReaches end of designed lifespan after successful soft landing.
   ZhurongChinaCNSA22 May 2021 - 5 May 2022roversuccessin-situ studies of Martian surface morphology, soil, and atmosphere
   Tianwen-1 Remote CameraChinaCNSA1 June 2021landersuccessimagedTianwen-1 lander andZhurong rover on Mars
Mars 2020 PerseveranceUnited StatesNASA18 February 2021 -roverlandedinvestigate past and present habitability, climate, and geology; produceO2 fromCO2; collect samples forMars Sample Return Mission2020-052A[45]
   Mars Helicopter IngenuityUnited StatesNASA3 April 2021 - 25 January 2024autonomousUAVhelicoptersuccessexperimental scout for the Perseverance rover. Took 1st flight successfully from takeoff to landing.
Europa ClipperUnited StatesNASA1 Marchflybysuccessgravity assist en route to JupiterEUROPA-CL[46]
HeraEuropean UnionESA7 October 2024 (launch)
March 2025 (flyby)		flybyenroutegravity assist en route to DidymosHERA[47][48]
PsycheUnited StatesNASA13 October 2023 (launch)
May 2026 (flyby)		flybyenroutegravity assist en route to Psyche2023-157A[49]

Phobos probes

[edit]
SpacecraftOrganizationDateTypeStatusNotesImageRef
Phobos 1Soviet Union USSR7 July 1988 (launch)flybyfailurecontact lost en route to Mars1988-058A
  DASSoviet Union USSR2 September 1988fixed landerfailurenever deployed
Phobos 2Soviet Union USSR27 March 1989 (contact lost)flybyfailureattained Mars orbit; contact lost prior to deployment of lander1988-059A
  DASSoviet Union USSR27 March 1989fixed landerfailurenever deployed
  "Frog"Soviet Union USSR27 March 1989mobile landerfailurenever deployed
Fobos-GruntRussiaRKA8 November 2011 (launch)sample returnfailurefailed to escape Earth orbit; launched with Yinghuo-1 Mars orbiter2011-065A

Ceres probes

[edit]
SpacecraftOrganizationDateTypeStatusNotesImageRef
DawnUnited StatesNASA6 March 2015 – 1 November 2018orbitersuccessfirst spacecraft to orbit two different celestial bodies; previously visitedVesta2007-043A

Asteroid probes

[edit]
TargetSpacecraftOrganizationDateTypeStatusNotesImageRef
951 GaspraGalileoUnited StatesNASA29 October 1991flybysuccessen route to Jupiter; minimum distance 1900 km1989-084B[16]
243 IdaGalileoUnited StatesNASA28 August 1993flybysuccessen route to Jupiter; minimum distance 2400 km; discovery of the firstasteroid satelliteDactyl1989-084B[16]
1620 GeographosClementineUnited StatesBMDO/
NASA		1994flybyfailureflyby cancelled due to equipment malfunction1994-004A
253 MathildeNEAR
Shoemaker		United StatesNASA27 June 1997flybysuccessflew within 1200 km of253 Mathilde en route to433 Eros1996-008A
433 ErosNEAR
Shoemaker		United StatesNASAJanuary 1999orbiterfailurebecame flyby due to software and communications problems (later attempt at orbit insertion succeeded; see below)1996-008A
9969 BrailleDeep Space 1United StatesNASA29 July 1999flybypartial successno close-up images due to camera pointing error; went on to visit comet19P/Borrelly1998-061A
2685 MasurskyCassiniUnited StatesNASA/
EuropeESA/
ItalyASI		23 January 2000distant flybysuccessen route to Saturn1997-061A
433 ErosNEAR
Shoemaker		United StatesNASAFebruary 2000 –
February 2001		orbiter, became landersuccessimprovised landing by orbiter at end of mission1996-008A
5535 AnnefrankStardustUnited StatesNASA2 November 2002distant flybysuccesswent on to visit comet81P/Wild1999-003A
25143 ItokawaHayabusaJapanISAS2005–07sample returnsuccess2005: landed and collected dust grains.
2010: sample returned.		2003-019A
   MINERVAJapanISAS12 November 2005hopperfailuremissed target
132524 APLNew HorizonsUnited StatesNASAJune 2006distant flybysuccessflew past Pluto successfully2006-001A
2867 ŠteinsRosettaEuropeESA5 September 2008flybysuccessen route to comet67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko2004-006A
21 LutetiaRosettaEuropeESA11 July 2010flybysuccessen route to comet67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko2004-006A
4 VestaDawnUnited StatesNASA16 July 2011 – 5 September 2012orbitersuccessfirst spacecraft to orbit two different celestial bodies; now orbitingCeres2007-043A
4179 ToutatisChang'e 2ChinaCNSA13 December 2012flybysuccesscame within 3.2 km (2.0 mi) toToutatis2010-050A
2000 DP107PROCYONJapanUniversity of Tokyo /JAXA12 May 2016[50]flybyfailurelaunched withHayabusa2 in 2014; mission abandoned after ion thruster failure[51]2014-076D
162173 RyuguHayabusa2JapanJAXA27 June 2018 – 13 November 2019sample returnsuccessasteroid rendezvous in June 2018, sample capture in 2019; returned sample to Earth on 5 December 20202014-076A
   Minerva II-1AJapanJAXA21 September 2018hoppersuccess
   Minerva II-1BJapanJAXA21 September 2018hoppersuccess
   MASCOTGermanyDLR/
FranceCNES		3 October 2018mobile landersuccess
   SCIJapanJAXA5 April 2019impactorsuccess
   DCAM-3JapanJAXA5 April 2019orbitersuccessobserving SCI's impact, and the ejecta created by the impact
   Minerva II-2JapanJAXA2 October 2019hopperfailureRover failed before deployment, it was deployed in orbit around the asteroid to perform gravitational measurements before it impacted on 8 October 2019.
101955 BennuOSIRIS-RExUnited StatesNASAAugust 2018sample returnsuccessorbital insertion in 2018, sample capture in 2020, a flyby in 2021, return to Earth in 20232016-055A
2002 GTDeep ImpactUnited StatesNASAJanuary 2020[52]flybyfailurecontact lost; previously visited comet103P/Hartley2005-001A
65803 DidymosDARTUnited StatesNASA26 September 2022flyby/impactorsuccesskinetic impactor of Dimorphos to test planetary defense2021-110A[53]
   LICIACubeItalyASI26 September 2022flybysuccessobserve DART's impact
2020 GE (tentative)Near-Earth Asteroid ScoutUnited StatesNASA16 November 2022 (launch)flybyfailureSmall spacecraft asteroid flyby technology demonstration. Communication failureNEA-SCOUT[54]
152830 DinkineshLucyUnited StatesNASA1 November 2023flybysuccessmain-belt asteroid flyby en route toJupiter Trojans; minimum distance 425 km; discovered a natural satellite of the asteroid2021-093A[49]
52246 DonaldjohansonLucyUnited StatesNASAApril 2025flybyen routemain-belt asteroid flyby en route toJupiter Trojans2021-093A[49]
2022 OB5Brokkr-2United StatesAstroForge27 February 2025 (launch)
December 2025 (flyby)		flybyfailurenear-Earth asteroid flyby and determine if the asteroid is metallic as a test forspace mining. Mission failed due to communication and tumbling issues.[55]2025-038A
469219 KamoʻoalewaTianwen-2 (ZhengHe)ChinaCNSAMay 2025 (launch)
2026 (orbit)		sample returnplannedorbit then return sample from anApolloNEA[56][43][57]
2019 VL5China Asteroid deflection probeChinaCNSA2025 (launch)flyby/impactorplannedprobes to observe/impact anAtenNEA[58]
98943 TorifuneHayabusa2JapanJAXA2026flybyen route2014-076A[59]
3548 EurybatesLucyUnited StatesNASAAugust 2027flybyen routeFirst flyby of aJupiter trojan2021-093A
15094 PolymeleLucyUnited StatesNASASeptember 2027flybyen route2021-093A
65803 DidymosHeraEuropeESA2027orbiteren routestudying effects ofDART's impact on the asteroidHERA[47][48]
   MilaniEuropeESA2027orbiteren routeto be deployed from Hera
   JuventasEuropeESA2027orbiteren routeto be deployed from Hera
(65803) DimorphosMilaniEuropeESAOrbiter/landeren route[48]
11351 LeucusLucyUnited StatesNASAApril 2028flybyen route2021-093A
21900 OrusLucyUnited StatesNASANovember 2028flybyen route2021-093A


99942 ApophisOSIRIS-APEX (formerly OSIRIS-REx)United StatesNASAApril 2029orbiteren routestudy of a C-type asteroid in 20292016-055A[60]
16 PsychePsycheUnited StatesNASA13 October 2023 (launch)
August 2029 (arrival)		orbiteren routeSelected for mission #14 of NASA'sDiscovery Program to explore a metallic asteroid.2023-157A[49]
1998 KY26Hayabusa2JapanJAXA2030flybyen routeflyby of afast rotator asteroid2014-076A[59]
Patroclus and MenoetiusLucyUnited StatesNASAMarch 2033flybyen routeFirst flyby of aTrojan CampJupiter Trojan2021-093A
P/2013 P5Tianwen-2 (ZhengHe)ChinaCNSAMay 2025 (launch)
2034 (orbit)		orbiter, landerplannedstudy of an asteroid/main-belt comet[56][43][57] -

Jupiter probes

[edit]
Main article:Exploration of Jupiter
SpacecraftOrganizationDateTypeStatusNotesImageRef
Pioneer 10United StatesNASA3 December 1973flybysuccessfirst probe to cross the asteroid belt; first Jupiter probe; first man-made object on an interstellar trajectory; now in the outer regions of the Solar System but no longer contactable1972-012A
Pioneer 11United StatesNASA4 December 1974flybysuccesswent on to visit Saturn1973-019A
Voyager 1United StatesNASA5 March 1979flybysuccesswent on to visit Saturn1977-084A
Voyager 2United StatesNASA9 July 1979flybysuccesswent on to visit Saturn, Uranus and Neptune1977-076A
Ulysses
(first pass)		EuropeESA/
United StatesNASA		February 1992flybysuccessgravity assist en route to inclined heliocentric orbit for solar polar observations1990-090B
Galileo OrbiterUnited StatesNASA7 December 1995 –
21 September 2003		orbitersuccessalso flew by various of Jupiter's moons; intentionally flown into Jupiter at end of mission; first spacecraft to orbit Jupiter; first spacecraft to flyby an asteroid1989-084B
  Galileo ProbeUnited StatesNASA7 December 1995atmospheric probesuccessfirst probe to enter Jupiter's atmosphere1989-084E
CassiniUnited StatesNASA/
EuropeESA/
ItalyASI		December 2000flybysuccessgravity assisten route to Saturn1997-061A
Ulysses
(second pass)		EuropeESA/
United StatesNASA		2003–04distant flybysuccess1990-090B
New HorizonsUnited StatesNASA28 February 2007flybysuccessgravity assisten route to Pluto2006-001A
JunoUnited StatesNASA5 July 2016 – July 2018, extended to July 2021 and then September 2025[61][62][63]orbitersuccessFirst solar-powered Jupiter orbiter, first mission to achieve a polar orbit of Jupiter.2011-040A
JUICEEuropeESA14 April 2023 (launch)orbiteren routemission to study Jupiter's three icy moonsCallisto,Europa andGanymede, eventually orbiting Ganymede as the first spacecraft to orbit a satellite of another planet.[64]
Europa ClipperUnited StatesNASA14 October 2024 (launch)
11 April 2030 (planned)		orbiteren routeplanned to orbit Jupiter and fly by Europa multiple timesEUROPA-CL[46]


Ganymede probes

[edit]
SpacecraftOrganizationDateTypeStatusNotesImageRef
JUICEEuropeESA14 April 2023 (launch)orbiteren routemission to study Jupiter's three icy moonsCallisto,Europa andGanymede, eventually orbiting Ganymede as the first spacecraft to orbit a satellite of another planet.[64]

Saturn probes

[edit]
Main article:Exploration of Saturn
SpacecraftOrganizationDateTypeStatusNotesImageRef
Pioneer 11United StatesNASA1 September 1979flybysuccesspreviously visited Jupiter1973-019A
Voyager 1United StatesNASA12 November 1980flybysuccesspreviously visited Jupiter1977-084A
Voyager 2United StatesNASA5 August 1981flybysuccesspreviously visited Jupiter, went on to visit Uranus and Neptune1977-076A
CassiniUnited StatesNASA/
EuropeESA/
ItalyASI		1 July 2004 – 15 September 2017orbitersuccessalso performed flybys of a number of Saturn's moons, and deployed theHuygens Titan lander; first spacecraft to orbit Saturn1997-061A

Titan probes

[edit]
SpacecraftOrganizationDateTypeStatusNotesImageRef
HuygensEuropeESA14 January 2005atmospheric probe, landersuccessdeployed byCassini; first probe to land on a satellite of another planet1997-061C[65]

Uranus probes

[edit]
Main article:Exploration of Uranus
SpacecraftOrganizationDateTypeStatusNotesImageRef
Voyager 2United StatesNASA24 January 1986flybysuccesspreviously visited Jupiter and Saturn; went on to visit Neptune1977-076A


Neptune probes

[edit]
Main article:Exploration of Neptune
SpacecraftOrganizationDateTypeStatusNotesImageRef
Voyager 2United StatesNASA25 August 1989flybysuccesspreviously visited Jupiter, Saturn and Uranus1977-076A


Pluto probes

[edit]
SpacecraftOrganizationDateTypeStatusNotesImageRef
New HorizonsUnited StatesNASA14 July 2015flybysuccesslater flew byKuiper belt object486958 Arrokoth when it was 43.4 AU from the Sun.2006-001A

Comet probes

[edit]
TargetSpacecraftOrganizationDateTypeStatusNotesImageRef
21P/Giacobini-ZinnerICE (formerly ISEE3)United StatesNASA11 September 1985flybysuccesspreviously solar monitor ISEE3; went on to observe Halley's Comet1978-079A
1P/HalleyVega 1Soviet UnionSAS6 March 1986flybysuccessminimum distance 8,890 km; previously visited Venus1984-125A
1P/HalleySuiseiJapanISAS8 March 1986flybysuccess151,000 km1985-073A
1P/HalleyVega 2Soviet UnionSAS9 March 1986flybysuccessminimum distance 8,890 km; previously visited Venus1984-128A
1P/HalleySakigakeJapanISASMarch 1986distant flybypartial successminimum distance 6.99 million km1985-001A
1P/HalleyGiottoEuropeESA14 March 1986flybysuccessminimum distance 596 km; went on to visit comet26P/Grigg–Skjellerup1985-056A
1P/HalleyICE (formerly ISEE3)United StatesNASA28 March 1986distant obser-
vations		successminimum distance 32 million km; previously visited comet21P/Giacobini–Zinner1978-079A
26P/Grigg–SkjellerupGiottoEuropeESA10 July 1992flybysuccesspreviously visited Halley's Comet1985-056A
45P/
Honda–Mrkos–Pajdusakova		SakigakeJapanISAS1996flybyfailurecontact lost; previously visited Halley's Comet1985-001A
21P/Giacobini-ZinnerSakigakeJapanISAS1998flybyfailure
55P/Tempel-TuttleSuiseiJapanISAS1998flybyfailureabandoned due to lack of fuel; previously visited Halley's Comet1985-073A
21P/Giacobini-ZinnerSuiseiJapanISAS1998flybyfailure
107P/Wilson-HarringtonDeep Space 1United StatesNASAJanuary 2001flybyfailureabandoned due to problems with the star tracker, but was re-tasked to fly by comet19P/Borrelly1998-061A
19P/BorrellyDeep Space 1United StatesNASA22 September 2001flybysuccesspreviously visited asteroid9969 Braille1998-061A
2P/EnckeCONTOURUnited StatesNASA2003flybyfailurecontact lost shortly after launch2002-034A
81P/WildStardustUnited StatesNASA2 January 2004flyby, sample returnsuccesssample returned January 2006; also visited asteroid5535 Annefrank1999-003A
9P/TempelDeep ImpactUnited StatesNASAJuly 2005flybysuccess2005-001A
   ImpactorUnited StatesNASA4 July 2005impactorsuccess
73P/
Schwassmann-Wachmann		CONTOURUnited StatesNASA2006flybyfailurecontact lost shortly after launch2002-034A
6P/d'ArrestCONTOURUnited StatesNASA2008flybyfailurecontact lost shortly after launch2002-034A
103P/HartleyDeep Impact (redesignatedEPOXI)United StatesNASA4 November 2010flybysuccessmission extension (target changed fromcomet Boethin)2005-001A
9P/TempelStardust (redesignatedNExT)United StatesNASA14 February 2011flybysuccessmission extension1999-003A
67P/Churyumov–
Gerasimenko		RosettaEuropeESA6 August 2014 – 30 September 2016orbitersuccessflybys of asteroids2867 Šteins and21 Lutetia completed; intentionally impacted at end of mission2004-006A
   PhilaeEuropeESA12 November 2014 – 9 July 2015landersuccess2004-006C


Kuiper belt probes

[edit]
TargetSpacecraftOrganizationDateTypeStatusNotesImageRef
486958 ArrokothNew HorizonsUnited StatesNASA1 January 2019flybysuccessextended mission after Pluto; may flyby another object in 2020s.[66]2006-001A


Probes leaving the Solar System

[edit]
See also:List of artificial objects leaving the Solar System andInterstellar probe
SpacecraftOrganizationStatusNotesImageRef
Pioneer 10United StatesNASAsuccessLeft Jupiter in December 1973. Mission ended March 1997. Last contact 23 January 2003. Craft now presumed to lack sufficient power for antenna.1972-012A
Pioneer 11United StatesNASAsuccessLeft Saturn in September 1979. Last contact September 1995. The craft's antenna cannot be maneuvered to point to Earth. Craft now presumed to lack sufficient power for antenna.1973-019A
Voyager 1United StatesNASAsuccessLeft Saturn in November 1980. Still in regular contact and transmitting scientific data.1977-084A
Voyager 2United StatesNASAsuccessLeft Neptune in August 1989. Still in regular contact and transmitting scientific data.1977-076A
New HorizonsUnited StatesNASAsuccessLeft Pluto 14 July 2015; flew by Kuiper belt object486958 Arrokoth on 1 January 2019 when it was 43.4 AU from the Sun.2006-001A

Other probes to leave Earth orbit

[edit]

For completeness, this section lists probes that have left (or will leave) Earth orbit, but are not primarily targeted at any of the above bodies.

SpacecraftOrganizationDateLocationStatusNotesImageRef
WMAPUnited StatesNASA30 June 2001 (launch) –
October 2010 (end)[67]		Sun-EarthL2 pointsuccesscosmic background radiation observations; sent tograveyard orbit after 9 years of use.[67]2001-027A
Spitzer Space TelescopeUnited StatesNASA25 August 2003 (launch) –
30 January 2020 (end)		Earth-trailing heliocentric orbitsuccessinfrared astronomy2003-038A
KeplerUnited StatesNASA6 March 2009 (launch) - 2018Earth-trailing heliocentric orbitsuccesssearch forextrasolar planets2009-011A[68]
Herschel Space ObservatoryEuropeESA14 May 2009 (launch)Lissajous orbit around Sun-EarthL2 pointsuccessstudy of formation and evolution of galaxies and stars2009-026A
PlanckEuropeESA14 May 2009 (launch) - 2013Lissajous orbit around Sun-EarthL2 pointsuccesscosmic microwave background observations2009-026B
IKAROSJapanJAXA20 May 2010 (launch)Earth-Venus transfer heliocentric orbitoperationalsolar sail technology development / interplanetary space exploration2010-020E[20]
Shin'en
(UNITEC-1)		JapanUNISECfailuretechnology development; contact lost shortly after launch[23]2010-020F[22]
Chang'e 2ChinaCNSA25 August 2011 (arrive) –
15 April 2012 (end)		Sun-EarthL2 pointsuccessLeft the point on 15 April 2012, then flew by asteroid4179 Toutatis2010-050A
GaiaEuropeESA19 December 2013 (launch)Lissajous orbit around Sun-EarthL2 pointsuccessastrometry mission to measure the position and motion of 1 billion stars2013-074A[69]
Shin'en 2JapanKyushu Institute of Technology3 December 2014 (launch)heliocentric orbitsuccessamateur radio satellite / material demonstration2014-076B[70]
ARTSAT2:DESPATCHJapanTama Art Universitysuccessdeep space artwork / amateur radio satellite2014-076C[71]
LISA PathfinderEuropeESA3 December 2015 (launch)[72] –
30 June 2017 (end)		Halo orbit around Sun-EarthL1 pointsuccesstest mission for proposedLISA gravitational wave observatory2015-070A[73]
Spektr-RGRussiaGermany13 July 2019 (launch)Halo orbit around Sun-EarthL2 pointoperationalX-ray astronomy2019-040A[74]
Chang'e 5ChinaCNSA23 November 2020 (launch) -
30 August 2021 (left L1)		Halo orbit about Sun-EarthL1 pointsuccesstest mission post lunar sample return2020-087A[75][76][77]
James Webb Space TelescopeUnited StatesNASA
EuropeESA
CanadaCSA		25 December 2021 (launch)Sun-EarthL2 pointin orbitinfrared astronomy2021-130A[78]
ArgoMoonItalyASI16 November 2022 (launch)High Earth Orbit with Lunar Flybys (heliocentric)in orbitimage theICPS and perform deep spaceNanotechnology experiments.ARGOMOON
BioSentinelUnited StatesNASAheliocentric orbitin orbitit containsyeast cards that will be rehydrated in space, designed to detect, measure, and compare theeffects of deep space radiation.BIOSENTNL
Team MilesUnited States Fluid & Reasonfailuredemonstratelow-thrust plasma propulsion in deep space. Deployed, but contact was not established.[79]TEAMMILES
CuSPUnited StatesNASA16 November 2022heliocentric orbitfailurestudyparticles andmagnetic fields.CUSP
EuclidEuropeESA1 July 2023 (launch)Halo orbit around Sun-EarthL2 pointenroutemeasure the rate of expansion of the Universe through time to better understanddark energy anddark matter[80]
Chang'e 6ChinaCNSA3 May 2024 (launch)Halo orbit about Sun-EarthL2 pointsuccesson extended test mission post lunar sample returnCHANG-E-6
[81]

See also

[edit]

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External links

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evolution,
contents,
and
History
Rings
Hypothetical
objects
Exploration
(outline)
Small
Solar
System
bodies
Lists
Related
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