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Chemical symbol

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Abbreviations used in chemistry

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Theperiodic table, elements being denoted by their symbols

Chemical symbols are the abbreviations used inchemistry, mainly forchemical elements; but also forfunctional groups, chemical compounds, and other entities.Element symbols for chemical elements, also known asatomic symbols, normally consist of one or two letters from theLatin alphabet and are written with the first letter capitalised.

History

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Earlier symbols for chemical elements stem from classicalLatin andGreek vocabulary. For some elements, this is because the material was known in ancient times, while for others, the name is a more recent invention. For example, Pb is the symbol forlead (plumbum in Latin); Hg is the symbol formercury (hydrargyrum in Greek); and He is the symbol forhelium (aNeo-Latin name) because helium was not known inancient Roman times. Some symbols come from other sources, like W fortungsten (Wolfram in German) which was not known in Roman times.

A three-lettertemporary symbol may be assigned to a newly synthesized (or not yet synthesized) element. For example, "Uno" was the temporary symbol forhassium (element 108) which had the temporary name ofunniloctium, based on the digits of its atomic number. There are also some historical symbols that are no longer officially used.

Extension of the symbol

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In addition to the letters for the element itself, additional details may be added to the symbol assuperscripts or subscripts a particularisotope,ionization, oroxidation state, or other atomic detail.^[1] A few isotopes have their own specific symbols rather than just an isotopic detail added to their element symbol.

Attached subscripts or superscripts specifying a nuclide or molecule have the following meanings and positions:

Thenucleon number (mass number) is shown in the left superscript position (e.g.,¹⁴N). This number defines the specific isotope. Various letters, such as "m" and "f" may also be used here to indicate anuclear isomer (e.g.,^99mTc). Alternately, the number here can represent a specificspin state (e.g.,¹O₂). These details can be omitted if not relevant in a certain context.
The proton number (atomic number) may be indicated in the left subscript position (e.g.,₆₄Gd). The atomic number is redundant to the chemical element, but is sometimes used to emphasize the change of numbers of nucleons in a nuclear reaction.
If necessary, a state ofionization or anexcited state may be indicated in the right superscript position (e.g., state of ionization Ca²⁺).
The number of atoms of an element in amolecule orchemical compound is shown in the right subscript position (e.g., N₂ or Fe₂O₃). If this number is one, it is normally omitted - the number one is implicitly understood if unspecified.
Aradical is indicated by a dot on the right side (e.g., Cl^• for a neutral chlorine atom). This is often omitted unless relevant to a certain context because it is already deducible from the charge and atomic number, as generally true for nonbonded valence electrons inskeletal structures.

Manyfunctional groups also have their own chemical symbol, e.g. Ph for thephenyl group, and Me for themethyl group.

A list of current, dated, as well as proposed and historical signs and symbols is included here with itssignification. Also given is each element'satomic number,atomic weight, or theatomic mass of the most stableisotope, group and period numbers on theperiodic table, andetymology of the symbol.

Symbols for chemical elements

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List of chemical elements
Z	Symbol	Name	Origin of name^[2]^[3]
1	H	Hydrogen	Greek elementshydro- and-gen, meaning 'water-forming'
2	He	Helium	Greekhḗlios, 'sun'
3	Li	Lithium	Greeklíthos, 'stone'
4	Be	Beryllium	beryl, a mineral (ultimately from the name ofBelur in southern India)
5	B	Boron	borax, a mineral (fromArabicbawraq)
6	C	Carbon	Latincarbo, 'coal'
7	N	Nitrogen	Greeknítron and-gen, meaning 'niter-forming'
8	O	Oxygen	Greekoxy- and-gen, meaning 'acid-forming'
9	F	Fluorine	Latinfluere, 'to flow'
10	Ne	Neon	Greeknéon, 'new'
11	Na	Sodium	Englishsoda (the symbol Na is derived fromNeo-Latinnatrium, coined from GermanNatron, 'natron')
12	Mg	Magnesium	Magnesia, a district of EasternThessaly inGreece
13	Al	Aluminium	alumina, from Latinalumen (gen.alumni), 'bitter salt,alum'
14	Si	Silicon	Latinsilex, 'flint' (originallysilicium)
15	P	Phosphorus	Greekphōsphóros, 'light-bearing'
16	S	Sulfur	Latinsulphur, 'brimstone'
17	Cl	Chlorine	Greekchlōrós, 'greenish yellow'
18	Ar	Argon	Greekargós, 'idle' (because of itsinertness)
19	K	Potassium	Neo-Latinpotassa, 'potash' (the symbol K is derived from Latinkalium)
20	Ca	Calcium	Latincalx, 'lime'
21	Sc	Scandium	LatinScandia, 'Scandinavia'
22	Ti	Titanium	Titans, the sons of the Earth goddess of Greek mythology
23	V	Vanadium	Vanadis, anOld Norse name for the Scandinavian goddessFreyja
24	Cr	Chromium	Greekchróma, 'colour'
25	Mn	Manganese	corrupted frommagnesia negra; seeMagnesium
26	Fe	Iron	English word (the symbol Fe is derived from Latinferrum)
27	Co	Cobalt	GermanKobold, 'goblin'
28	Ni	Nickel	Nickel, a mischievoussprite of German miner mythology
29	Cu	Copper	English word, from Latincuprum, from Ancient GreekKýpros 'Cyprus'
30	Zn	Zinc	Most likely from GermanZinke, 'prong' or 'tooth', though some suggestPersiansang, 'stone'
31	Ga	Gallium	LatinGallia, 'France'
32	Ge	Germanium	LatinGermania, 'Germany'
33	As	Arsenic	Frencharsenic, from Greekarsenikón 'yellow arsenic' (influenced byarsenikós, 'masculine' or 'virile'), from aWest Asian wanderword ultimately fromOld Iranian*zarniya-ka, 'golden'
34	Se	Selenium	Greekselḗnē, 'moon'
35	Br	Bromine	Greekbrômos, 'stench'
36	Kr	Krypton	Greekkryptós, 'hidden'
37	Rb	Rubidium	Latinrubidus, 'deep red'
38	Sr	Strontium	Strontian, a village inScotland
39	Y	Yttrium	Ytterby, a village in Sweden
40	Zr	Zirconium	zircon, a mineral
41	Nb	Niobium	Niobe, daughter of kingTantalus from Greek mythology
42	Mo	Molybdenum	Greekmolýbdaina, 'piece oflead', frommólybdos, 'lead'
43	Tc	Technetium	Greektekhnētós, 'artificial'
44	Ru	Ruthenium	Neo-LatinRuthenia, 'Russia'
45	Rh	Rhodium	Greekrhodóeis, 'rose-coloured', fromrhódon, 'rose'
46	Pd	Palladium	the asteroidPallas, considered a planet at the time
47	Ag	Silver	English word (The symbol derives from Latinargentum)
48	Cd	Cadmium	Neo-Latincadmia, from KingKadmos
49	In	Indium	Latinindicum, 'indigo' (colour found in its spectrum)
50	Sn	Tin	English word (The symbol derives from Latinstannum)
51	Sb	Antimony	Latinantimonium,the origin of which is uncertain:folk etymologies suggest it is derived from Greekantí ('against') +mónos ('alone'), orOld Frenchanti-moine, 'Monk's bane', but it could plausibly be from or related to Arabicʾiṯmid, 'antimony', reformatted as a Latin word. (The symbol derives from Latinstibium 'stibnite'.)
52	Te	Tellurium	Latintellus, 'the ground, earth'
53	I	Iodine	Frenchiode, from Greekioeidḗs, 'violet'
54	Xe	Xenon	Greekxénon, neuter form ofxénos 'strange'
55	Cs	Caesium	Latincaesius, 'sky-blue'
56	Ba	Barium	Greekbarýs, 'heavy'
57	La	Lanthanum	Greeklanthánein, 'to lie hidden'
58	Ce	Cerium	the dwarf planetCeres, considered a planet at the time
59	Pr	Praseodymium	Greekprásios dídymos, 'green twin'
60	Nd	Neodymium	Greeknéos dídymos, 'new twin'
61	Pm	Promethium	Prometheus of Greek mythology
62	Sm	Samarium	samarskite, a mineral named after ColonelVasili Samarsky-Bykhovets, Russian mine official
63	Eu	Europium	Europe
64	Gd	Gadolinium	gadolinite, a mineral named afterJohan Gadolin, Finnish chemist, physicist and mineralogist
65	Tb	Terbium	Ytterby, a village in Sweden
66	Dy	Dysprosium	Greekdysprósitos, 'hard to get'
67	Ho	Holmium	Neo-LatinHolmia, 'Stockholm'
68	Er	Erbium	Ytterby, a village in Sweden
69	Tm	Thulium	Thule, the ancient name for an unclear northern location
70	Yb	Ytterbium	Ytterby, a village in Sweden
71	Lu	Lutetium	LatinLutetia, 'Paris'
72	Hf	Hafnium	Neo-LatinHafnia, 'Copenhagen' (fromDanishhavn)
73	Ta	Tantalum	KingTantalus, father of Niobe from Greek mythology
74	W	Tungsten	Swedishtung sten, 'heavy stone' (The symbol is fromwolfram, the old name of the tungsten mineralwolframite)
75	Re	Rhenium	LatinRhenus, 'the Rhine'
76	Os	Osmium	Greekosmḗ, 'smell'
77	Ir	Iridium	Iris, the Greek goddess of the rainbow
78	Pt	Platinum	Spanishplatina, 'little silver', fromplata 'silver'
79	Au	Gold	English word (The symbol derives from Latinaurum)
80	Hg	Mercury	Mercury, Roman god of commerce, communication, and luck, known for his speed and mobility (The symbol is from the element's Latin namehydrargyrum, derived from Greekhydrárgyros, 'water-silver')
81	Tl	Thallium	Greekthallós, 'green shoot or twig'
82	Pb	Lead	English word (The symbol derives from Latinplumbum)
83	Bi	Bismuth	GermanWismut, fromweiß Masse 'white mass', unless from Arabic
84	Po	Polonium	LatinPolonia, 'Poland' (the home country ofMarie Curie)
85	At	Astatine	Greekástatos, 'unstable'
86	Rn	Radon	radium
87	Fr	Francium	France
88	Ra	Radium	Frenchradium, from Latinradius, 'ray'
89	Ac	Actinium	Greekaktís, 'ray'
90	Th	Thorium	Thor, the Scandinavian god of thunder
91	Pa	Protactinium	proto- (from Greekprôtos, 'first, before') +actinium, which is produced through the radioactive decay of protactinium
92	U	Uranium	Uranus, the seventh planet in the Solar System
93	Np	Neptunium	Neptune, the eighth planet in the Solar System
94	Pu	Plutonium	the dwarf planetPluto, considered the ninth planet in the Solar System at the time
95	Am	Americium	The Americas, as the element was first synthesised on the continent, by analogy witheuropium
96	Cm	Curium	Pierre Curie andMarie Curie, French physicists and chemists
97	Bk	Berkelium	Berkeley, California, where the element was first synthesised, by analogy withterbium
98	Cf	Californium	California, where the element was first synthesised
99	Es	Einsteinium	Albert Einstein, German physicist
100	Fm	Fermium	Enrico Fermi, Italian physicist
101	Md	Mendelevium	Dmitri Mendeleev, Russian chemist and inventor who proposed theperiodic table
102	No	Nobelium	Alfred Nobel, Swedish chemist and engineer
103	Lr	Lawrencium	Ernest O. Lawrence, American physicist
104	Rf	Rutherfordium	Ernest Rutherford, New Zealand chemist and physicist
105	Db	Dubnium	Dubna, Russia, where theJoint Institute for Nuclear Research is located
106	Sg	Seaborgium	Glenn T. Seaborg, American chemist
107	Bh	Bohrium	Niels Bohr, Danish physicist
108	Hs	Hassium	Neo-LatinHassia, 'Hesse' (a state in Germany)
109	Mt	Meitnerium	Lise Meitner, Austrian physicist
110	Ds	Darmstadtium	Darmstadt, Germany, where the element was first synthesised
111	Rg	Roentgenium	Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, German physicist
112	Cn	Copernicium	Nicolaus Copernicus, Polish astronomer
113	Nh	Nihonium	JapaneseNihon, 'Japan' (where the element was first synthesised)
114	Fl	Flerovium	Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions, part ofJINR, where the element was synthesised; itself named afterGeorgy Flyorov, Russian physicist
115	Mc	Moscovium	Moscow Oblast, Russia, where the element was first synthesised
116	Lv	Livermorium	Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory inLivermore, California, which collaborated withJINR on its synthesis
117	Ts	Tennessine	Tennessee, United States
118	Og	Oganesson	Yuri Oganessian, Russian physicist

Symbols and names not currently used

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The following is a list of symbols and names formerly used or suggested for elements, including symbols forplaceholder names and names given by discredited claimants for discovery.

Symbol	Name	Atomic number	Notes	Why not used	Refs
A	Argon	18	A used for Argon until 1957. Current symbol isAr.	^{[nb 1]}	^[4]
Ab	Alabamine	85	Discredited claim to discovery ofastatine.	^{[nb 2]}	^[5]^[6]
Ad	Aldebaranium	70	Former name forytterbium.	^{[nb 2]}
Ah	Anglohelvetium	85	Discredited claim to discovery ofastatine.	^{[nb 2]}	^[7]
Ak	Alkalinium	87	Discredited claim to discovery offrancium.	^{[nb 2]}	^[5]
Am	Alabamine	85	Discredited claim to discovery ofastatine. The symbol Am is now used foramericium.	^{[nb 2]}	^[5]^[6]
An	Athenium	99	Proposed name foreinsteinium.	^{[nb 3]}
Ao	Ausonium	93	Discredited claim to discovery ofneptunium.	^{[nb 2]}	^[5]
At	Austriacum	84	Discredited claim to discovery ofpolonium. The symbol At is now used forastatine.	^{[nb 2]}
Az	Azote	7	Former name fornitrogen.	^{[nb 1]}
Bo	Bohemium	93	Discredited claim to discovery ofneptunium.	^{[nb 2]}
Bo	Boron	5	Current symbol isB.	^{[nb 1]}
Bv	Brevium	91	Former name forprotactinium-234.	^{[nb 1]}
Bz	Berzelium	90	Baskerville wrongly believed berzelium was a new element. Was actuallythorium.		^[7]
Cb	Columbium	41	Former name forniobium.	^{[nb 1]}	^[5]^[7]
Ch	Chromium	24	Current symbol isCr.	^{[nb 1]}
Cl	Columbium	41	Former name forniobium. The symbol Cl is now used forchlorine.	^{[nb 1]}
Cm	Catium	87	Proposed name forfrancium. The symbol Cm is now used forcurium.	^{[nb 3]}
Cn	Carolinium	90	Baskerville wrongly believed carolinium to be a new element. Was actuallythorium. The symbol Cn is now used forcopernicium.		^[7]
Cp	Cassiopeium	71	Former name forlutetium.	^{[nb 1]}
Cp	Copernicium	112	Current symbol isCn.	^{[nb 1]}
Ct	Celtium	72	Discredited claim to discovery ofhafnium.	^{[nb 2]}
Ct	Centurium	100	Proposed name forfermium.	^{[nb 3]}
Cy	Cyclonium	61	Proposed name forpromethium.	^{[nb 3]}
D	Didymium	59/60	Mixture of the elementspraseodymium andneodymium.Mosander wrongly believed didymium to be an element.		^[8]
Da	Davyum	43	Discredited claim to discovery oftechnetium.	^{[nb 2]}	^[5]
Db	Dubhium	69	Eder wrongly believed dubhium to be a new element. Was actuallythulium. The symbol Db is now used fordubnium.
Db	Dubnium	104	Proposed name forrutherfordium. The symbol and name were instead used for element 105.	^{[nb 1]}^{[nb 3]}	^[5]
Dc	Decipium	62	Delafontaine wrongly believed decipium to be a new element. Was actuallysamarium.
Dc	Dvicaesium	87	Name given by Mendeleev to an as of then undiscovered element. When discovered,francium closely matched the prediction.	^{[nb 3]}^{[nb 4]}
De	Denebium	69	Eder wrongly believed denebium to be a new element. Was actuallythulium.
Di	Didymium	59/60	Mixture of the elementspraseodymium andneodymium.Mosander wrongly believed didymium to be an element.		^[8]
Do	Dor	85	Discredited claim to discovery ofastatine made byHoria Hulubei andYvette Cauchois.	^{[nb 2]}	^[7]
Dn	Dubnadium	118	Proposed name foroganesson.	^{[nb 3]}
Dp	Decipium	62	Delafontaine wrongly believed decipium to be a new element. Was actuallysamarium.
Ds	Dysprosium	66	Current symbol isDy. The symbol Ds is now used fordarmstadtium.	^{[nb 1]}
Dt	Dvitellurium	84	Name given by Mendeleev to an as of then undiscovered element. When discovered,polonium closely matched the prediction.	^{[nb 3]}^{[nb 4]}
E	Einsteinium	99	Current symbol isEs.	^{[nb 1]}
E	Erbium	68	Current symbol isEr.	^{[nb 1]}
Ea	Ekaaluminium	31	Name given byMendeleev to an as of then undiscovered element. When discovered,gallium closely matched the prediction.	^{[nb 3]}^{[nb 4]}
Eb	Ekaboron	21	Name given byMendeleev to an as of then undiscovered element. When discovered,scandium closely matched the prediction.	^{[nb 3]}^{[nb 4]}	^[5]
Eb	Erebodium	42	Alexander Pringle wrongly believed erebodium to be a new element. Was likelymolybdenum.		^[7]
El	Ekaaluminium	31	Name given by Mendeleev to an as of then undiscovered element. When discovered,gallium closely matched the prediction.	^{[nb 3]}^{[nb 4]}	^[5]
Em	Ekamanganese	43	Name given by Mendeleev to an as of then undiscovered element. When discovered,technetium closely matched the prediction.	^{[nb 3]}^{[nb 4]}	^[5]
Em	Emanation	86	Also called "radium emanation", the name was originally given byFriedrich Ernst Dorn in 1900. In 1923, this element officially becameradon (the name given at one time to²²²Rn, an isotope identified in the decay chain ofradium).	^{[nb 1]}	^[5]
Em	Emanium	89	Alternate name formerly proposed foractinium.	^{[nb 3]}
Es	Ekasilicon	32	Name given by Mendeleev to a then undiscovered element. When discovered,germanium closely matched the prediction. The symbol Es is now used foreinsteinium.	^{[nb 3]}^{[nb 4]}	^[5]
Hs	Hesperium	94	Discredited claim to discovery ofplutonium. The symbol Hs is now used forhassium.	^{[nb 2]}	^[5]^[7]
Et	Ekatantalum	91	Name given by Mendeleev to an as of then undiscovered element. When discovered,protactinium closely matched the prediction.	^{[nb 3]}^{[nb 4]}
Ex	Euxenium	72	Discredited claim to discovery ofhafnium.	^{[nb 2]}	^[7]
Fa	Francium	87	Current symbol isFr.	^{[nb 1]}
Fl	Florentium	61	Discredited claim to discovery ofpromethium. The symbol Fl is now used forflerovium.	^{[nb 2]}
Fl	Fluorine	9	Current symbol isF. The symbol Fl is now used forflerovium.	^{[nb 1]}
Fr	Florentium	61	Discredited claim to discovery ofpromethium. The symbol Fr is now used forfrancium.	^{[nb 2]}	^[5]
G	Glucinium	4	Former name forberyllium.	^{[nb 1]}
Gh	Ghiorsium	118	Discredited claim to discovery ofoganesson.	^{[nb 2]}
Gl	Glucinium	4	Former name forberyllium.	^{[nb 1]}	^[5]
Ha	Hahnium	105	Proposed name fordubnium.	^{[nb 3]}
Hn	Hahnium	108	Proposed name forhassium.	^{[nb 3]}	^[5]
Hv	Helvetium	85	Discredited claim to discovery ofastatine.	^{[nb 2]}	^[7]
Hy	Mercury	80	Hy from the Greek hydrargyrum for "liquid silver". Current symbol isHg.	^{[nb 1]}	^[4]
I	Iridium	77	Current symbol isIr. The symbol I is now used foriodine.	^{[nb 1]}
Ic	Incognitium	65	Demarçay wrongly believed incognitium to be a new element. Was actuallyterbium mixed with gadolinium.		^[7]
Il	Illinium	61	Discredited claim to discovery ofpromethium.	^{[nb 2]}	^[5]
Il	Ilmenium	41/73	Mixture of the elementsniobium andtantalum. R. Hermann wrongly believed ilmenium to be an element.
Io	Ionium	65	Demarçay wrongly believed ionium to be a new element. Was actuallyterbium.
J	Jodium	53	Former name foriodine.	^{[nb 1]}
Jg	Jargonium	72	Discredited claim to discovery ofhafnium.	^{[nb 2]}	^[5]
Jl	Joliotium	105	Proposed name fordubnium.	^{[nb 3]}	^[5]
Jp	Japonium	113	Proposed name fornihonium.	^{[nb 3]}
Ka	Potassium	19	Current symbol isK.	^{[nb 1]}
Ku	Kurchatovium	104	Proposed name forrutherfordium.	^{[nb 3]}	^[5]
L	Lithium	3	Current symbol isLi.	^{[nb 1]}
Lw	Lawrencium	103	Current symbol isLr.	^{[nb 1]}
M	Muriaticum	17	Former name forchlorine.	^{[nb 1]}
Ma	Manganese	25	Current symbol isMn.	^{[nb 1]}
Ma	Masurium	43	Disputed claim to discovery oftechnetium.	^{[nb 2]}	^[5]
Md	Mendelevium	97	Proposed name forberkelium. The symbol and name were later used for element 101.	^{[nb 1]}^{[nb 3]}
Ml	Moldavium	87	Discredited claim to discovery offrancium made byHoria Hulubei andYvette Cauchois.	^{[nb 2]}	^[7]
Ms	Magnesium	12	Current symbol isMg.	^{[nb 1]}
Ms	Masrium	88	Discredited claim to discovery ofradium.	^{[nb 2]}
Ms	Masurium	43	Disputed claim to discovery oftechnetium.	^{[nb 2]}
Ms	Mosandrium	65	Smith wrongly believed mosandrium to be a new element. Was actuallyterbium.
Mv	Mendelevium	101	Current symbol isMd.	^{[nb 1]}
Ng	Norwegium	72	Discredited claim to discovery ofhafnium.	^{[nb 2]}
No	Norium	72	Discredited claim to discovery ofhafnium. The symbol No is now used fornobelium.	^{[nb 2]}
Np	Neptunium	91	Discredited claim to discovery ofprotactinium. The symbol and name were later used for element 93.	^{[nb 2]}	^[9]
Np	Nipponium	43	Discredited claim to discovery oftechnetium. The symbol Np is now used forneptunium.	^{[nb 2]}	^[5]
Ns	Nielsbohrium	105	Proposed name fordubnium.	^{[nb 3]}	^[5]
Ns	Nielsbohrium	107	Proposed name forbohrium.	^{[nb 3]}	^[5]
Nt	Niton	86	Former name forradon.	^{[nb 1]}	^[5]
Ny	Neoytterbium	70	Former name forytterbium.	^{[nb 1]}
P	Lead	82	Current symbol isPb. The symbol P is now used forphosphorus.	^{[nb 1]}
Pa	Palladium	46	Current symbol isPd. The symbol Pa is now used forprotactinium.	^{[nb 1]}
Pe	Pelopium	41	Former name forniobium.	^{[nb 1]}
Ph	Phosphorus	15	Current symbol isP.	^{[nb 1]}
Pl	Palladium	46	Current symbol isPd.	^{[nb 1]}
Pm	Polymnestum	33	Alexander Pringle wrongly believed polymnestum to be a new element. Was likelyarsenic. The symbol Pm is now used forpromethium.		^[7]
Po	Potassium	19	Current symbol isK. The symbol Po is now used forpolonium.	^{[nb 1]}
Pp	Philippium	67	Delafontaine discovered a new element and named it philippium.Per Teodor Cleve isolated it and renamed itholmium.		^[7]
R	Rhodium	45	Current symbol isRh. (The symbol is now sometimes used for analkyl group.)	^{[nb 1]}
Rd	Radium	88	Current symbol isRa.	^{[nb 1]}
Rf	Rutherfordium	106	Proposed name forseaborgium. The symbol and name were instead used for element 104.	^{[nb 1]}^{[nb 3]}	^[5]
Ro	Rhodium	45	Current symbol isRh.	^{[nb 1]}
Sa	Samarium	62	Current symbol isSm.	^{[nb 1]}	^[5]
So	Sodium	11	Current symbol isNa.	^{[nb 1]}
Sq	Sequanium	93	Discredited claim to discovery ofneptunium made byHoria Hulubei andYvette Cauchois.	^{[nb 2]}	^[7]
St	Antimony	51	Current symbol isSb.	^{[nb 1]}
St	Tin	50	Current symbol isSn.	^{[nb 1]}
Tm	Trimanganese	75	Name given by Mendeleev to an as of then undiscovered element. When discovered,rhenium closely matched the prediction. The symbol Tm is now used forthulium.	^{[nb 3]}^{[nb 4]}
Tn	Tungsten	74	Current symbol isW.	^{[nb 1]}
Tr	Terbium	65	Current symbol isTb.	^{[nb 1]}
Tu	Thulium	69	Current symbol isTm.	^{[nb 1]}
Tu	Tungsten	74	Current symbol isW.	^{[nb 1]}
Ur	Uralium	75	Discredited claim to discovery ofrhenium.	^{[nb 2]}
Ur	Uranium	92	Current symbol isU.	^{[nb 1]}
Vc	Victorium	64	Crookes wrongly believed victorium to be a new element. Was actuallygadolinium.
Vi	Victorium	64	Crookes wrongly believed victorium to be a new element. Was actuallygadolinium.
Vi	Virginium	87	Discredited claim to discovery offrancium.	^{[nb 2]}	^[5]
Vm	Virginium	87	Discredited claim to discovery offrancium.	^{[nb 2]}	^[5]
Va	Vanadium	23	Current symbol isV.	^{[nb 1]}
Wo	Wolfram	74	Former name fortungsten.	^{[nb 1]}
X	Xenon	54	Current symbol isXe. The symbol X is now used for anyhalogen.	^{[nb 1]}
Yt	Yttrium	39	Current symbol isY.	^{[nb 1]}	^[5]

Systematic chemical symbols

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These symbols are based onsystematic element names, which are now replaced by trivial (non-systematic) element names and symbols. Data is given in order of:atomic number, systematic symbol, systematic name; trivial symbol, trivial name.

101: Unu, unnilunium; Md,mendelevium.
102: Unb, unnilbium; No,nobelium.
103: Unt, unniltrium; Lr,lawrencium.
104: Unq, unnilquadium; Rf,rutherfordium.
105: Unp, unnilpentium; Db,dubnium.
106: Unh, unnilhexium; Sg,seaborgium.
107: Uns, unnilseptium; Bh,bohrium.
108: Uno, unniloctium; Hs,hassium.
109: Une, unnilennium; Mt,meitnerium.
110: Uun, ununnilium; Ds,darmstadtium.
111: Uuu, unununium; Rg,roentgenium.
112: Uub, ununbium; Cn,copernicium.
113: Uut, ununtrium; Nh,nihonium.
114: Uuq, ununquadium; Fl,flerovium.
115: Uup, ununpentium; Mc,moscovium.
116: Uuh, ununhexium; Lv,livermorium.
117: Uus, ununseptium; Ts,tennessine.
118: Uuo, ununoctium; Og,oganesson.

When elements beyond oganesson (starting withununennium, Uue, element 119), are discovered; their systematic name and symbol will presumably be superseded by a trivial name and symbol.

Alchemical symbols

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Main article:alchemical symbols

Thefollowing ideographic symbols were used inalchemy to denote elements known since ancient times. Not included in this list are spurious elements, such as theclassical elements fire andwater orphlogiston, and substances now known to be compounds. Many more symbols were in at least sporadic use: one early 17th-century alchemical manuscript lists 22 symbols for mercury alone.^[10]

Planetary names and symbols for the metals – the seven planets and seven metals known since Classical times in Europe and the Mideast – was ubiquitous in alchemy. The association of what are anachronistically known asplanetary metals started breaking down with the discovery of antimony, bismuth and zinc in the 16th century. Alchemists would typically call the metals by their planetary names, e.g. "Saturn" for lead and "Mars" for iron; compounds of tin, iron and silver continued to be called "jovial", "martial" and "lunar"; or "of Jupiter", "of Mars" and "of the moon", through the 17th century. The tradition remains today with the name of the element mercury, where chemists decided the planetary name was preferable to common names like "quicksilver", and in a few archaic terms such aslunar caustic (silver nitrate) andsaturnism (lead poisoning).^[10]

Alchemical symbols for the modern elements
	Element	Atomic number	Notes
	Phosphorus	15	(discovered late)
🜍	Sulfur	16	used by Newton
	Manganese	25	late; used byTorbern Bergman (1775)
♂	Iron	26	classical planetary metal of Mars
🜶	Cobalt	27	late; used by Bergman
	Nickel	28	late; used by Bergman (old positional variant of arsenic, previously used forregulus of sulfur)
	Zinc	30	late; used by Bergman
♀	Copper	29	classical planetary metal of Venus
🜺	Arsenic	33
☾	Silver	47	classical planetary metal of the Moon
🜛	Silver	47
♃	Tin	50	classical planetary metal of Jupiter
♁	Antimony	51	the newly discovered "eighth metal" was given the symbol for the Earth, which was recognized as a planet by that time
	Platinum	78	late; used by Bergman et al.: a compound of ☉ gold and ☾ silver
⛢	Platinum	78	late; symbol invented for the newly discovered planet Uranus so that it could also be used for newly recognized platinum
🜚	Gold	79	classical variant
☉	Gold	79	medieval variant; planetary metal of the Sun
☿	Mercury	80	classical planetary metal of Mercury
♄	Lead	82	classical planetary metal of Saturn
♆	Bismuth	83	used by Newton
♉︎	Bismuth	83	used by Bergman

Daltonian symbols

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Dalton's symbols for the more common elements, as of 1806, and the relative weights he calculated. The symbols for magnesium and calcium ("lime") were replaced by 1808, and that for gold was simplified.

The following symbols were employed byJohn Dalton in the early 1800s as the periodic table of elements was being formulated. Not included in this list are substances now known to be compounds, such as certainrare-earth mineral blends. Modern alphabetic notation was introduced in 1814 byJöns Jakob Berzelius; its precursor can be seen in Dalton's circled letters for the metals, especially in his augmented table from 1810.^[11]A trace of Dalton's conventions also survives inball-and-stick models of molecules, where balls for carbon are black and for oxygen red.

Daltonian symbols for the elements
Symbol		Dalton's name	Modern name	Atomic number	Notes	Refs
img.	char.	Dalton's name	Modern name	Atomic number	Notes	Refs
	☉	hydrogen		1	or⊙	^[12]
		glucine	beryllium	4	alchemical symbol for 'sugar'	^[13]
	●	carbone,carbon	carbon	6		^[12]
	⦶	azote	nitrogen/azote	7	alchemical symbol forniter	^[12]
	○	oxygen		8	or◯	^[12]
	⦷	soda	sodium	11		^[12]
	⊛	magnesia	magnesium	12	alchemical symbol for magnesia	^[12]
		alumine	aluminium	13	(4 dots)	^[12]
	🟕	silex	silicon	14		^[13]
		phosphorus		15	(3 radii)	^[12]
	🜨	sulphur		16		^[12]
		potash	potassium	19	(3 vertical lines)	^[12]
	⦾	lime	calcium	20	or ◎	^[12]
		titanium		22	(enclosing circle)Tit⃝	^[13]
		manganese		25	(enclosing circle)Ma⃝	^[13]
	Ⓘ	iron		26		^[12]
	Ⓝ	nickel		28		^[12]
		cobalt		27	(enclosing circle)Cob⃝	^[13]
	Ⓒ	copper		29	(black letter in red circle)	^[12]
	Ⓩ	zinc		30		^[12]
		arsenic		33	(enclosing circle)Ar⃝	^[13]
		strontian	strontium	38	(4 ticks)	^[12]
	⊕︀︀	yttria	yttrium	39	(plus does not touch circle)	^[13]
		zircone	zirconium	40	(vertical zigzag)	^[13]
	Ⓢ	silver		47		^[12]
	Ⓣ	tin		50		^[13]
		antimony		51	(enclosing circle)An⃝	^[13]
		barytes	barium	56	(6 ticks)	^[12]
		cerium		58	(enclosing circle)Ce⃝	^[13]
		tungsten		74	(enclosing circle)Tu⃝	^[13]
	Ⓟ	platina	platinum	78	(black letter in red circle)	^[12]
	Ⓖ	gold		79		^[12]
		mercury		80	(dotted inside perimeter)	^[12]
	Ⓛ	lead		82		^[12]
	Ⓑ	bismuth		83		^[13]
	Ⓤ	uranium		92		^[13]

Symbols for named isotopes

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The following is alist of isotopes which have been given unique symbols. This is not a list of current systematic symbols (in the^uAtom form); such a list can instead be found inTemplate:Navbox element isotopes. The symbols forisotopes of hydrogen,deuterium (D) andtritium (T), are still in use today, as isthoron (Tn) for radon-220 (though notactinon; An usually instead means a genericactinide).Heavy water and otherdeuterated solvents are commonly used in chemistry, and it is convenient to use a single character rather than a symbol with a subscript in these cases. The practice also continues with tritium compounds. When the name of the solvent is given, a lowercase d is sometimes used. For example, d₆-benzene or C₆D₆ can be used instead of C₆[²H₆].^[14]

The symbols for isotopes of elements other than hydrogen and radon are no longer used in the scientific community. Many of these symbols were designated during the early years ofradiochemistry, and several isotopes (namely those in thedecay chains ofactinium,radium, andthorium) bearplaceholder names using the early naming system devised byErnest Rutherford.^[15]

Symbol	Name	Atomic number	Origin of symbol
Ac	Actinium	89	From Greekaktinos. Name restricted at one time to²²⁷Ac, an isotope ofactinium. This named isotope later became the official name for element 89.
AcA	Actinium A	84	Fromactinium and A. Placeholder name given at one time to²¹⁵Po, an isotope ofpolonium identified in the decay chain of actinium.
AcB	Actinium B	82	From actinium and B. Placeholder name given at one time to²¹¹Pb, an isotope oflead identified in the decay chain of actinium.
AcC	Actinium C	83	From actinium and C. Placeholder name given at one time to²¹¹Bi, an isotope ofbismuth identified in the decay chain of actinium.
AcC′	Actinium C′	84	From actinium and C′. Placeholder name given at one time to²¹¹Po, an isotope ofpolonium identified in the decay chain ofactinium.
AcC″	Actinium C″	81	From actinium and C″. Placeholder name given at one time to²⁰⁷Tl, an isotope ofthallium identified in the decay chain ofactinium.
AcK	Actinium K	87	Name given at one time to²²³Fr, an isotope offrancium identified in the decay chain ofactinium.
AcU	Actino-uranium	92	Name given at one time to²³⁵U, an isotope ofuranium.
AcX	Actinium X	88	Name given at one time to²²³Ra, an isotope ofradium identified in the decay chain ofactinium.
An	Actinon	86	Fromactinium andemanation. Name given at one time to²¹⁹Rn, an isotope ofradon identified in the decay chain ofactinium.
D	Deuterium	1	From the Greekdeuteros. Name given to²H.
Io	Ionium	90	Name given to²³⁰Th, an isotope ofthorium identified in the decay chain ofuranium.
MsTh₁	Mesothorium 1	88	Name given at one time to²²⁸Ra, an isotope ofradium.
MsTh₂	Mesothorium 2	89	Name given at one time to²²⁸Ac, an isotope ofactinium.
Pa	Protactinium	91	From the Greekprotos andactinium. Name restricted at one time to²³¹Pa, an isotope ofprotactinium. This named isotope later became the official name forelement 91.
Ra	Radium	88	From the Latinradius. Name restricted at one time to²²⁶Ra, an isotope ofradium. This named isotope later became the official name forelement 88.
RaA	Radium A	84	Fromradium and A. Placeholder name given at one time to²¹⁸Po, an isotope ofpolonium identified in the decay chain ofradium.
RaB	Radium B	82	From radium and B. Placeholder name given at one time to²¹⁴Pb, an isotope oflead identified in the decay chain ofradium.
RaC	Radium C	83	From radium and C. Placeholder name given at one time to²¹⁴Bi, an isotope ofbismuth identified in the decay chain ofradium.
RaC′	Radium C′	84	From radium and C′. Placeholder name given at one time to²¹⁴Po, an isotope ofpolonium identified in the decay chain ofradium.
RaC″	Radium C″	81	From radium and C″. Placeholder name given at one time to²¹⁰Tl, an isotope ofthallium identified in the decay chain ofradium.
RaD	Radium D	82	From radium and D. Placeholder name given at one time to²¹⁰Pb, an isotope oflead identified in the decay chain ofradium.
RaE	Radium E	83	From radium and E. Placeholder name given at one time to²¹⁰Bi, an isotope ofbismuth identified in the decay chain ofradium.
RaE″	Radium E″	81	From radium and E″. Placeholder name given at one time to²⁰⁶Tl, an isotope ofthallium identified in the decay chain ofradium.
RaF	Radium F	84	From radium and F. Placeholder name given at one time to²¹⁰Po, an isotope ofpolonium identified in the decay chain of radium.
RdAc	Radioactinium	90	Name given at one time to²²⁷Th, an isotope ofthorium.
RdTh	Radiothorium	90	Name given at one time to²²⁸Th, an isotope ofthorium.
Rn	Radon	86	Fromradium andemanation. Name restricted at one time to²²²Rn, an isotope ofradon identified in the decay chain ofradium. This named isotope later became the official name forelement 86 in 1923.
T	Tritium	1	From the Greektritos. Name given to³H.
Th	Thorium	90	AfterThor. Name restricted at one time to²³²Th, an isotope ofthorium. This named isotope later became the official name forelement 90.
ThA	Thorium A	84	Fromthorium and A. Placeholder name given at one time to²¹⁶Po, an isotope ofpolonium identified in the decay chain ofthorium.
ThB	Thorium B	82	From thorium and B. Placeholder name given at one time to²¹²Pb, an isotope oflead identified in the decay chain ofthorium.
ThC	Thorium C	83	From thorium and C. Placeholder name given at one time to²¹²Bi, an isotope ofbismuth identified in the decay chain ofthorium.
ThC′	Thorium C′	84	From thorium and C′. Placeholder name given at one time to²¹²Po, an isotope ofpolonium identified in the decay chain ofthorium.
ThC″	Thorium C″	81	From thorium and C″. Placeholder name given at one time to²⁰⁸Tl, an isotope ofthallium identified in the decay chain ofthorium.
ThX	Thorium X	88	Name given at one time to²²⁴Ra, an isotope ofradium identified in the decay chain ofthorium.
Tn	Thoron	86	Fromthorium andemanation. Name given to²²⁰Rn, an isotope ofradon identified in the decay chain ofthorium.
UI	Uranium I	92	Name given at one time to²³⁸U, an isotope ofuranium.
UII	Uranium II	92	Name given at one time to²³⁴U, an isotope ofuranium.
UX₁	Uranium X₁	90	Name given at one time to²³⁴Th, an isotope ofthorium identified in the decay chain ofuranium.
UX₂	Uranium X₂	91	Name given at one time to^234mPa, an isotope ofprotactinium identified in the decay chain of uranium.
UY	Uranium Y	90	Name given at one time to²³¹Th, an isotope ofthorium identified in the decay chain of uranium.
UZ	Uranium Z	91	Name given at one time to²³⁴Pa, an isotope ofprotactinium identified in the decay chain of uranium.

Other symbols

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InChinese, each chemical element has a dedicatedcharacter, usually created for the purpose (seeChemical elements in East Asian languages). However, in Chinese Latin symbols are also used, especially in formulas.

General:

A: A deprotonatedacid or ananion
An: anyactinide
B: Abase, often in the context ofLewis acid–base theory orBrønsted–Lowry acid–base theory
E: any element orelectrophile
L: anyligand
Ln: anylanthanide
M: anymetal
Mm:mischmetal (occasionally used)^[16]
Ng: anynoble gas (Rg is sometimes used, but that is also used for the elementroentgenium: see above)
Nu: anynucleophile
R: any unspecified radical (moiety) not important to the discussion
St:steel (occasionally used)
X: anyhalogen (or sometimespseudohalogen)

From organic chemistry:

Ac:acetyl – (also used for the elementactinium: see above)
Ad: 1-adamantyl
All:allyl
Am: amyl (pentyl) – (also used for the elementamericium: see above)
Ar:aryl – (also used for the elementargon: see above)
Bn:benzyl
Bs:brosyl or (outdated) benzenesulfonyl
Bu:butyl (i-,s-, ort- prefixes may be used to denoteiso-,sec-, ortert- isomers, respectively)
Bz:benzoyl
Cp:cyclopentadienyl
Cp*:pentamethylcyclopentadienyl
Cy:cyclohexyl
Cyp:cyclopentyl
Et:ethyl
Me:methyl
Mes:mesityl (2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)
Ms:mesyl (methylsulfonyl)
Np:neopentyl – (also used for the elementneptunium: see above)
Ns:nosyl
Pent:pentyl
Ph,Φ:phenyl
Pr:propyl – (i- prefix may be used to denote isopropyl. Also used for the elementpraseodymium: see above)
R: In organic chemistry contexts, an unspecified "R" is often understood to be analkyl group
Tf:triflyl (trifluoromethanesulfonyl)
Tr, Trt:trityl (triphenylmethyl)
Ts, Tos:tosyl (para-toluenesulfonyl) – (Ts also used for the elementtennessine: see above)
Vi:vinyl

Exotic atoms:

Hazard pictographs are another type of symbols used in chemistry.

Notes

[edit]

^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bbName changed due to a standardization of, modernization of, or update to older formerly-used symbol.
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^aeName designated by discredited/disputed claimant.
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^yName proposed prior to discovery/creation of element or prior to official renaming of a placeholder name.
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱTemporary placeholder name.

References

[edit]

^IUPAC Provisional Recommendations: IR-3: Elements and Groups of Elements(PDF) (Report).IUPAC. March 2004.
^"Periodic Table – Royal Society of Chemistry".www.rsc.org.
^"Online Etymology Dictionary".etymonline.com.
^^a ^bHolden, N. E. (12 March 2004)."History of the Origin of the Chemical Elements and Their Discoverers".National Nuclear Data Center.
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^adLeal, João P. (2013). "The Forgotten Names of Chemical Elements".Foundations of Science.19 (2):175–183.doi:10.1007/s10699-013-9326-y.S2CID 254511660.
^^a ^bBiggs, Lindy; Knowlton, Stephen (3 February 2022)."Fred Allison".Encyclopedia of Alabama.
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿFontani, Marco; Costa, Mariagrazia; Orna, Mary Virginia (2014).The Lost Elements: The Periodic Table's Shadow Side.Oxford University Press.ISBN 9780199383344.
^^a ^bPraseodymium Archived 2018-10-08 at theWayback Machine on was.chemistryexplained.com.
^Rang, F. (1895). "The Period-Table".The Chemical News and Journal of Physical Science.72:200–201.
^^a ^bMaurice Crosland (2004)Historical Studies in the Language of Chemistry
^Berzelius, Jöns Jakob. "Essay on the Cause of Chemical Proportions, and on Some Circumstances Relating to Them: Together with a Short and Easy Method of Expressing Them."Annals of Philosophy 2, Pp.443–454 (1813); 3, Pp.51–52, 93–106, 244–255, 353–364 (1814); (Subsequently republished in "A Source Book in Chemistry, 1400-1900", eds. Leicester, Henry M. & Herbert S. Klickstein. 1952.)
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^vDalton, John (1808). "III: On Chemical Synthesis - Section 1: Explanation of the Plates - Plate 4: Elements".A New System of Chemical Philosophy. Part I.Manchester: Printed by S. Russell for R. Bickerstaff,Strand, London. pp. 217–220.
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿDalton, John (1810). "V: Compounds of two Elements - Section 12: Earths - Explanation of Plates - Plate 5: Elements".A New System of Chemical Philosophy. Part II.Manchester: Printed by Russell & Allen for R. Bickerstaff,Strand, London. pp. 546–548.
^IUPAC."Isotopically Modified Compounds". IUPAC. Retrieved31 March 2015.
^Morgan, G. T., ed. (1905). "Annual Reports on the Progress of Chemistry for 1904".Journal of the Chemical Society.1. Gurney & Jackson: 268.In view of the extraordinarily complex nature of the later changes occurring in Radium, Rutherford has proposed a new and convenient system of nomenclature. The first product of the change of the radium emanation is named radium A, the next radium B, and so on.
^Jurczyk, M.; Rajewski, W.; Majchrzycki, W.; Wójcik, G. (1999-08-30). "Mechanically alloyed MmNi₅-type materials for metal hydride electrodes".Journal of Alloys and Compounds.290 (1–2):262–266.doi:10.1016/S0925-8388(99)00202-9.

Elementymology & Elements Multidict, element name etymologies. Retrieved July 15, 2005.
Atomic Weights of the Elements 2001,Pure Appl. Chem. 75(8), 1107–1122, 2003. Retrieved June 30, 2005. Atomic weights of elements with atomic numbers from 1–109 taken from this source.
IUPAC Standard Atomic Weights Revised Archived 2008-03-05 at theWayback Machine (2005).
WebElements Periodic Table. Retrieved June 30, 2005. Atomic weights of elements with atomic numbers 110–116 taken from this source.
Leighton, Robert B.Principles of Modern Physics. New York: McGraw-Hill. 1959.
Scerri, E.R. "The Periodic Table, Its Story and Its Significance". New York, Oxford University Press. 2007.

External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related toChemical symbols.

Berzelius' List of Elements
History of IUPAC Atomic Weight Values (1883 to 1997)
Committee on Nomenclature, Terminology, and Symbols Archived 2020-12-04 at theWayback Machine, American Chemical Society

Periodic table

Periodic table forms

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Groups	1 (Hydrogen andalkali metals) 2 (Alkaline earth metals) 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 (Triels) 14 (Tetrels) 15 (Pnictogens) 16 (Chalcogens) 17 (Halogens) 18 (Noble gases)
Periods	1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8+ Aufbau Fricke Pyykkö
Blocks	Aufbau principle

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History

Extension of the symbol

Symbols for chemical elements

Symbols and names not currently used

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References

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