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List of cities in Malaysia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

In Malaysia, cities (Malay:bandaraya) are officially designated under the governance ofcity councils (Malay:Majlis bandaraya), although there are several exceptions. As of 2024[update], 20 areas in the country are officially termed cities by law. Among them, 16 are fromPeninsular Malaysia, while 3 are fromEast Malaysia.George Town, thecapital city ofPenang, was declared a city on 1 January 1957 byElizabeth II,Queen of the United Kingdom, making it the first city in the country, and the only city declared beforeMalayan independence. George Town remained the sole city ofMalaya until 1963, whenSingapore was formally incorporated intoMalaysia. However, Singapore's expulsion in 1965 meant that George Town would remain Malaysia's only city untilKuala Lumpur's declaration as a city in 1972, byAbdul Halim of Kedah, the fifthYang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia. In 1988,Kuching was chartered as the first city in East Malaysia.Klang is the most recent municipality in the country declared a city, doing so on 5 February 2024.

There are also highly urbanised and populated areas across the country that did not attain city status, but are sometimes referred as cities. Officially, these areas are classified asmunicipalities ortownships.

Cities in Malaysia

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Current cities

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General informationAdministrativeNotes
NameImageStateLocal governmentsDate of declarationPop.
FlagSeal
George Town
City of Penang Island
Bandaraya Pulau Pinang		 PenangPenang Island City Council
Majlis Bandaraya Pulau Pinang		1 January 1957
byElizabeth II,
Queen of the United Kingdom,
as theCity of George Town

31 March 2015
byAbdul Halim of Kedah,
Yang di-Pertuan Agong XIV,
as theCity of Penang Island		794,313[1][2][3]
Kuala Lumpur
Federal Territories of Kuala Lumpur
Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur		 Selangor
  • Kuala Lumpur District
    (1972–1974)

 Federal Territories

Kuala Lumpur City Hall
Dewan Bandaraya Kuala Lumpur		1 February 1972
byAbdul Halim of Kedah,
Yang di-Pertuan Agong V,
as theCity of Kuala Lumpur		1,982,112[4]
Ipoh
City of Ipoh
Bandaraya Ipoh		 PerakIpoh City Council
Majlis Bandaraya Ipoh		27 May 1988
byAzlan Shah of Perak,
34thSultan of Perak,
as theCity of Ipoh		759,952[5]
Kuching
City of Kuching
Bandaraya Kuching		 SarawakCommission of Kuching
North City Hall
Suruhanjaya Dewan Bandaraya Kuching Utara		1 August 1988
byIskandar of Johor,
Yang di-Pertuan Agong VIII,
as theCity of Kuching		349,147[6]
–
Council of the City of
Kuching South
Majlis Bandaraya Kuching Selatan
–
Johor Bahru
City of Johor Bahru
Bandaraya Johor Bahru		 JohorJohor Bahru City Council
Majlis Bandaraya Johor Bahru		1 January 1994
byIskandar of Johor,
24thSultan of Johor,
as theCity of Johor Bahru		858,118[7]
Putrajaya
Federal Territory of Putrajaya
Wilayah Persekutuan Putrajaya		 Federal TerritoriesPutrajaya Corporation
Perbadanan Putrajaya		1 October 1995
byJa'afar of Negeri Sembilan,
Yang di-Pertuan Agong X,
as theFederal Territory of Putrajaya		109,202
Kota Kinabalu
City of Kota Kinabalu
Bandaraya Kota Kinabalu		 SabahKota Kinabalu City Hall
Dewan Bandaraya Kota Kinabalu		2 February 2000
bySalahuddin of Selangor,
Yang di-Pertuan Agong XI,
as theCity of Kota Kinabalu		500,425[8]
Shah Alam
City of Shah Alam
Bandaraya Shah Alam		 SelangorShah Alam City Council
Majlis Bandaraya Shah Alam		10 October 2000
bySalahuddin of Selangor,
Yang di-Pertuan Agong XI,
as theCity of Shah Alam		812,327[9]
Malacca City
City of Malacca
Bandaraya Melaka		 MalaccaMalacca City Council
Majlis Bandaraya Melaka		15 April 2003
bySirajuddin of Perlis,
Yang di-Pertuan Agong XII,
as theCity of Malacca		453,904[10]
–
Alor Setar
City of Alor Setar
Bandaraya Alor Setar		 KedahAlor Setar City Council
Majlis Bandaraya Alor Setar		21 December 2003
bySirajuddin of Perlis,
Yang di-Pertuan Agong XII,
as theCity of Alor Setar		423,868[11]
Miri
City of Miri
Bandaraya Miri		 SarawakMiri City Council
Majlis Bandaraya Miri		20 May 2005
byAbang Muhammad Salahuddin,
6thGovernor of Sarawak,
as theCity of Miri		248,877[12][6]
–
Petaling Jaya
City of Petaling Jaya
Bandaraya Petaling Jaya		 SelangorPetaling Jaya City Council
Majlis Bandaraya Petaling Jaya		20 June 2006
bySharafuddin of Selangor,
9thSultan of Selangor,
as theCity of Petaling Jaya		771,687[13][9]
–
Kuala Terengganu
City of Kuala Terengganu
Bandaraya Kuala Terengganu		 TerengganuKuala Terengganu City Council
Majlis Bandaraya Kuala Terengganu		1 January 2008
byTengku Muhammad Ismail,
Crown Prince of Terengganu,
as theCity of Kuala Terengganu		375,424[14][15]
Iskandar Puteri
City of Iskandar Puteri
Bandaraya Iskandar Puteri		 JohorIskandar Puteri City Council
Majlis Bandaraya Iskandar Puteri		22 November 2017
byIbrahim Ismail of Johor,
25thSultan of Johor,
as theCity of Iskandar Puteri		575,977[16][7]
–
Seberang Perai
City of Seberang Perai
Bandaraya Seberang Perai		 PenangSeberang Perai City Council
Majlis Bandaraya Seberang Perai		16 September 2019
byAbdul Rahman Abbas,
7thGovernor of Penang,
as theCity of Seberang Perai		946,092[17][3]
Seremban
City of Seremban
Bandaraya Seremban		 Negeri SembilanSeremban City Council
Majlis Bandaraya Seremban		1 January 2020
byMuhriz of Negeri Sembilan,
11thYamtuan Besar,
as theCity of Seremban		681,541[18][19][20]
Subang Jaya
City of Subang Jaya
Bandaraya Subang Jaya		 SelangorSubang Jaya City Council
Majlis Bandaraya Subang Jaya		20 October 2020
bySharafuddin of Selangor,
9thSultan of Selangor,
as theCity of Subang Jaya		902,086[21][9]
Pasir Gudang
City of Pasir Gudang
Bandaraya Pasir Gudang		 JohorPasir Gudang City Council
Majlis Bandaraya Pasir Gudang		22 November 2020
byIbrahim Ismail of Johor,
25thSultan of Johor,
as theCity of Pasir Gudang		312,437[22][7]
Kuantan
City of Kuantan
Bandaraya Kuantan		 PahangKuantan City Council
Majlis Bandaraya Kuantan		21 February 2021
byAbdullah of Pahang,
Yang di-Pertuan Agong XVI,
as theCity of Kuantan		548,014[23][24]
–
Klang
Royal City of Klang
Bandaraya Diraja Klang		 SelangorKlang Royal City Council
Majlis Bandaraya Diraja Klang		5 February 2024
bySharafuddin of Selangor,
9thSultan of Selangor,
as theRoyal City of Klang		902,025[25]
–

Former cities

[edit]
General informationAdministrativeNotes
NameImageStateLocal governmentsDate of declarationDate of abolishment
FlagSeal
Singapore
City of Singapore
Bandaraya Singapura		State of SingaporeCity Council of Singapore
Majlis Bandaraya Singapura		22 September 1951
byGeorge VI,
King of the United Kingdom,
as theCity of Singapore		9 August 1965
(expelled from Malaysia)		[26][27][28][29]
––

History

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Penang

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George Town became a city on 1 January 1957 by a royal charter granted by Her Majesty QueenElizabeth II, becoming the first town in the Federation of Malaya to become a city (Singapore became a city in 1951). The royal charter stated that:

... the said Municipality of George Town shall on the First Day of January in the year of Our Lord One thousand nine hundred and fifty-seven and forever after that be a city and shall be called and styled the CITY OF GEORGE TOWN instead of the Municipality of George Town and shall thenceforth have all such rank, liberties, privileges and immunities as are incident to a City.

However, local government elections were abolished by the federal government in 1965, and the functions of the City Council were transferred to theChief Minister of Penang in 1966. A Municipal Council for the whole ofPenang Island, the Penang Island Municipal Council, was set up between 1974 and 1976.

Although the city status of George Town was never officially revoked, George Town's existence as a corporate entity was in doubt, let alone as a city. This is similar to the position of the former city of Rochester in England, the site of England's second-oldest cathedral, which had been a city from 1211 until 1998 when it was merged with a neighbouring borough. As the new council was not granted city status, and the city, through oversight, failed to appoint charter trustees to inherit the city charter, the city ceased to exist.

Most residents disagreed with this view and held that as George Town's city status has never been revoked, it remains a city to this day. According to lawyer Datuk Anwar Fazal, George Town "legally has been and is still a city because the City of George Town Ordinance 1957 had not been repealed".[3] As city status is a matter of law, the actual legal position will depend on an analysis of the City Council of Penang (Transfer of Functions) Order 1966 and the Local Government Act 1976.

On 1 January 2015, theMalaysian federal government upgraded the Penang Island Municipal Council into the present-dayPenang Island City Council, thereby expanding the city limit of George Town to encompass the entirety of Penang Island, as well as a handful of surrounding islets.[30][2]

Subsequent cities

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The royal charters forKuala Lumpur,Kuching,Kota Kinabalu,Shah Alam,Malacca City,Alor Setar andMiri were from the Malaysian head of state, theYang di-Pertuan Agong, whileIpoh,Johor Bahru,Iskandar Puteri andSubang Jaya were granted by their respective state sultans.[31] Malacca City was declared a "historical city" prior to being granted city status in 2003.

Kuala Lumpur, the largest city, is the national capital and a federal territory, but as of 2012, most government ministries have relocated to the new administrative capital ofPutrajaya.

Criteria

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See also:Local government in Malaysia § Status criteria

Local governments or local authorities in Malaysia (Malay:pihak berkuasa tempatan, abbreviated PBT) are placed under the jurisdiction of their respectivestate governments. On the other hand, theMinistry of Housing and Local Government (Malay:Kementerian Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan, abbreviated as KPKT) handles the classification and standardisation of local governments while providing them with consultation services (i.e. technical consultancy and federal funding).[32] For theFederal Territories, their respective local governments are monitored by theMinistry of Federal Territories and Urban Wellbeing (Malay:Kementerian Wilayah Persekutuan, abbreviated KWP).[33] The National Council of Local Governments (Malay:Majlis Negara Kerajaan Tempatan, abbreviated as MNKT), formed in 1960 by thefederal government, is tasked on handling policies and laws related to local governments.[34][35]

KPKT formally classifies local governments in three different categories:city councils, municipal councils, and district councils, with exceptions equivalent to the three respective categories.[36] These categories are separated by certain requirements related to urban population, finances, and infrastructural developments. The 60th meeting of the MNKT, held on 3 June 2008, approved updated criterion on the selection process for the granting of city status on a local government:[37]

  1. The local government must administer a region that is an administrative centre of a state;
  2. The region must have a population of more than 500-thousand people;
  3. The local government must be financially sustainable, with an annual income of not less than 100-millionringgit, and has the ability to afford stable administrative expenditures;
  4. The local government must have an efficient bureaucratic structure, while maintainingpublic services at the highest-level,e.g.tax collection,development approvals,legal enforcement, and other necessary functions;
  5. Urban developments planned by the local government should besustainable;
  6. The local government should give further emphasis on resolving social issues,i.e.squatting,pollution,safety,affordable housing, andenvironmental conservation. Studies conducted by theMalaysian Urban Indicators Network (MURNInet) would also be taken account of.
  7. The local government must promote an urban image that is applicable towards the national identity as a representation of the country's heritage, and preserve any local objects or places of historical, cultural, or artistic significance;
  8. The region must contain adequate resources and institutions of finance and industry to easily facilitate trade and foreign investments;
  9. The region must be a local hub ofeducation, complete withuniversities,colleges,museums andpublic libraries;
  10. The region must be a centre ofculture,sports, andrecreation;
  11. The local government should have the ability to hostconventions of national and international level;
  12. The infrastructure of the region should be complete, with sufficientpublic utilities (e.g.disabled-persons friendly-public parks,public transportation,traffic management systems,road networks,computer services), and;
  13. The region must achieve nationwide or international recognition equivalent to those of other cities worldwide.[36]

Locations of cities

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Population

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Main article:List of cities and towns in Malaysia by population
See also:Demographics of Malaysia § Major cities

Kuala Lumpur is by far the largesturban area as well as the largestmetropolitan area in Malaysia.George Town, the capital city ofPenang, forms the core of thecountry's second largest conurbation. To the south,Johor Bahru is the heart ofJohor Bahru Conurbation, the nation's third largest urban area. Other metropolitan areas with a population of more than 500,000 include Ipoh, Kuching and Kota Kinabalu.

The following table shows the largest cities by population in Malaysia.

 
RankNameState Pop.RankNameState Pop.
Kuala Lumpur
Kuala Lumpur
Kajang
Kajang		1Kuala LumpurFederal Territory1,982,11211IpohPerak759,952Seberang Perai
Seberang Perai
Subang Jaya
Subang Jaya
2KajangSelangor1,047,35612SerembanNegeri Sembilan681,541
3Seberang PeraiPenang946,09213Iskandar PuteriJohor575,977
4Subang JayaSelangor902,08614KuantanPahang548,014
5KlangSelangor902,02515Sungai PetaniKedah545,053
6Johor BahruJohor858,11816Ampang JayaSelangor531,904
7Shah AlamSelangor812,32717Kota KinabaluSabah500,425
8George TownPenang794,31318Malacca CityMalacca453,904
9Petaling JayaSelangor771,68719SandakanSabah439,050
10SelayangSelangor764,32720Alor SetarKedah423,868

See also

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References

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Citations

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  1. ^Tan 2014.
  2. ^abBulletin Mutiara 2015, p. 24.
  3. ^abMalaysian Department of Statistics 2022h, p. 96.
  4. ^Malaysian Department of Statistics 2022, p. 75.
  5. ^Malaysian Department of Statistics 2022g, p. 97.
  6. ^abMalaysian Department of Statistics 2022j, p. 123.
  7. ^abcMalaysian Department of Statistics 2022c, p. 95.
  8. ^Malaysian Department of Statistics 2022i, p. 98.
  9. ^abcMalaysian Department of Statistics 2022k, p. 97.
  10. ^Malaysian Department of Statistics 2022d, p. 93.
  11. ^Malaysian Department of Statistics 2022b, p. 97.
  12. ^Then 2005.
  13. ^The Star 2006.
  14. ^Murali 2008.
  15. ^Malaysian Department of Statistics 2022l, p. 94.
  16. ^State Government of Johor 2017, p. 117.
  17. ^Hilmy 2019.
  18. ^Singh 2020.
  19. ^Seremban City Council 2019.
  20. ^Malaysian Department of Statistics 2022e, p. 95.
  21. ^Ch'ng 2020.
  22. ^Rizalman 2020.
  23. ^The Star &Bernama 2021.
  24. ^Malaysian Department of Statistics 2022f, p. 94.
  25. ^"Selangor Sultan proclaims Klang as royal city".Malay Mail. 5 Feb 2024. Retrieved12 Feb 2024.
  26. ^National Library Board 2004.
  27. ^National Library Board 2014.
  28. ^The Straits Times 1951.
  29. ^The Straits Times 1951a.
  30. ^Lim 2015.
  31. ^Said 2017.
  32. ^Sepang Municipal Council 2022.
  33. ^Participatory Local Democracy 2014.
  34. ^Local Government Department of the Malaysian Ministry of Housing and Local Government 2022.
  35. ^Commonwealth Local Government Forum 2018.
  36. ^abLocal Government Department of the Malaysian Ministry of Housing and Local Government 2008a.
  37. ^Malaysian Ministry of Housing and Local Government 2011.

Bibliography

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Government documents and announcements

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Government-published statistics

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Articles from magazines, newspapers and websites

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External links

[edit]
Sovereign states
States with
limited recognition
Dependencies and
other territories
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