Movatterモバイル変換

[0]ホーム
URL:

Jump to content
WikipediaThe Free Encyclopedia
Search

List of presidents of Peru

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected fromList of Presidents of Peru)

flagPeru portal

This is a list of those who have served asPresident of the Republic of Peru (head of state andhead of government ofPeru) from its establishment to the present. The office was established by the1822 Constituent Congress, after the resignation ofJosé de San Martín to his position as Protector of Peru and his subsequent departure from the country.

The first president wasJosé de la Riva Agüero and the current officeholder isDina Boluarte, thefirst woman to hold the position. In the history of the position, there has been a series of political crises,caudillos, barracks revolt, civil wars, death of the incumbent, coups d'état, parliamentary attempts to remove the presidency,[1] oneself-coup, and vacancies dictated by the congress. The list is based on the work of the historianJorge Basadre, constitutions, laws, and decrees in each case.

Even though they were not presidents, the list includes theLibertadores San Martín andSimón Bolívar due to their historical relevance in the independence of Peru and its consolidation.

Presidents

[edit]

Political parties:

Far-right:  Revolutionary Union(Unión Revolucionaria, UR)

Right wing:  Civilista Party (Partido Civil, PC)  Fujimorism(Cambio 90/Let's Go Neighbor)  Constitutional Party(Partido Constitucional)  Reformist Democratic Party(Partido Democrático Reformista)  Peruvian Democratic Movement(Movimiento Democrático Peruano, MDP)  National Democratic Front(Frente Democrático Nacional)

Centre-right:  Peruvians for Change(Peruanos Por el Kambio, PPK)

Centrist:  Popular Action(Acción Popular, AP)  Possible Peru(Perú Posible, PP)  Purple Party(Partido Morado, PM)

Centre-left:  Democratic Party(Partido Demócrata, PD)  Peruvian Aprista Party(Partido Aprista Peruano, APRA)

Left wing:  Peruvian Nationalist Party(Partido Nacionalista Peruano, PNP)

Far-left:  Free Peru(Perú Libre, PL)

Others:  Independent  Military

  UR (2)  PC (9)  C90/VV (1)  PC (4)  PDR (1)  MDP (2)  PPK (1)  AP (4)  PP (1)

  PM (1)  PD (2)  APRA (2)  FDN (1)  PNP (1)  PL (1)  Ind. (6)  Military (16)

No.PortraitPresident
(Birth–Death)		Term of officeTime in officePartyElectionVice President
Took officeLeft office
—José de San Martín
(1778–1850)
[2][a]		3 August 182120 September 18221 year, 48 daysIndependentN/ANone
1José de la Riva Agüero
(1783–1858)
[2]		28 February 182323 June 1823115 daysMilitary—[b][3]None
2José Bernardo de Tagle
(1779–1825)
[2][c]		16 August 182310 February 1824178 daysMilitary—[b][5]None
1823[6]Diego de Aliaga y Santa Cruz[7]
—Simón Bolívar
(1783–1830)
[2][d]		10 February 182427 January 18272 years, 351 daysIndependent—[b][8]None
3José de La Mar
(1776–1830)
[2]		10 June 18277 June 18291 year, 362 daysMilitary1827[9]Manuel Salazar y Baquíjano
4Agustín Gamarra
(1785–1841)
[2]		7 June 182919 December 18334 years, 195 daysMilitaryCoup d'étatAntonio Gutiérrez de la Fuente
1829[10]
5Luis José de Orbegoso
(1795–1847)
[11]		21 December 183325 February 18351 year, 66 daysMilitary1833[12]None
—Felipe Salaverry
(1805–1836)
[e][13]		25 February 18357 February 1836347 daysMilitaryCoup d'état[14]None
6Agustín Gamarra
(1785–1841)
[15]		20 January 1839[16]18 November 1841 (†)2 years, 302 daysMilitaryOpen Cabildo[17][18]Manuel Menéndez(1840–1841)
President of the Council of State
Justo Figuerola(1840–1841)
1º Vice President of the Council of State
Juan Francisco de Vidal(1840–1841)
2º Vice President of the Council of State
1839[17]
1840[19]
7Manuel Menéndez
(1793–1847)
[f][15]		18 November 184116 August 1842271 daysIndependent—[20]Justo Figuerola
1º Vice President of the Council of State
Juan Francisco de Vidal
2º Vice President of the Council of State
8Juan Francisco de Vidal
(1800–1863)
[15]		20 October 184215 March 1843146 daysMilitary—[20][21][22]None
—Manuel Ignacio de Vivanco
(1806–1873)
[g][15]		27 March 184317 June 18441 year, 82 daysMilitaryCoup d'étatNone
10Manuel Menéndez
(1793–1847)
[f][15]		7 October 184420 April 1845195 daysIndependentRestored to office[23]None
11Ramón Castilla
(1797–1867)
[24]		20 April 184520 April 18516 yearsMilitary1845[25][26]None
12José Rufino Echenique
(1808–1887)
[24]		20 April 18515 January 18553 years, 260 daysMilitary1851[27]None
13Ramón Castilla
(1797–1867)
[24]		5 January 185524 October 18627 years, 292 daysMilitaryCoup d'état[28](AsPrime Minister)
1858[29]Juan Manuel del Mar
14Miguel de San Román
(1802–1863)
[24]		24 October 18623 April 1863 (†)161 daysMilitary18621ºJuan Antonio Pezet
2ºPedro Diez Canseco
15Juan Antonio Pezet
(1809–1879)
[24]		5 August 18638 November 18652 years, 95 daysMilitaryPedro Diez Canseco
16Mariano Ignacio Prado
(1825–1901)
[h][24]		28 November 18657 January 18682 years, 40 daysMilitaryCoup d'état
[30][31]		None
1867[32]
17Pedro Diez Canseco Corbacho
(1815–1893)
[33]		7 January 18682 August 1868208 daysMilitaryNone
18José Balta
(1814–1872)
[33]		2 August 186822 July 18723 years, 355 daysMilitary1868[34]1ºMariano Herencia Zevallos
2ºFrancisco Diez-Canseco
—Tomás Gutiérrez
(1817–1872)
[i][33]		22 July 187226 July 18724 daysMilitaryCoup d'étatNone
19Mariano Herencia Zevallos
(1820–1873)
[33]		27 July 18722 August 18726 daysCivilista Party—None
20Manuel Pardo y Lavalle
(1834–1878)
[33]		2 August 18722 August 18764 years, 0 daysCivilista Party1872[35]1ºManuel Costas Arce
2.ºFrancisco Garmendia Puértolas
21Mariano Ignacio Prado
(1825–1901)
[33]		2 August 187618 December 18793 years, 138 daysCivilista Party1876[36]1ºLuis La Puerta
2º José Francisco Canevaro
22Luis La Puerta
(1811–1896)
[33]		18 December 187923 December 18795 daysMilitary—José Francisco Canevaro
23Nicolás de Piérola
(1839–1913)
[j][33]		23 December 187928 December 18812 years, 5 daysIndependentOpen cabildo[37]None
24Francisco García Calderón
(1834–1905)
[38]		12 March 18816 November 1881239 daysIndependent—[k]1ºLizardo Montero
2ºAndrés Avelino Cáceres
25Lizardo Montero
(1832–1905)
[38]		28 September 188128 October 18832 years, 30 daysCivilista Party—None
26Miguel Iglesias
(1830–1909)
[38]		30 December 18823 December 18852 years, 338 daysMilitary1882[39]None
1884[40][41]
27Andrés Avelino Cáceres
(1836–1923)
[38][42]		3 June 188610 August 18904 years, 68 daysConstitutional Party18861ºRemigio Morales Bermúdez
2ºAurelio Denegri
28Remigio Morales Bermúdez
(1836–1894)
[42]		10 August 18901 April 1894 (†)3 years, 234 daysConstitutional Party18901ºPedro Alejandrino del Solar
2ºJustiniano Borgoño
29Justiniano Borgoño
(1836–1921)
[43]		1 April 189410 August 1894131 daysConstitutional PartyNone
30Andrés Avelino Cáceres
(1836–1923)
[43]		10 August 189420 March 1895222 daysConstitutional Party18941ºCésar Canevaro
2ºCesáreo Chacaltana
31Nicolás de Piérola
(1839–1913)
[43]		8 September 18958 September 18994 yearsDemocratic Party18951ºGuillermo Billinghurst
2ºAugusto Seminario y Váscones
32Eduardo López de Romaña
(1847–1912)
[43]		8 September 18998 September 19034 yearsCivilista Party18991ºIsaac Alzamora
2.º Federico Bresani
33Manuel Candamo
(1841–1904)
[43]		8 September 19037 May 1904 (†)242 daysCivilista Party19031.º Lino Alarco (†)
2.ºSerapio Calderón
34Serapio Calderón
(1843–1922)
[43]		7 May 190424 September 1904140 daysCivilista PartyNone
35José Pardo y Barreda
(1864–1947)
[44]		24 September 190424 September 19084 yearsCivilista Party19041.ºJosé Salvador Cavero Ovalle
2ºVacant
36Augusto Leguía
(1863–1932)
[44]		24 September 190824 September 19124 yearsCivilista Party19081ºEugenio Larrabure y Unanue
2ºBelisario Sosa
37Guillermo Billinghurst
(1851–1915)
[44]		24 September 19124 February 19141 year, 133 daysDemocratic Party19121ºRoberto Leguía
2ºMiguel Echenique
38Óscar Benavides
(1876–1945)
[l][44]		4 February 191418 August 19151 year, 195 daysMilitaryCoup d'état
[45]		None
39José Pardo y Barreda
(1864–1947)
[44]		18 August 19154 July 19193 years, 320 daysCivilista Party19151ºRicardo Bentín Sánchez
2.ºMelitón Carvajal
40Augusto Leguía
(1863–1932)
[44]		4 July 191925 August 193011 years, 52 daysReformist Democratic PartyCoup d'état1ºCésar Canevaro
(1919–1920)
2.º Agustín de la Torre González
(1919–1920)
1919
1924
1929
—Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro
(1889–1933)
[m][46]		27 August 19301 March 1931186 daysRevolutionary UnionCoup d'étatNone
—David Samanez Ocampo
(1865–1947)
[n]		11 March 19318 December 1931272 daysDemocratic Party—[o]None
41Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro
(1889–1933)
[46]		8 December 193130 April 1933 (†)1 year, 143 daysRevolutionary Union1931None
42Óscar Benavides
(1876–1945)
[47]		30 April 19338 December 19396 years, 222 daysMilitary—[o]1ºErnesto Montagne Markholz
2ºAntonio Rodríguez Ramírez
43Manuel Prado Ugarteche
(1889–1967)
[48][49]		8 December 193928 July 19455 years, 232 daysPeruvian Democratic Movement19391ºRafael Larco Herrera
2ºCarlos D. Gibson
44José Luis Bustamante y Rivero
(1894–1989)
[50]		28 July 194529 October 19483 years, 93 daysNational Democratic Front19451ºJosé Gálvez Barrenechea
2ºEduardo Ganoza y Ganoza
45Manuel Odría
(1896–1974)
[p][51][52]		1 November 194828 July 19567 years, 270 daysMilitaryCoup d'état1ºHéctor Boza
2ºFederico Bolognesi Bolognesi
1950
46Manuel Prado Ugarteche
(1889–1967)
[53]		28 July 195618 July 19625 years, 355 daysPeruvian Democratic Movement19561ºLuis Gallo Porras
2.ºCarlos Moreyra y Paz Soldán
47Ricardo Pérez Godoy
(1905–1982)
[m][54]		18 July 19623 March 1963228 daysMilitaryCoup d'étatNone
48Nicolás Lindley López
(1908–1995)
[m][55]		3 March 196328 July 1963147 daysMilitarySuccession
(De facto)		None
49Fernando Belaúnde Terry
(1912–2002)
[56]		28 July 19633 October 19685 years, 67 daysPopular Action19631ºEdgardo Seoane
2ºMario Polar Ugarteche
50Juan Velasco Alvarado
(1910–1977)
[q][57][58]		3 October 196830 August 19756 years, 331 daysMilitaryCoup d'étatNone
51Francisco Morales Bermúdez
(1921–2022)
[q][59]		30 August 197528 July 19804 years, 333 daysMilitaryCoup d'étatNone
52Fernando Belaúnde Terry
(1912–2002)
[60][61]		28 July 198028 July 19855 yearsPopular Action19801ºFernando Schwalb
2ºJavier Alva Orlandini
53Alan García
(1949–2019)
[62]		28 July 198528 July 19905 yearsPeruvian Aprista Party19851ºLuis Alberto Sánchez
2.ºLuis Alva Castro
54Alberto Fujimori
(1938–2024)
[r][s]		28 July 199021 November 2000
(Resigned, deposed by Congress)		10 years, 116 daysChange 90
(1990–1998)
Let's Go Neighbour
(1998–2000)		1990First Vice President
Máximo San Román(1990–1992)
Ricardo Márquez Flores(1995–2000)
Francisco Tudela (2000)
Second Vice President
Carlos García y García(1990–1992)
César Paredes Canto(1995–2000)
Ricardo Márquez Flores(2000)
Self-coup
1993
1995
2000
55Valentín Paniagua
(1936–2006)		22 November 200028 July 2001248 daysPopular Action—[t]None
56Alejandro Toledo
(born 1946)		28 July 200128 July 20065 yearsPossible Peru20011ºRaúl Diez Canseco
2.ºDavid Waisman
57Alan García
(1949–2019)		28 July 200628 July 20115 yearsPeruvian Aprista Party20061ºLuis Giampietri
2ºLourdes Mendoza del Solar
58Ollanta Humala
(born 1962)		28 July 201128 July 20165 yearsPeruvian Nationalist Party20111ºMarisol Espinoza
2ºOmar Chehade
59Pedro Pablo Kuczynski
(born 1938)		28 July 201623 March 20181 year, 238 daysPeruvians for Change20161ºMartín Vizcarra
2ºMercedes Aráoz
60Martín Vizcarra
(born 1963)		23 March 20189 November 20202 years, 231 daysIndependent2ºMercedes Aráoz
61Manuel Merino
(born 1961)		10 November 202015 November 20205 daysPopular Action—[t]None
62Francisco Sagasti
(born 1944)		17 November 202028 July 2021253 daysPurple Party—[t]None
63Pedro Castillo
(born 1969)		28 July 20217 December 20221 year, 132 daysFree Peru20211ºDina Boluarte
64Dina Boluarte
(born 1962)		7 December 2022Incumbent2 years, 126 daysIndependentNone

Timeline

[edit]

Addendum

[edit]

Those who are mentioned in the following list were sworn in as presidents of Peru, because of a political crisis, however, they never came to govern:[65]

President
(Birth–Death)		Term of officeTitleForm of entryVice President
StartEnd
Máximo San Román
(born 1946)		21 April 19926 January 1993[65]Constitutional President of the Republic of Peru[66]Constitutional succession
(1º Vice President)		Carlos García y García
Mercedes Aráoz
(born 1961)		30 September 20191 October 2019[67][68]Acting President[69]Constitutional succession
(2º Vice President)		None

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^As Protector of Peru
  2. ^abcAppointed
  3. ^José Bernardo de Tagle was appointed president byAntonio José de Sucre on 17 July 1823. This was then made official on August.[4]
  4. ^As Supreme Political and Military Authority of the Peruvian Republic
  5. ^As Supreme Head of the Republic
  6. ^abAs President of the Council of State of Peru
  7. ^As Supreme Director of Peru
  8. ^As Provisional Supreme Chief from 1865 to 1867, as Provisional President in 1867, and as constitutional President of Peru from 1867 to 1868
  9. ^As Supreme Leader of the Peruvian Republic
  10. ^As Supreme Head of the Peruvian Republic until 8 July 1881
  11. ^Congress of Chorrillos
  12. ^As President of the Governing Board of Peru from 4 February 1914 to 15 May 1914, and as Provisional President of the Peruvian Republic from 15 May 1914 to 18 August 1915
  13. ^abcAs President of the Military Junta of the Government of Peru
  14. ^As President of the Transition Government Junta
  15. ^abAppointed by Congress
  16. ^As President of the Military Junta of the Government of Peru until 1 June 1950
  17. ^abAs President of the Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru
  18. ^De jurefigurehead,de facto leadership byVladimiro Montesinos[63][64]
  19. ^As President of the Government of Emergency and National Reconstruction of Peru between 22 April 1992 and 9 January 1993
  20. ^abcSucceeded to the presidency as President of Congress

References

[edit]
  1. ^Cfr.Pérez-Liñán, Aníbal (2007).Presidential impeachment and the new political instability in Latin America. Cambridge University Press.
  2. ^abcdefBasadre, Jorge (4 December 2014).Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 298.ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
  3. ^"Nombramiento de José de la Riva Agüero como Presidente de la República, 28 febrero de 1823"(PDF).
  4. ^"DECRETO DISPONIENDO QUE DON JOSÉ BERNARDO DE TAGLE CONTINUE COMO JEFE SUPREMO POLÍTICO Y MILITAR DEL PERÚ"(PDF).Congress of Peru. 7 August 1823.
  5. ^"Nombramiento del Gran Mariscal José Bernardo de Tagle como Presidente de la República del Perú, 16 agosto de 1823"(PDF).
  6. ^"Se nombra Presidente Constitucional de la República al Gran Mariscal José Bernardo Tagle y Portocarrero, 18 noviembre de 1823"(PDF).
  7. ^Castañeda Jiménez."Manuel José de Salazar y Baquijano"(PDF).Congress of the Republic of Peru. Retrieved14 December 2020.El Congreso aprobó tal designación el 18 de noviembre de 1823 y estableció que su mandato fuese de cuatro años. Nombró igualmente, el mismo día a Diego de Aliaga y Santa Cruz, hijo segundo del Conde de San Juan de Lurigancho, como vicepresidente de la República.
  8. ^"Decreto disponiendo que el Libertador Simón Bolívar asuma la suprema autoridad política y militar de la república, quedando en suspenso la del presidente y en receso el Congreso"(PDF). 17 February 1824.
  9. ^"Decreto mandando cumplir la ley que lo nombra Presidente de la República y vicepresidente a Manuel Salazar y Baquíjano, 10 de junio de 1827"(PDF).
  10. ^"LEY PROCLAMADO PRESIDENTE DE LA REPÚBLICA AL GRAN MARISCAL AGUSTÍN GAMARRA, 19 DE DICIEMBRE DE 1829".www.congreso.gob.pe.
  11. ^Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014).Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 68.ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
  12. ^"Ley nombrándo Presidente Provisional de la República al Gran Mariscal Luis José de Orbegoso, 20 de diciembre de 1833"(PDF).
  13. ^Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014).Historia de la República del Perú. Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 140.ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
  14. ^"Decreto asumiendo el mando de la República, Gral. Felipe Santiago Salaverry del Solar, 25 de febrero de 1835"(PDF).
  15. ^abcdeBasadre, Jorge (2014).Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 130.ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
  16. ^* Proclaimed (Open cabildo): 24 August 1838
  17. ^ab"Ley nombrándolo Presidente Provisorio al General Agustín Gamarra, 15 de agosto de 1839"(PDF).
  18. ^"Acuerdo del Cabildo abierto encargando al Mariscal Agustín Gamarra el Poder Ejecutivo el 24 de agosto de 1838".
  19. ^"Ley proclamándolo Presidente Constitucional de la República al Gran Mariscal Agustín Gamarra, 11 de julio de 1840"(PDF).
  20. ^abCongress of the Republic of Peru (10 November 1839)."Constitución del Perú (1839)".Art. 82º.- Cuando vacare la Presidencia de la República por muerte, pacto atentatorio, renuncia o perpétua imposibilidad física o moral, se encargará provisionalmente del Poder Ejecutivo el Presidente del Consejo de Estado, quien en estos casos convocará a los Colegios Electorales dentro de los primeros diez días de su Gobierno para la elección del Presidente.
  21. ^Congress of the Republic of Peru (10 November 1839)."Constitución del Perú (1839)".Art. 101º.- Para reemplazar al Presidente del Consejo en cualquiera ocurrencia, hará sus veces el Vicepresidente que también nombrará el Congreso, y asimismo un tercero para los casos
  22. ^"PROCLAMA AL PERÚ DEL VICEPRESIDENTE DEL CONSEJO DE ESTADO, ENCARGADO DEL PODER EJECUTIVO DE LA REPÚBLICA, GENERAL FRANCISCO VIDAL, EL 29 DE OCTUBRE DE 1842".www.congreso.gob.pe.
  23. ^"DECRETO DISOLVIENDO LA JUNTA SUPREMA DE GOBIERNO PROVISORIO Y RESIGNANDO LA AUTORIDAD EN EL PRESIDENTE DEL CONSEJO DE ESTADO, 10 DE DICIEMBRE DE 1844".www.congreso.gob.pe.
  24. ^abcdefBasadre, Jorge (2014).Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 222.ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
  25. ^"LEY PROCLAMANDO PRESIDENTE CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA REPÚBLICA AL GENERAL RAMÓN CASTILLA, 19 DE ABRIL DE 1845".www.congreso.gob.pe.
  26. ^"Juramento del Presidente de la República"(PDF).
  27. ^"Ley 2 abril 1851 proclamando Presidente de la República al general Echenique"(PDF).
  28. ^"PROCLAMA DEL LIBERTADOR RAMÓN CASTILLA, A LOS PUEBLOS DEL PERÚ, EL 6 DE ENERO DE 1855".www.congreso.gob.pe.
  29. ^"Proclamando Presidente de la República al Gran Mariscal Ramon Castilla"(PDF).
  30. ^"DECRETO ASUMIENDO EL MANDO, BAJO LA DENOMINACIÓN DE JEFE SUPREMO PROVISORIO DE LA REPÚBLICA, EL CORONEL MARIANO IGNACIO PRADO, 28 DE NOVIEMBRE DE 1865".www.congreso.gob.pe.
  31. ^"Decreto asumiendo el mando, bajo la denominación de Jefe Supremo Provisorio de la República, 28 de"(PDF).
  32. ^"Ley que lo proclama Presidente de la República el 29 de agosto de 1867"(PDF).
  33. ^abcdefghBasadre, Jorge (2014).Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 102.ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
  34. ^"Ley 1 de agosto Proclamando Presidente Constitucional de la República al ciudadano Don Jose Balta"(PDF).
  35. ^"LEY QUE PROCLAMA PRESIDENTE CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA REPÚBLICA A MANUEL PARDO Y LAVALLE, 1 DE AGOSTO DE 1872".www.congreso.gob.pe.
  36. ^"Ley 1 de agosto de 1876 eligiendo y proclamando Presidente Constitucional a Mariano Ignacio Prado"(PDF).
  37. ^"CABILDO ABIERTO ENCARGA LA SUPREMA MAGISTRATURA DE LA NACIÓN A NICOLÁS DE PIÉROLA LIMA, 23 DE DICIEMBRE DE 1879".www.congreso.gob.pe.
  38. ^abcdBasadre, Jorge (4 December 2014).Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 208.ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
  39. ^"LEY ELIGIENDO PRESIDENTE REGENERADOR DE LA REPÚBLICA AL GENERAL D. MIGUEL IGLESIAS, CAJAMARCA, 30 DE DICIEMBRE DE 1882".www.congreso.gob.pe.
  40. ^"DECRETO EMITIENDO UN VOTO DE APLAUSO AL GENERAL D. MIGUEL IGLESIAS Y NOMBRÁNDOLO PRESIDENTE PROVISORIO DE LA REPÚBLICA, 1 DE MARZO DE 1884".www.congreso.gob.pe.
  41. ^"RENUNCIA DEL PRESIDENTE PROVISORIO DE LA REPÚBLICA, GENERAL MIGUEL IGLESIAS, 3 DE DICIEMBRE DE 1885".www.congreso.gob.pe.
  42. ^abBasadre, Jorge (4 December 2014).Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 200.ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
  43. ^abcdefBasadre, Jorge (4 December 2014).Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 66.ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
  44. ^abcdefBasadre, Jorge (4 December 2014).Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 186.ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
  45. ^"Proclama del coronel don Oscar Benavides, quien se ha hecho cargo del mando supremo de la República"(PDF).
  46. ^abBasadre, Jorge (4 December 2014).Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 284.ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
  47. ^Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014).Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 25.ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
  48. ^Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014).Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 30.ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
  49. ^Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014).Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 31.ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
  50. ^Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014).Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 34.ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
  51. ^Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014).Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 110.ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
  52. ^Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014).Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 111.ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
  53. ^Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014).Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 140.ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
  54. ^Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014).Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 144.ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
  55. ^Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014).Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 147.ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
  56. ^Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014).Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 149.ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
  57. ^Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014).Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 176.ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
  58. ^Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014).Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 180.ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
  59. ^Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014).Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 190.ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
  60. ^Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014).Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 213.ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
  61. ^Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014).Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 214.ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
  62. ^Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014).Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 225.ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
  63. ^ • Llosa, Mario Vargas (27 March 1994)."Ideas & Trends: In His Words; Unmasking the Killers in Peru Won't Bring Democracy Back to Life".The New York Times.ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved24 March 2023.The coup of April 5, 1992, carried out by high-ranking military felons who used the President of the Republic himself as their figurehead, had as one of its stated objectives a guaranteed free hand for the armed forces in the anti-subversion campaign, the same armed forces for whom the democratic system – a critical Congress, an independent judiciary, a free press – constituted an intolerable obstacle.
    • "Spymaster".Australian Broadcasting Corporation. August 2002. Retrieved29 March 2023.Lester: Though few questioned it , Montesinos was a novel choice. Peru's army had banished him for selling secrets to America's CIA, but he'd prospered as a defence lawyer – for accused drug traffickers. ... Lester: Did Fujmori control Montesinos or did Montesinos control Fujimori? ...Shifter: As information comes out, it seems increasingly clear that Montesinos was the power in Peru.
    • Keller, Paul (26 October 2000). "Fujimori in OAS talks PERU CRISIS UNCERTAINTY DEEPENS AFTER RETURN OF EX-SPY CHIEF".Financial Times.Mr Montesinos ... and his military faction, ... for the moment, has chosen to keep Mr Fujimori as its civilian figurehead
    • "THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC GOVERNANCE IN THE ANDES"(PDF).Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. 2001. Retrieved25 March 2023.Alberto Fujimori,... as later events would seem to confirm—merely the figurehead of a regime governed for all practical purposes by the Intelligence Service and the leadership of the armed forces
    • "Questions And Answers: Mario Vargas Llosa".Newsweek. 9 January 2001. Retrieved25 March 2023.Fujimori became a kind of, well, a figurehead
  64. ^"Who is Controlling Whom?"(PDF).United States Army Intelligence and Threat Analysis Center. 23 October 1990.
  65. ^ab"¿San Román, presidente? – perupolitico.com".www.perupolitico.com. Retrieved19 January 2021.
  66. ^"MÁXIMO SAN ROMÁN CÁCERES"(PDF).
  67. ^"Aráoz jura como presidenta encargada de Perú ante una facción del Congreso".www.paginasiete.bo (in Spanish).
  68. ^"Mercedes Aráoz a la BBC: "Tenemos que solucionar esto con las instituciones, de otra forma será como un golpe de Estado"". 2 October 2019.{{cite magazine}}:Cite magazine requires|magazine= (help)
  69. ^"Disolución del Congreso en Perú: quién es Mercedes Aráoz, que renunció tras ser nombrada "presidenta en funciones" por el Parlamento peruano para sustituir a Vizcarra". 2 October 2019.{{cite magazine}}:Cite magazine requires|magazine= (help)
Grand Seal of the Republic of Peru
List of presidents of South America
Sovereign states


Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_presidents_of_Peru&oldid=1280994702"
Categories:
Hidden categories:
[8]ページ先頭
©2009-2025 Movatter.jp