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List of NRO launches

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
American spy satellites

The National Reconnaissance Office logo

This is a list ofNRO Launch (NROL) designations for satellites operated by the United StatesNational Reconnaissance Office. Those missions are generally classified, so that their exact purposes and orbital elements are not published.

However, amateur astronomers havemanaged to observe most of the satellites, and leaked information has led to the identification of many of the payloads.

Launch statistics

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Launch vehicle families

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Launch sites

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Launch history

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Launch
designation		Payload
nickname		Satellite
designation		Date/time, UTCLaunch siteRocketOrbitProjectFunctionStatusPatchRemarks
L-1Nemesis[1]USA-17931 August 2004
23:17[2]		CCAFS,SLC-36A[2]Atlas IIAS39,053 × 1,316 km × 63.7° (Molniya)[3]Quasar 15[4]CommunicationsEntered service, status unknown
L-2USA-12920 December 1996
18:04		VAFB,SLC-4ETitan IVLEOKH-11 12[5]Optical imagingDeorbitedReentered on 1 May 2014.[6][7]
L-3USA-13324 October 1997
02:32		VAFB,SLC-4ETitan IV679 × 666 km × 57° (LEO)[8]Lacrosse 3Synthetic-aperture radarDeorbited
L-4OscarUSA-1368 November 1997
02:05		CCAFS,SLC-41Titan IV/Centaur36,523 × 3,849 km × 63.6° (Molniya)[9]Trumpet 3[10]ELINTEntered service, status unknown
L-5Capricorn[1]USA-13729 January 1998
18:37		CCAFS,SLC-36AAtlas IIAMolniyaQuasar 12[4]CommunicationsEntered service, status unknown
L-6JackUSA-139[11]9 May 1998
01:38		CCAFS,SLC-40Titan IV/Centaur35,945 × 35,642 km × 8.4° (GSO)[12]Orion 4[13]SIGINTEntered service, presumed active
L-7ElwoodN/A12 August 1998
11:30		CCAFS,SLC-41Titan IV/CentaurGSO (planned)MercuryELINTDestroyed"Cheers! Saving the Best for Last!!"Rocket self-destructed 40 seconds into launch due to guidance problem.[14]
L-8USA-140, USA-1413 October 1998
10:04		VAFB,LC-576ETaurus 1110LEOSTEXTechnologyEntered service, status unknownATEX experiment jettisoned on 16 January 1999 and catalogued as USA-141.
L-9USA-144[1]22 May 1999
09:36[15]		VAFB,SLC-4E[15]Titan IVBMistyOptical imagingEntered service, status unknownFirst Titan IV-B launch from VAFB.
L-10Ursa Major[1]
(Great Bear)		USA-1556 December 2000
02:47[2]		CCAFS,SLC-36AAtlas IIAS35,854 × 35,732 km × 9.3° (GSO)[16]Quasar 13[4]CommunicationsEntered service, presumed active
L-11Onyx / VegaUSA-15217 August 2000
23:45		VAFB,SLC-4ETitan IVB695 × 689 km × 68° (LEO)[8]Lacrosse 4SARDeorbited

L-12Aquila[1]USA-16211 October 2001
02:32[2]		CCAFS,SLC-36BAtlas IIAS35,803 × 35,785 km × 10.9° (GSO)[17]Quasar 14[4]CommunicationsEntered service, presumed active
L-13Gemini[1]USA-1608 September 2001
15:25		VAFB,SLC-3E[2]Atlas IIAS1,486 × 740 km × 63.4° (LEO)[18]Intruder 5A & 5B[19]Naval reconnaissanceEntered service, status unknownTwo satellites.
L-14USA-1615 October 2001
21:21		VAFB,SLC-4ETitan IVBLEOKH-11 13[5]Optical reconnaissanceDeorbitedReentered in November 2014.[20][21]
L-15USA-23729 June 2012
13:15[22]		CCAFS,SLC-37BDelta IV Heavy
(firstRS-68A upgrade)		35,960 × 35,628 km × 2.8° (GSO)[23]Orion 8[24]SIGINTEntered service, presumed active
L-16PrometheusUSA-182[11]30 April 2005
00:50[25]		CCAFS,SLC-40Titan IVB728 × 725 km × 57.0° (LEO)[26]Lacrosse 5[8]SARDeorbited
L-17GeoLITE[1]USA-15818 May 2001
17:45[27]		CCAFS,SLC-17BDelta II 7925-9.5GSOGeoLITETechnology demonstrationRetiredBoosted tograveyard orbit after end of mission.[28] Testbed for experimental laser and UHF communications payloads.[29]
L-18Libra[1]USA-1732 December 2003
10:04[2]		VAFB,SLC-3EAtlas IIAS1,435 × 786 km × 63.4° (LEO)[30]Intruder 6A & B[19]Naval reconnaissanceEntered service, status unknownTwo satellites.
L-19Homer[31]USA-171[11]9 September 2003
04:29[32]		CCAFS,SLC-40Titan IVB-Centaur35,995 × 35,592 km × 11.4° (GSO)[33]Orion 5[24]SIGINTEntered service, presumed active
L-20USA-186[11]19 October 2005
18:05[34]		VAFB,SLC-4ETitan IVB473 × 268 km × 96.9° (LEO)[35]KH-11 14[5]Optical imagingEntered service, presumed activeLast launch of a Titan rocket.
L-21USA-193[1]14 December 2006
21:00[27]		VAFB,SLC-2WDelta II 7920-10LEOUnknownUnknownDestroyedFailed on orbit immediately after launch. Destroyed byASAT on 21 February 2008.
L-22USA-184[1]28 June 2006
03:33		VAFB,SLC-6Delta IV M+(4,2)38,628 × 1,740 km × 63° (Molniya)[36]Improved Trumpet 4[37]ELINTEntered service, status unknown
L-23Canis Minor[1]USA-1813 February 2005
07:41		CCAFS,SLC-36BAtlas IIIB1,404 × 822 km × 63.4° (LEO)[38]Intruder 7A & 7B[19]Naval reconnaissanceEntered service, status unknownTwo satellites.
L-24Scorpius[1]USA-19810 December 2007
22:05		CCAFS,SLC-41Atlas V 40139,899 × 461 km × 63.4° (Molniya)[39]Quasar 16[4]CommunicationsEntered service, presumed active
L-25AltairUSA-2343 April 2012
23:12[40][41]		VAFB,SLC-6Delta IV M+ (5,2)1,112 × 1,109 km × 123° (RetrogradeLEO)[42]Topaz 2[43]Radar imagingEntered service, presumed active
L-26USA-20218 January 2009
02:47		CCAFS,SLC-37BDelta IV Heavy35,814 × 35,774 km × 6.1° (GSO)[44]Orion 6[24]SIGINTEntered service, presumed active
L-27Gryphon[31]USA-22711 March 2011
23:38		CCAFS,SLC-37BDelta IV M+(4,2)35,810 × 35,778 km × 4.6° (GSO)[45]Quasar 17[4]CommunicationsEntered service, presumed active
L-28USA-20013 March 2008
10:02		VAFB,SLC-3EAtlas V 41138,009 × 2,362 km × 63.2° (Molniya)[46]Improved Trumpet 5[37]ELINTEntered service, status unknown
L-29N/AVAFB,SLC-3EAtlas V 521[47]Canceled
L-30Pyxis[1]USA-19415 June 2007
15:12		CCAFS,SLC-41Atlas V 4011,347 × 879 km × 63.4° (LEO)[48]Intruder 8A & 8B[19]Naval reconnaissanceEntered service, presumed activeTwo satellites.
Premature 2nd stage cutoff during launch. Lifetime reduced by need to correct orbit.
L-32[49]USA-22321 November 2010
22:58[50]		CCAFS,SLC-37BDelta IV Heavy35,979 × 35,609 km × 4.6° (GSO)[51]Orion 7[24]SIGINTEntered service, presumed active
L-33[52]USA-25222 May 2014
13:09		CCAFS,SLC-41Atlas V 40135,810 × 35,778 km × 2.7° (GSO)[53]Quasar 19[4]CommunicationsEntered service, presumed active
L-34Odin[54]USA-22915 April 2011
04:24		VAFB,SLC-3E[50]Atlas V 4111,261 × 965 km × 63.4° (LEO)[55]Intruder 9A & 9B[19]Naval reconnaissanceEntered service, presumed activeTwo satellites.
L-35JacquelynUSA-25913 December 2014
03:19		VAFB,SLC-3EAtlas V 54139,083 × 1,286 km × 63.4° (Molniya)[56]Trumpet 6 (third generation)[57]ELINTEntered service, presumed activeFirst flight of the RL10C-1 rocket engine, used by the Centaur upper stage
L-36[58]USA-238[59]13 September 2012
21:39[41]		VAFB,SLC-3EAtlas V 4011,225 × 1,001 km × 63.4° (LEO)[60]Intruder 10A & 10B[19]Naval reconnaissanceEntered service, presumed activeTwo satellites sharing a designation.
L-37[61]USA-26811 June 2016
17:51		CCAFS,SLC-37BDelta IV Heavy35,993 × 35,594 km × 6.5° (GSO)[62]Orion 9[24]SIGINT[63]Entered service, presumed activeLikely the seventh so calledMentor/Orion satellite for theNational Security Agency.[64]
L-38[65]DrakeUSA-23620 June 2012
12:28[41]		CCAFS,SLC-41Atlas V 40135,815 × 35,773 km × 3.1° (GSO)[66]Quasar 18[4]CommunicationsEntered service, presumed active
L-39[67]USA-2476 December 2013
07:14[68]		VAFB,SLC-3EAtlas V 5011,113 × 1,109 km × 123° (RetrogradeLEO)[69]Topaz 3[43]Radar imagingEntered service, presumed active
L-41[49]Gladys[31]USA-215[1]21 September 2010
04:03[50]		VAFB,SLC-3EAtlas V 5011,112 × 1,109 km × 123° (RetrogradeLEO)[70]Topaz 1[43]Radar imagingEntered service, presumed active
L-42[71]USA-27824 September 2017
05:49:47		VAFB,SLC-3EAtlas V 54139,230 × 1,138 km × 63.6° (Molniya)[72]Trumpet 7 (third generation)[57]ELINTEntered service, presumed active
L-44[71]USA-31111 December 2020
01:09		CCSFS,SLC-37BDelta IV Heavy35,992 × 35,596 km × 7.6° (GSO)[73]Orion 10[64]SIGINT[63]Entered service, presumed active[74]
L-45[67]USA-26710 February 2016
11:40		VAFB,SLC-6Delta IV M+(5,2)1,115 × 1,106 km × 123° (RetrogradeLEO)[75]Topaz 4[43]Radar imagingEntered service, presumed active
L-47USA-28112 January 2018
22:11		VAFB,SLC-6Delta IV M+(5,2)1,088 × 1,085 km × 106° (RetrogradeLEO)[76]Topaz 5[43]Radar imagingEntered service, presumed active
L-49[49]Betty[31]USA-22420 January 2011
21:10[77]		VAFB,SLC-6Delta IV Heavy1,003 × 262 km × 97.9° (LEO)[78]KH-11 15[5]Optical imagingEntered service, presumed active
L-52[71]USA-27915 October 2017
07:28		CCAFS,SLC-41Atlas V 42135,810 × 35,778 km × 3.2° (GSO)[79]Quasar 21[80]CommunicationsEntered service, presumed active
L-55[71]USA-2648 October 2015
12:49		VAFB,SLC-3EAtlas V 4011,150 × 1,076 km × 63.4° (LEO)[81][82]Intruder 11A & 11BNaval reconnisance[64]Entered service, presumed activeMission "patch" of NROL-55: a weapon smith (Hephaestus) is forging a sword. "SUSTENTANTES BELLATORES DE CÆLIS" means something like "In sustained support for the warriors, from the sky/or heaven"Two classified satellites (NROL-55) and 13CubeSats.
L-56[83]-NLT2026CCAFS,SLC-41Vulcan CentaurAwaiting launch
L-57USA-487 - USA-49721 March 2025
06:49[84]		VSFB,SLC-4EFalcon 9 Block 5425 × 310 km × 69.7°LEOEntered service, presumed activeNRO's Proliferated Architecture Mission of 11 Starshield satellites.[85]
L-61[71]Spike[86]USA-26928 July 2016
12:37[87]		CCAFS,SLC-41Atlas V 42135,808 × 35,779 km × 2.8° (GSO)[88][89]Quasar 20[80]CommunicationsEntered service, presumed active
L-64-NET2025[90]CCSFS,SLC-41Vulcan CentaurAwaiting launch
L-65[91]USA-24528 August 2013
18:03		VAFB,SLC-6Delta IV Heavy991 × 275 km × 97.9° (LEO)[92]KH-11 16[5]Optical imagingEntered service, presumed active
L-66[93]USA-2256 February 2011
12:26		VAFB,SLC-8Minotaur I1,232 × 1,214 km × 90.1° (LEO)[94]RPPTechnologyEntered service, status unknown
L-67[95]USA-25010 April 2014
17:45		CCAFS,SLC-41Atlas V 54135,811 × 35,777 km × 1.4° (GSO)[96]SIGINT High Altitude Replenishment Program (SHARP-1)SIGINTEntered service, presumed active
L-68[63]USA-34522 June 2023
09:18[97]		CCSFS,SLC-37BDelta IV HeavyOrion 11SIGINTEntered service, presumed active
L-69[98]USA-498-49924 March 2025
17:48[99]		CCSFS,SLC-40[100]Falcon 9 Block 5Entered service, presumed activeTwo classified satellites sharing a designation.
L-70[63]-9 April 2024[101]CCSFS,SLC-37BDelta IV HeavyOrion 12SIGINTEntered service, status unknownLast launch of Delta family.
L-71[71]USA-29019 January 2019
19:05[41][102]		VAFB,SLC-6Delta IV Heavy423 × 406 km × 73.6° (LEO)[103]KH-11 17[5]Optical imagingEntered service, presumed active
L-73[83]-NLT2026VSFB,SLC-3EVulcan CentaurAwaiting launch
L-76[104]USA-2761 May 2017
11:15[105]		KSC,LC-39AFalcon 9 Full Thrust393 × 393 km × 50.0° (LEO)[106][107][108]Entered service, presumed activeFirst NRO launch on SpaceX's Falcon 9 and first NRO launch from Kennedy Space Center.[a] Originally intended to launch from SLC-40, but was moved to LC-39A following theAMOS-6 preclusion.
L-77[83]-NLT2026CCSFS orKSCFalcon 9 Block 5Awaiting launch
L-79[71][109]USA-2741 March 2017
17:50[110]		VAFB,SLC-3EAtlas V 4011,119 × 1,107 km × 63.4° (LEO)[111]Intruder 12A & 12B[19]Naval reconnaissanceEntered service, presumed activeTwo classified satellites sharing a designation.
L-82[63][112]USA-31426 April 2021
20:47[113]		VAFB,SLC-6Delta IV Heavy794 × 535 km × 98.1° (LEO)[114]KH-11 18[5]Electro-optical surveillanceEntered service, presumed active
L-83-NET2025[115]VSFB,SLC-3EVulcan CentaurAwaiting launch
L-85[116]USA-32717 April 2022
13:13		VSFB,SLC-4EFalcon 9 Block 5LEO 63°[117]Intruder 13A & 13BNaval reconnaissanceEntered service, presumed active
L-87[118]USA-3262 February 2022
20:27[119]		VSFB,SLC-4EFalcon 9 Block 5SSO[117]Entered service, presumed active
L-91[112]USA-33824 September 2022
22:25[120]		VSFB,SLC-6Delta IV HeavyLEOKH-11 19Electro-optical surveillanceEntered service, presumed active
L-100[83]-NLT2026VSFB,SLC-3EVulcan CentaurAwaiting launch
L-101USA-31013 November 2020
22:32[121]		CCAFS,SLC-41Atlas V 53111105 × 11081 km × 58.5° (MEO)[122]Entered service, presumed active
L-107[118]USA-346
USA-347
USA-348		10 September 2023
12:47[123]		CCSFS,SLC-41Atlas V 551GSO 42464 × 41864 km × 0°SilentbarkerSituational awareness[124]Entered service, presumed activeThree satellites
L-108[125]USA-312
USA-313		19 December 2020
14:00[126]		KSC,LC-39AFalcon 9 Block 5540 × 528 km × 53°(LEO)[127]Entered service, presumed activeTwo satellites, possiblySpaceX Starshield prototypes.[128]
L-109[83]-NLT2026CCAFS,SLC-41Vulcan CentaurAwaiting launch
L-111[129]USA-316
USA-317
USA-318		15 June 2021
13:35 UTC		MARS,LP-0BMinotaur ITechnologyEntered service, presumed activeThree satellites.
L-113USA-400 - USA-4206 September 2024
03:20[130]		VSFB,SLC-4EFalcon 9 Block 5LEOEntered service, presumed activeNRO's Proliferated Architecture Mission of 21 Starshield satellites.[131]
L-118[83]-NLT2026CCAFS,SLC-41Vulcan CentaurGSOSilentbarkerSituational awarenessAwaiting launch
L-123[132]
(RASR-5)		USA-352
MOLA
Aerocube 16A
Aerocube 16B		21 March 2024
07:25 UTC		MARS,LP-0CElectronLEOTechnologyEntered service, presumed activeRASR-5. Four satellites. First NRO launch on an Electron from Wallops, VA.
L-126USA 438,
USA 339		30 November 2024
8:10[133]		VSFB,SLC-4EFalcon 9 Block 5LEOEntered service, presumed activeNRO's Proliferated Architecture Mission of 2 Starshield satellites with 20StarlinkGroup N-01 satellites..[134]
L-129[135][136]USA-305
USA-306
USA-307
USA-308		15 July 2020
13:46 UTC		MARS,LP-0BMinotaur IV /Orion 38580 × 574 km × 54.0° (LEO)[137]Entered service, presumed active
Four payloads. First NRO launch on a Minotaur IV and first from Virginia's Space Coast.[138]
L-146USA-354 - USA-37422 May 2024
08:00[139]		VSFB,SLC-4EFalcon 9 Block 5425 × 310 km × 69.7°LEOEntered service, presumed activeNRO's Proliferated Architecture Mission of 21 Starshield satellites.[140]
L-149USA-441 - USA-46217 December 2024
13:19[141]		VSFB,SLC-4EFalcon 9 Block 5425 × 310 km × 69.7°LEOEntered service, presumed activeNRO's Proliferated Architecture Mission of 22 Starshield satellites.[142]
L-151[143][144]
(RASR-1)		Deep Dive[145]USA-294[146]31 January 2020
02:56[147]		Mahia, LC-1AElectron594 × 586 km × 70.0° (LEO)[148]TechnologyEntered service, presumed activeFirst Rocket Lab Electron launch, first launch from outside theUnited States (New Zealand), and first launch procured under NRO'sRapid Acquisition of a Small Rocket (RASR) program. Flew on Rocket Lab's "Birds of a Feather" mission.
L-153USA-463 - USA-48310 January 2025
03:53[149]		VSFB,SLC-4EFalcon 9 Block 5425 × 310 km × 69.7°LEOEntered service, presumed activeNRO's Proliferated Architecture Mission of 21 Starshield satellites.[150]
L-162[151] (RASR-3)USA-33413 July 2022
06:30		Mahia, LC-1AElectronEntered service, presumed activeRASR-3. Back-to-back launch under NRO'sRapid Acquisition of a Small Rocket (RASR) program.[152]
L-167USA-421 - USA-43724 October 2024
17:13[153]		VSFB,SLC-4EFalcon 9 Block 5LEOEntered service, presumed activeNRO's Proliferated Architecture Mission of 17 Starshield satellites.[154]
L-174[155]-NET2025,[156][157]VSFB,SLC-8Minotaur IV /Orion 38Awaiting launch
L-186USA-375 - USA-39529 June 2024
03:14[158]		VSFB,SLC-4EFalcon 9 Block 5LEOEntered service, presumed activeNRO's Proliferated Architecture Mission of 21 Starshield satellites.[159]
L-199[160] (RASR-4)USA-3354 August 2022
05:00		Mahia, LC-1BElectronEntered service, presumed activeRASR-4. Back-to-back launch under NRO'sRapid Acquisition of a Small Rocket (RASR) program.[152]
RASR-2[161][162]USA-301
USA-302
USA-303		13 June 2020
05:12		Mahia, LC-1AElectronEntered service, presumed activeThree technology demonstration smallsats. Primary customer of the rideshare mission procured under NRO'sRapid Acquisition of a Small Rocket (RASR) program. Flew on Rocket Lab's "Don't Stop Me Now" mission.
Undesignated[163]IMPACT-2A and IMPACT-2B2 November 2019
13:59:47		MARS,Pad 0AAntaresTechnology demonstrationEntered service, presumed activeTwo technology demonstrationCubeSats launched as part of the NRO's IMPACT program. Secondary payloads, launched with CygnusNG-12.
Launch
designation		Launch nameSatellite
designation		Launch
date/time (UTC)		Launch siteRocketOrbitProjectFunctionStatusPatchRemarks

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^While theSpace Shuttle had nine launches with NRO payloads throughout the late 1980s and early 1990s, this was the first from Kennedy officially acknowledged by the NRO.

References

[edit]
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