TheLifan Yuan (Chinese:理藩院;pinyin:Lǐfān Yuàn;Manchu:ᡨᡠᠯᡝᡵᡤᡳ
ᡤᠣᠯᠣ
ᠪᡝ
ᡩᠠᠰᠠᡵᠠ
ᠵᡠᡵᡤᠠᠨ, Möllendorff:tulergi golo be dasara jurgan;Mongolian: Гадаад Монголын төрийг засах явдлын яам,γadaγadu mongγul un törü-yi jasaqu yabudal-un yamun) was an agency in the government of theQing dynasty of China which administered the empire'sInner Asian territories such asMongolia and oversaw the appointments ofAmbans inTibet. Until the 1860s, it was also responsible for the Qing's relations with theRussian Empire.
The name Lifan Yuan has various translations inEnglish, including theBoard for National Minority Affairs,[1]Court of Territorial Affairs,[2]Board for the Administration of Outlying Regions,[3]Office for Relations with Principalities,[4]Office of Barbarian Control,[5]Office of Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs,[6] andCourt of Colonial Affairs.[7][8] etc. The office was initially known as the Mongol Yamen (Chinese:蒙古衙門;pinyin:Měnggǔ Yámén;[9]Manchu:ᠮᠣᠩᡤᠣ
ᠵᡠᡵᡤᠠᠨ, Möllendorff:monggo jurgan, lit. the Mongol department) when it was first created in 1636. In 1639 the department was renamed and expanded to "Lifan Yuan" in Chinese and "Tulergi golo be dasara jurgan" in Manchu. The Manchu name literally means the department for the administration of outlying regions.[10] During the period of thelate Qing reforms (or "New Policies"), the name was changed again to Lifan Ministry (Chinese:理藩部;pinyin:Lǐfān Bù) in 1907 and existed until the end of the Qing dynasty in 1912.
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Prior to the establishment of theZongli Yamen, the Court also supervised the empire's relation with Russia under the treaties ofNerchinsk andKyakhta.[11] Lifan Yuan was exclusively staffed with members from theEight Banners. Lifan Yuan was the closest administrative office that the Qing dynasty had that would have been comparable with a foreign policy department.
Guests of the Lifan Yuan were housed in the Bureau of Interpreters (Chinese:會同館;pinyin:Huìtóng Guǎn;Wade–Giles:Hui-t'ung Kuan) in the southeast part of theInner City, later also known as the Russian hostel (Chinese:俄羅斯館;pinyin:Éluósī Guǎn;Wade–Giles:O-lo-ssu Kuan) due to the predominance of Russian visitors there. It was also called the 'south pavilion' (南館nan kuan) to distinguish it from the 'north pavilion' (北館pei kuan) where theAlbazinians lived. From theTreaty of Kyakhta this residence became permanent.
There was also a Russian Language Institute (Chinese:俄羅斯文館;pinyin:Éluósī Wénguǎn;Wade–Giles:O-lo-ssu Wen-kuan), which was a school where Manchus learned to speak Russian. Founded in 1708, it was incorporated into the newly foundedTongwen Guan in 1862.
The Lifan Yuan was roughly a Qing version of the Xuanzheng Yuan (Chinese:宣政院;pinyin:Xuānzhèngyuàn) orBureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs, instituted by the Mongol-ledYuan dynasty for administering affairs in Tibet.[12] It is to be distinguished from theMinistry of Rites, which was the traditional Chinese institution for dealing with all outsiders during theMing dynasty. The Qing used the Board of Rites to deal with its tributary states to the south and east like theJoseon dynasty of Korea, theNguyen dynasty of Vietnam, theRyukyu Kingdom, and the Westerners who came by sea like the Dutch and the English. The Lifan Yuan was established during the reign ofHuang Taiji to deal with the empire's Mongol subjects. It later continued to be a separate institution for handling the affairs of the empire's Inner Asian territories and its foreign relations with the Russians.
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