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Thelyceum is a category ofeducational institution defined within theeducation system of many countries, mainly inEurope. The definition varies among countries; usually it is a type ofsecondary school.[1] Basic science and some introduction to specific professions are generally taught.
Lyceum is aLatin rendering of theAncient GreekΛύκειον (lykeion), the name of agymnasium inClassical Athens dedicated toApollo Lyceus.This original lyceum is remembered as the location of theperipatetic school ofAristotle. Some countries derive the name for their modern schools from the Latin but use the Greek name for the ancient school: for example, Dutch haslykeion (ancient) andlyceum (modern), both renderedlyceum in English (note that in classical Latin theC inlyceum was always pronounced as aK, not a softC, as in modern English).
The namelycée was retrieved and utilized byNapoleon in 1802 to name the main secondary education establishments. From France the name spread in many countries influenced by French culture.
The Goa Lyceum (Portuguese:Liceu de Goa) inPanaji,Goa – established in 1854, following the Portuguese model – was the first public secondary school in the state, then a Portuguese territory.[2] Later, the Goa Lyceum received the official title ofLiceu Nacional Afonso de Albuquerque (Afonso de Albuquerque National Lyceum). The Christ University Lyceum in Bengaluru, Karnataka - established in 2021, where scholars sit and do their research work and have discussion.
The Philippines follows its version of theK-12 system, where the termjunior high school might be used instead oflyceum. However, there are schools that appropriate the wordlyceum in their name. TheLyceum of the Philippines University (LPU) is a university inManila established by former wartime presidentJosé P. Laurel.[3] Among its notable alumni are former presidentRodrigo Duterte, popular authorRene Villanueva, and actorCesar Montano. LPU has campuses in Makati, Batangas, Laguna, Cavite, and Davao.[4]
TheFilipino word for lyceum isliseo from Spanishliceo which can be found in some names of various universities and educational institutions which are unaffiliated with LPU.
Lyceums also emerged in the former Soviet Union countries after they became independent. One typical example is Uzbekistan, where all high schools were replaced with lyceums (litsey is the Russian term, derived from Frenchlycée), offering a three-year educational program with a certain major in a certain direction. Unlike Turkey, Uzbek lyceums do not hold university entrance examinations, which gives students the right to enter a university, but they hold a kind of mock examination which is designed to test their eligibility for a certain university.
TheAlbanian National Lyceum was a high school in the city ofKorçë,Albania, that emphasized French culture and European values. The school fully functioned with a French cultural emphasis from 1917 to 1939. The school was continued post World War II as theRaqi Qirinxhi High School.[5]
TheBelarusian Humanities Lyceum is a private secondary school founded shortly after Belarus' independence from theUSSR by intellectuals, such asVincuk Viacorka and Uladzimir Kolas, with the stated aims of preserving and promoting native Belarusian culture, and raising a new Belarusian elite. It was shut down in 2003 by the Ministry of Education of Belarus allegedly for promoting enmity within Belarusian society and using the classroom as a political soapbox, indoctrinating students with biased views on history, ideology, politics, morality and values. The lyceum eventually switched to homeschooling with a limited number of underground homeschoolers.
The termlyceum refers to a type of secondary education consisting of anywhere from four years ended by graduation.[clarification needed] It is a type of schooling between grammar school and a technical high school. For example, the famous scientistGerty Cori went to a lyceum school.
The concept and namelyceum (in Swedish,lyseo in Finnish) entered Finland through Sweden. Traditionally,lycea were schools to prepare students to enter universities, as opposed to the typical, more general education. Some old schools continue to use the namelyceum, though their operations today vary. For example, Helsinki Normal Lyceum educates students in grades 7–12, while Oulu Lyceum enrolls students only in grades 10–12. The more commonly used term for upper secondary school in Finland islukio in Finnish andgymnasium in Swedish.
TheFrench word for an upper secondary school,lycée, derives from Lyceum. (seeSecondary education in France.)
The lyceum in Germany was known as an old term for aGymnasium for girls. In Bavaria it was also aHochschule to studytheology andphilosophy.
In Greece,Λύκειο refers to a type of upper secondary education school for students aged 15 to 18 or 20. The lyceum school first grade admitted students can have a maximum age up to 20 years old.[6][7] Evening lyceum (Εσπερινό) is both for adult and underage working students, and lasts three years as of the 2020–2021 academic year, per Law 4547/2018.[8] The lyceum awards theΑπολυτήριο,apolytirio orapolyterio, which is the uppersecondary education leaving certificate.[9]
BeforeWorld War I, secondary education institutes with a primary goal of preparing for higher studies were often referred to by the wordlíceum.
In contemporary Hungarian, the most ubiquitous word for these institutions isgimnázium, butlíceum lives on as an archaizing word referring to schools of high prestige and revered traditions, most notablyCalvinistboarding schools.
The lyceum is considered by most the hardest and most prestigious kind of secondary school in Italy.
The termliceo refers to a number ofupper secondary school,[11] which last five years (from 14 to 19 years of age) and are specialized in teachingphilosophy, ancient Greek (in the soleliceo classico) andLatin, but alsomaths,physics,trigonometry,biology andchemistry. It gives preparation foruniversity.It is divided into six different branches, each one specialized in certain subjects:
The first Lyceum inRiga was founded in 1675 by the kingCharles XI of Sweden (in Latin,Schola Carolina), and was renamed to the Imperial Lyceum of Riga (in German,Kaiserliches Lyceum zu Riga) in 1733. In September 1921, theRiga French Lycée, an upper secondary school supported by theGovernment of France was founded in Riga.In 1989, during theLatvian National Awakening, the Pushkin Lyceum of Riga (Puškina licejs) with education programs inRussian was established. In 2002, another Russian lyceum was established inDaugavpils (Daugavpils Krievu vidusskola - licejs), renamed to Daugavpils High School of Technologies (Daugavpils Tehnoloģiju vidusskola - licejs) in 2020.
Some gymnasiums are calledlicėjus, e.g.Vilnius Lyceum.
Junior lyceums refer to secondary education state owned schools.
Until recently, in the Republic of Moldova the lyceum – calledliceu – was an educational institution where students studied from the first to the twelfth grade and would obtain the baccalaureate degree upon completion. In most cases, the lyceums were specialized in a particular domain (fine art, theatre, language) that was relevant to the personality whose name the institution bore. In other respects, it was little different from any regular school, with the exception of slightly higher education standards and supposedly being more prestigious. After 2010, regular schools were all formally reformed into lyceums, although their quality remained of the same level as before and most did not get any particular specialization, thereby being dubbed 'theory lyceums' (liceu teoretic). One reason for the 2010 reform was to reduce the influence of the Soviet/Russian educational system and/or mentality in Moldova.[citation needed]
In the Netherlands, a lyceum is aselective secondary school for children aged 12–18 that offers "voorbereidend wetenschappelijk onderwijs" (vwo) and "hoger algemeen voortgezet onderwijs" (havo), the top and high levels of secondary education available in that country. Successful completion allows vwo students admission to university and havo students tohogeschool, comparable tovocational university. The termlyceum is also sometimes used for othervocational schools such as theGrafisch Lyceum, orMuzieklyceum Amsterdam, which grew into theConservatorium van Amsterdam.
Theliceum is thePolish secondary-education school. Polish liceums are attended by students aged 15 to 19–20 (see list below). Before graduating, pupils are subject to a final examination, thematura.
Polish liceums are of several types:
From 1836 until 1978, in thePortugueseeducational system, the lyceum (Portuguese:liceu), or national lyceum (liceu nacional), was ahigh school that prepared students to enteruniversities or more general education. On the other hand, the technical school (escola técnica) was a technical-oriented school.
After severaleducation reforms, all these schools merged into a single system of "3rd cycle basic" andsecondary schools (escolas básicas do 3.º ciclo e secundárias), offeringgrades 7 to 12.
The Romanian word for lyceum isliceu. It represents a post-secondary form of education. In order for a student to graduate the lyceum and obtain a baccalaureate diploma, they must pass thebac. The lyceum consists of four school years (ages 15–19). Although the lyceum is a pre-university educational institution, it can be enough for the graduates to find a job, mainly in office work.
In Imperial Russia, a lyceum was one of the following higher educational facilities: Demidov Lyceum of Law inYaroslavl (1803), Alexander Lyceum inTsarskoye Selo (1810), Richelieu Lyceum inOdessa (1817), and ImperialKatkov Lyceum in Moscow (1867).
TheTsarskoye Selo Lyceum was opened on October 19, 1811, in theneoclassical building designed byVasily Stasov and situated next to theCatherine Palace. The first graduates includedAleksandr Pushkin andAlexander Gorchakov. The opening date was celebrated each year with carousals and revels, and Pushkin composed new verses for each of those occasions. In January 1844 the Lyceum was moved toSaint Petersburg.
During 33 years of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum's existence, there were 286 graduates. The most famous of these wereAnton Delwig,Wilhelm Küchelbecher,Nicholas de Giers,Dmitry Tolstoy,Yakov Karlovich Grot,Nikolay Yakovlevich Danilevsky,Alexei Lobanov-Rostovsky andMikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin.
Since the 1990s there are lyceums (special secondary schools) with in-depth study of humanitarian or natural science disciplines. As a rule, university professors teach in lyceums, and the educational system resembles that of a university. Later, the lyceums were renamed special general secondary schools.
TheLyceum of the Principality of Serbia was the firsthigher education school inSerbia in which education was taught inSerbian. It was founded in 1838 on the initiative of PrinceMiloš Obrenović in 1838 inKragujevac, then the capital of Serbia. WhenBelgrade became the Serbian capital in 1841, the Serbian Lyceum opened there. In 1863 it became known as theGrandes écoles until 1905 when it officially changed its name to theUniversity of Belgrade.
TheTurkish word for the latest part of pre-university education islise which is derived from the French wordlycée[13] and corresponds tohigh school in English. It lasts four to five years with respect to the type of the high school. At the end of theirlise education, students take the TYT/AYT test, i.e. university entrance examination, to get the right to enroll in a public university or a private university.
According to the Law of Ukraine "On Education", the lyceum is a level III secondary institution of education (or a structural unit of another institution of education) that provides field-specific secondary education.[14] As it is planned, since 2017 a three-year senior school will be a lyceum of academic or vocational training. In vocational school, a student will master their first profession, whereas in an academic lyceum they will deepen personal knowledge of specific subjects that will be studied further at a higher education establishment. Graduates of academic lyceums will be able to obtain a bachelor's degree in three years (in most specialties) instead of four.[15]
Other types of lyceums in Ukraine include military lyceums and lyceums with intensive military and physical training.[16]
Seelyceum movement andcomparison of US and UK secondary school years (except Scotland).
It is not uncommon in Chile to use the wordliceo when referring to a high school. Another term isenseñanza media (secondary education); however,liceo is the most common term due to Chile's extensive European influence.[citation needed]
Liceo is commonly used to refer to secondary education. It was adopted from the French immigrants of the 19th century.
Integrated Multifarious Lyceum (EPL) is also known as: Unified Multidisciplinary Lyceum (EPL), Unified Multidisciplinary High School (EPL), Integrated Multidisciplinary Lyceum (EPL), Unified Multidisciplinary High School (EPL), United Multi Branches Lyceum (EPL), Unified Comprehensive High School (EPL), Unified Polyvalent Lyceum (EPL)
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