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Legality of cannabis

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Legal status of cannabis worldwide
This article is about cannabis as a psychoactive. For information about hemp, seeHemp.

Map of world cannabis laws for non-medical use
Adult legal status of cannabis possession for recreational use
  Legal
  Illegal butdecriminalized
  Illegal but oftenunenforced
  Illegal
Map of world cannabis laws for medical use
Adult legal status of cannabis for medical use
  Legal for recreational and medical uses
  Legal only for certain medical uses
  Illegal
  Legality unknown
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Cannabis
Cannabis

Thelegality of cannabis formedical andrecreational use varies by country, in terms of its possession, distribution, and cultivation, and (in regards to medical) how it can be consumed and what medical conditions it can be used for. These policies in most countries areregulated by three United Nations treaties: the 1961Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, the 1971Convention on Psychotropic Substances, and the 1988Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances.[1][2] Cannabis wasreclassified in 2020 to a Schedule I-only drug under the Single Convention treaty (from being a Schedule I and IV drug previously), with the schedules from strictest to least being IV, I, II, and III.[3][4] As a Schedule I drug under the treaty, countries can allow the medical use of cannabis but it is considered to be an addictive drug with a serious risk of abuse.[4][5]

The use ofcannabis for recreational purposes is prohibited in most countries; however, many have adopted a policy ofdecriminalization to make simple possession a non-criminal offense (often similar to a minor traffic violation). Others have much more severe penalties such as someMiddle Eastern andFar Eastern countries where possession of even small amounts is punished by imprisonment for several years.[6] Countries that have legalized recreational use of cannabis areCanada,Georgia,Germany,Luxembourg,Malta,Mexico,South Africa,Thailand, andUruguay, plus 24 states, 3 territories, and theDistrict of Columbia in theUnited States and theAustralian Capital Territory inAustralia. Commercial sale of recreational cannabis is legalized nationwide in three countries (Canada, Thailand, and Uruguay) and in all subnational U.S. jurisdictions that have legalized possession except Virginia and Washington, D.C. A policy of limited enforcement has also been adopted in many countries, in particular theNetherlands where the sale of cannabis is tolerated atlicensed coffeeshops.[7]

The legalization of recreational cannabis has been put forward as a solution to restrict access to the drug by minors, a method ofharm reduction, a way of reducing organized crime, aid economic growth and revenue, as well as enable job creation.[8] Unregulated cannabis from the illegal black market comes with increased health risks, such as unknown THC rate, unknown potency, possible toxic additives and contaminants and synthetic cannabinoids.[9] Whereas, a legal and regulated cannabis system enables product quality and safety requirements to be mandated for public safety and consumer awareness.[10] Cannabis illegality tends to become a burden on the criminal justice system, with legalization as a way to free up police time and resources to focus on more serious crimes, reduce the prison population of non-violent drug offenders and thus save taxpayers money.[11]

Countries that have legalized medical use of cannabis includeAlbania,Argentina,Australia,Barbados,Brazil,Canada,Chile,Colombia,Costa Rica,Croatia,Cyprus,Czech Republic,Denmark,Ecuador,Finland,Georgia,Germany,Greece,Ireland,Israel,Italy,Jamaica,Lebanon,Luxembourg,Malawi,Malta,Mexico,the Netherlands,New Zealand,North Macedonia,Norway,Panama,Peru,Poland,Portugal,Rwanda,Saint Vincent and the Grenadines,San Marino,South Africa,Spain,Sri Lanka,Switzerland,Thailand,Ukraine, theUnited Kingdom,Uruguay,Vanuatu,Zambia, andZimbabwe. Others have more restrictive laws that allow only the use of certain cannabis-derived pharmaceuticals, such asSativex,Marinol, orEpidiolex.[12] In the United States, 39 states, 4 territories, and the District of Columbia have legalized the medical use of cannabis, but at the federal level its use remains prohibited.[13]

Legalization timeline

[edit]
Countries with legalized recreational cannabis
CountryEffective dateLicensed sales since
UruguayUruguayDecember 2013July 2017
Georgia (country)Georgia30 July 2018Never authorized
South AfricaSouth Africa18 September 2018Never authorized
CanadaCanada17 October 201817 October 2018
MexicoMexico28 June 2021Never authorized
MaltaMalta14 December 2021Never authorized
ThailandThailand9 June 20229 June 2022
LuxembourgLuxembourg21 July 2023Never authorized
GermanyGermany1 April 2024Never authorized


By country

[edit]
Country/TerritoryRecreationalMedicalNotes
 AfghanistanIllegalIllegal Production banned by KingZahir Shah in 1973.[14]
 AlbaniaIllegalLegal
Main article:Cannabis in Albania
Prohibited but plants highly available throughout the country and law often unenforced.[15][16][17]

On 21 July 2023 theAlbanian Parliament voted 69–23 to legalize medical cannabis.[18]

 AlgeriaIllegalIllegal
Main article:Cannabis in Algeria
 AndorraIllegalIllegal
Main article:Cannabis in Andorra
 AngolaIllegalIllegal
Main article:Cannabis in Angola
 Antigua and BarbudaDecriminalized. Legal to grow and use by Rastafari.[19]Illegal
 ArgentinaIllegal[20][21]Legal Medicinal cannabis was legalized on 22 September 2017.[22][23]
 ArmeniaIllegalIllegal
Main article:Cannabis in Armenia
 AustraliaDecriminalized inNorthern Territory andSouth Australia.[24][25] Legal inAustralian Capital Territory for personal use but not for sale.Legal at federal level and in all states.[26] Qualifying conditions and other details vary by state.[27] In September 2019, theAustralian Capital Territory became the first state or territory of Australia to legalize recreational use of cannabis. Since 31 January 2020 residents have been allowed to grow two plants and possess 50 g (1+3⁄4 oz), though sales or other transfer is prohibited, including cannabis seeds. Federal law also remains enforceable.[28]
 AustriaPossession for personal use decriminalized as of January 2016.Dronabinol,Sativex,Nabilone[29]
Main article:Cannabis in Austria
 AzerbaijanIllegalIllegal
 BahamasIllegalIllegal
 BahrainIllegalIllegal
Main article:Cannabis in Bahrain
 BangladeshIllegal but often unenforcedIllegal Sale banned in 1989,[30] but laws are rarely enforced and cannabis is openly sold in many parts of the country.[31][32]
 BarbadosLegal for spiritual use by registered Rastafarians[33]Legal[34]
 BelarusIllegalIllegal
Main article:Cannabis in Belarus
 BelgiumDecriminalized up to3 g (1⁄10 oz) or cultivation of one plantSativex[35]
Main article:Cannabis in Belgium
Up to3 g (1⁄10 oz) decriminalized for adults since 2003.[36][37]
 BelizeDecriminalized up to10 g (3⁄8 oz)Illegal
Main article:Cannabis in Belize
Possession prohibited, but use is common and largely tolerated.[38] Possession of up to10 g (3⁄8 oz) decriminalized.[39]
 BeninIllegalIllegal
Main article:Cannabis in Benin
 BermudaDecriminalized up to7 g (1⁄4 oz)Legal
Main article:Cannabis in Bermuda
In November 2016, theSupreme Court of Bermuda ruled in favor of allowing the medical use of cannabis.[40] As of July 2018, two doctors have been licensed to prescribe the drug.[41]
 BhutanIllegalIllegal
Main article:Cannabis in Bhutan
Illegal, but plants grow prolifically and have multiple traditional uses, such as feeding pigs and producing textiles.[42]
 BoliviaIllegal[43]Illegal[43]
Main article:Cannabis in Bolivia
 Bosnia and HerzegovinaIllegalIllegal In 2016, the Ministry of Civil Affairs formed a task force to explore the legalization of cannabis andcannabinoids for medicinal purposes.[44]
 BotswanaIllegalIllegal Cannabis (ordagga) is illegal.[45]
 BrazilDecriminalized up to40 g (1+3⁄8 oz) or cultivation of 6 plants for personal use[46]Legal for terminally ill patients or those who have exhausted other treatment options.[47][48]
Main article:Cannabis in Brazil
Legislation passed in 2006 to require treatment and community service for possessing small amounts of drugs instead of jail time.[49] Possession of large amounts, as well as sale, transportation, and cultivation, are considered drug trafficking.[50]
 BruneiIllegalIllegal
Main article:Cannabis in Brunei
 BulgariaIllegalIllegal Cannabis is classified as a class A (High-risk) drug, together withheroin,cocaine,amphetamines, andMDMA (ecstasy). Until 2004, a loosely defined "personal dose" existed.[51]
 Burkina FasoIllegalIllegal
 BurundiIllegalIllegal
Main article:Cannabis in Burundi
 CambodiaIllegal but often unenforcedIllegal Illegal,[52] but this prohibition is lax and enforced opportunistically.[53][54][55] "Happy" restaurants in cities publicly offer food cooked with marijuana, or as a side garnish.[56]
 CameroonIllegalIllegal
 CanadaLegalLegal Legal for medicinal purposes since 2001 and for recreational purposes since 17 October 2018. The age to buy or consume cannabis varies by province: 19 in most provinces, 18 in Alberta, and 21 in Quebec.[57]
 Cape VerdeIllegalIllegal
 Central African RepublicIllegalIllegal
 ChadIllegalIllegal
Main article:Cannabis in Chad
 ChileDecriminalized for possession and cultivationLegal
Main article:Cannabis in Chile
Private personal use[58] and recreational cultivation[59][60][61] decriminalized. Medicinal cultivation legal with the authorization of The Chilean Agriculture Service (SAG)[62] and sale of medication allowed on prescription in pharmacies.[63]
 People's Republic of China (PRC)IllegalIllegal
Main article:Cannabis in China
Penalty for possession or consumption: 10–15 days' detention without prosecution and a fine.[64]
 ColombiaDecriminalized up to22 g (3⁄4 oz) or cultivation of 20 plants for personal useLegal Decriminalized up to22 g (3⁄4 oz) for personal consumption. Individuals carrying greater amounts, or cultivating up to 20 plants, cannot be prosecuted if the drug is for personal use.[65][66][67][68]
 ComorosIllegalIllegal
Main article:Cannabis in Comoros
Cannabis was legal in Comoros between January 1975 and May 1978, when presidentAli Soilih legalized cannabis consumption among other measures.[69][70]
 Cook IslandsIllegalIllegal Anon-binding referendum in August 2022 asked "Should we review our cannabis laws to allow for research and medicinal use?" 62% voted yes.[71]
 Democratic Republic of the CongoIllegalIllegal
 Republic of the CongoIllegalIllegal
 Costa RicaDecriminalized[72][73]Legal[74] Decriminalized since police officers do not detain people for personal use, yet no amount has been defined as a minimum for possession. Use of cannabis is widespread throughout the country.[72][73]
 CroatiaDecriminalized[75]Legal[76]
Main article:Cannabis in Croatia
Possession of small amounts is considered a misdemeanor subject to fixed fines. Medicinal cannabis legal for patients with illnesses such ascancer,multiple sclerosis, orHIV/AIDS.[76]
 CubaIllegalIllegal
Main article:Cannabis in Cuba
 CyprusIllegalLegal[77]
Main article:Cannabis in Cyprus
Class B substance – life imprisonment is possible for use and maximum 8 years for possession (at the maximum 2 years for the first offense for people under 25).[78]
 Czech RepublicDecriminalized up to10 g (3⁄8 oz) or cultivation of 5 plants[79][80]Legal with prescription. Without prescription, sale of products up to 1% THC allowed.[80] Possession of up to10 g (3⁄8 oz) or cultivation of up to 5 plants is an infraction subject to a minor fine – mostly not enforced. Medicinal use legal and regulated since 2013.[81][82]
 DenmarkIllegalLegal (4-year pilot program launched in January 2018 and was extended an additional 4 years)[83][84]
Main article:Cannabis in Denmark
As with all drugs, cannabis-related offenses are punishable by a fine or imprisonment for up to 2 years.[85]Freetown Christiania, a self-declared autonomous community inCopenhagen, is known for its cannabis trade.[86]
 DjiboutiIllegalIllegal
 DominicaDecriminalized up to 28 g (1 oz)[87]Illegal
 Dominican RepublicIllegalIllegal
 EcuadorIllegalLegal[88]
Main article:Cannabis in Ecuador
Possession of up to10 g (3⁄8 oz) decriminalized in 2013, but policy was repealed by PresidentDaniel Noboa in 2023.[89]
 EgyptIllegal but often unenforcedIllegal
Main article:Cannabis in Egypt
Illegal since 1925[90] but use is widespread. Convictions for personal use are rare.[91] Formerly a plant of high status with several documented medicinal uses in ancient times.
 El SalvadorIllegalIllegal
 Equatorial GuineaIllegalIllegal
 EritreaIllegalIllegal
Main article:Cannabis in Eritrea
 EstoniaDecriminalizedWith a special permit[92]
Main article:Cannabis in Estonia
Up to7.5 g (1⁄4 oz) is considered an amount for personal use, and is punished with a fine. Large amounts and distribution are criminal offenses punishable with a custodial sentence of up to 5 years.[93] Medical cannabis is technically legal, but to get a prescription is an arduous process and is practically never given, with a single patient having received Sativex preparation.[94]
 Eswatini (Swaziland)IllegalIllegal
 EthiopiaIllegalIllegal Despite being the spiritual homeland of theRastafari movement, possession of cannabis can result in up to six months imprisonment.[95]
 FijiIllegalIllegal
Main article:Cannabis in Fiji
 FinlandIllegal but sometimes not enforcedLegal under license.
Main article:Cannabis in Finland
Personal use is generally not prosecuted in court but subject to summary fine. Medicinal cannabis possible under a special license since 2006; in 2014, 223 licenses were issued.[96]
 FranceIllegal, but on-the-spot fines are usually issued in place of prosecutionA two-year trial program involving 3,000 patients underway[97]
Main article:Cannabis in France
Possession up to100 g (3+1⁄2 oz) entails a €200 fine since November 2018,[98] although a judge is still legally able to pronounce a stricter sentence.[99] Medical use of some cannabinoid drugs legalized in 2013.[100][101]
 GabonIllegalIllegal
Main article:Cannabis in Gabon
 GambiaIllegalIllegal
 GeorgiaLegal for possession and consumption but not for sale, per a July 2018 ruling by theConstitutional Court of Georgia.[102][103]Use is legal, but no system for the dispensing of cannabis exists.
 GermanyLegal for possession, consumption, and cultivation since 1 April 2024. Distribution allowed through non-profitcannabis clubs since 1 July 2024.Legal
Main article:Cannabis in Germany
On 23 February 2024, the German Bundestag passed the Act on the Controlled Use of Cannabis, legalizing possession of25 g (7⁄8 oz) outside the home,50 g (1+3⁄4 oz) at home, and private cultivation of three plants, for adults 18 and over, since 1 April 2024. Collective, noncommercial cultivation is legal in cultivation associations (i.e.cannabis social clubs) since 1 July 2024.[104][105][106]
 GhanaIllegalLegal only for THC less than 0.3%[107][108]
Main article:Cannabis in Ghana
 GreeceIllegalLegal
Main article:Cannabis in Greece
 Greenland (Kalaallit Nunaat)IllegalIllegal
 GrenadaIllegalIllegal
Main article:Cannabis in Grenada
 GuatemalaIllegalIllegal In 2016 a constitutional commission rejected proposals to legalize medicinal or recreational use of cannabis.[109][110]
 GuineaIllegalIllegal
Main article:Cannabis in Guinea
 Guinea-BissauIllegalIllegal
 GuyanaIllegalIllegal
Main article:Cannabis in Guyana
Possession of15 g (1⁄2 oz) or over can result in charges of drug trafficking.[111]
 HaitiIllegalIllegal
Main article:Cannabis in Haiti
 HondurasIllegalIllegal The possession, sale, transportation, and cultivation of cannabis is illegal.[112]
 Hong KongIllegalIllegal Possession, sale, transportation, and cultivation illegal under the Dangerous Drug Ordinance.[113] (Chapter 134 of theLaw of Hong Kong)
 HungaryIllegalCBD only[114]
Main article:Cannabis in Hungary
There is no distinction in Hungarian law between illicit drugs according to dangers.Heroin use has the same legal consequences as cannabis use.[115]
 IcelandIllegalIllegal
Main article:Cannabis in Iceland
Banned in 1969.[116] Possession of small amounts is subject to arrest and fine but no threat of jail time.[117]
 IndiaIllegal, but exception is made for the use ofbhang.[118]CBD oil legal, less than 0.3% THC[119]
Main article:Cannabis in India
Albeit illegal, usage is prevalent and some government-owned shops sell cannabis in the form of bhang. States have their own laws regarding cannabis, locally known asganja.
 IndonesiaIllegalIllegal Banned in 1927.[120] Minimum sentence of 4 years in prison (additional fines may apply) if caught dealing / distributing. Rehabilitation or maximum sentence of 4 years if caught in possession alone.[121][122]
 IranIllegal, but not strictly enforcedIllegal
Main article:Cannabis in Iran
Maximum of capital punishment to possesshashish over 5 kg (11 lb)[123] but unenforced.[124]
 IraqIllegalIllegal
Main article:Cannabis in Iraq
 IrelandIllegal[125]Legal as part of 5-year pilot program enacted in June 2019[126][127]
Main article:Cannabis in Ireland
The National Drugs Strategy of 2009–2016 did not favor decriminalizing cannabis.[128] A new strategy was planned for 2017.[129] Cannabis-derived medicines may be licensed since 2014.[130][131] A review of policy on medicinal cannabis was announced in November 2016,[132] and aprivate member's bill to legalize it passedsecond stage in theDáil in December 2016.[133][134][135]
 IsraelDecriminalizedLegal
Main article:Cannabis in Israel
As of April 2019, public possession of small amounts is a non-criminal offense punished by escalating fines. A third offense can result in criminal charges, however. Possession in the privacy of one's home is not punished.[136]
 ItalyPossession decriminalized; home cultivation legal in small amounts for personal use.[137]Legal
Main article:Cannabis in Italy
Possession of small amounts for personal use is a misdemeanor subject to fines and the suspension of documents (passports or driver's licenses). Sale is punishable by imprisonment, even if in small amounts. Licensed cultivation for medicinal and industrial use strictly regulated.[138]
 Ivory CoastIllegalIllegal
 JamaicaDecriminalized up to 56.5 g (2 oz) or cultivation of 5 plants. Legal forRastafari.Legal
Main article:Cannabis in Jamaica
Decriminalized since 2015, and in 2018 the first medical cannabis dispensary opened.[139]
 JapanIllegalCBD only[140][141]
Main article:Cannabis in Japan
Restricted in 1948.[142] Use and possession are punishable by up to 5 years imprisonment and a fine. Cultivation, sale, and transport are punishable by 7–10 years imprisonment and a fine.[143]
 JordanIllegalIllegal
Main article:Cannabis in Jordan
 KazakhstanIllegalIllegal
 KenyaIllegalIllegal
Main article:Cannabis in Kenya
 KiribatiIllegalIllegal
 Korea, North (DPRK)Illegal, but widely unenforced according to defectors.Use is legal when prescribed, but no system for the dispensing of cannabis confirmed. Cannabis is listed in Appendix 1 Narcotics in the DPRK. Narcotics Control Law (2005) states that narcotics may be used when prescribed.[144] There are conflicting reports on the legal status of cannabis in North Korea. Multiple reports from defectors and tourists claim there is no law regarding the possession of cannabis in North Korea or if there is, it is mostly unenforced. However, other reports claim that cannabis is illegal.[145]
 Korea, SouthIllegalAccess limited toEpidiolex,Marinol andSativex as of now due to a policy implemented by theMinistry of Food and Drug Safety[146] Medical use of cannabis was legalized in November 2018. The plant itself, however, remains unavailable due to a policy implemented by theMinistry of Food and Drug Safety.[147]
 KosovoIllegalIllegal
Main article:Cannabis in Kosovo
 KuwaitIllegalIllegal
Main article:Cannabis in Kuwait
 KyrgyzstanIllegalIllegal
 LaosIllegal but often unenforcedIllegal
Main article:Cannabis in Laos
 LatviaIllegal[148]Illegal
Main article:Cannabis in Latvia
Possession of up to1 g (1⁄28 oz) can result in a €280 fine; for second offenses within a year period, criminal charges are applied. Larger quantities can be punished with up to 15 years in prison.
 LebanonIllegalLegal
Main article:Cannabis in Lebanon
Hashish banned in 1926;[149] cultivation banned in 1992.[150] Large amounts of cannabis are still grown within the country illicitly, however.[151] Cultivation of cannabis for medical use was legalized in April 2020.[152]
 LesothoIllegal but toleratedIllegal
Main article:Cannabis in Lesotho
Licensed cultivation allowed for export to other countries. Also widely grown for illicit purposes.[153][154]
 LiberiaIllegalIllegal
Main article:Cannabis in Liberia
 LibyaIllegalIllegal
Main article:Cannabis in Libya
 LiechtensteinIllegalIllegal
 LithuaniaIllegalIllegal Medical cannabis is illegal in Lithuania, but a law allowing seriously ill patients to use drugs made from synthetic cannabinoids was passed by theSeimas on 11 October 2018.
 LuxembourgLegal to grow up to 4 plants at home for personal consumption. Possession of up to3 g (1⁄10 oz) outside the home is decriminalized, subject to a fine. Sale remains prohibited.[155][156]Legal Decriminalized in 2001.[157] Home use and cultivation legal since 21 July 2023.[155][156]
 Macau, SAR of ChinaIllegalIllegal
Main article:Cannabis in Macau
 MadagascarIllegalIllegal
 MalawiIllegalLegal[158]
Main article:Cannabis in Malawi
Illegal but widely used and cultivated; Malawian cannabis is famed internationally for its quality.[159] Chamba is grown mainly in central and northern regions likeMzuzu.[160]
 MalaysiaIllegalIllegal Mandatory death penalty for convicted drug traffickers, legally defined as individuals possessing more than 200 g (7 oz) of cannabis.[161]
 MaldivesIllegalIllegal
 MaliIllegalIllegal
Main article:Cannabis in Mali
 MaltaLegal for possession, consumption, and cultivation. Distribution is allowed through non-profitcannabis clubs.Legal
Main article:Cannabis in Malta
On 30 March 2021, Prime MinisterRobert Abela announced a proposal to legalize possession of up to7 g (1⁄4 oz) and the cultivation of up to 4 plants, and for people charged with possession in the past to have it expunged from their criminal records.[162] In December 2021, legislation was passed by the Maltese Parliament and signed into law by PresidentGeorge Vella.[163][164]
 Marshall IslandsIllegalIllegal
 MauritaniaIllegalIllegal
 MauritiusIllegalIllegal
 MexicoLegal for possession, consumption, and cultivation with a permit, but not for sale.[165]Use is legal, but no system for the dispensing of cannabis exists.
Main article:Cannabis in Mexico
Possession of5 g (3⁄16 oz) was decriminalized in 2009.[166] In 2015 the Supreme Court voted 4–1 that prohibiting people from growing the drug for personal use was unconstitutional.[167] In 2018 the Supreme Court reaffirmed the ruling and requested that the legislature update the country's laws regarding cannabis.[168][169] After the legislature failed to act, the Supreme Court in 2021 invalidated laws regarding the personal possession and cultivation of cannabis.[165]
 MicronesiaIllegalIllegal
 MoldovaDecriminalizedIllegal
Main article:Cannabis in Moldova
 MonacoIllegalIllegal
Main article:Cannabis in Monaco
 MongoliaIllegalIllegal
 MontenegroIllegalIllegal
 MoroccoIllegal but often unenforcedLegal[170][171]
Main article:Cannabis in Morocco
Morocco is among the world's top producers of hashish.
 MozambiqueIllegalIllegal
 MyanmarIllegal but often unenforcedIllegal
Main article:Cannabis in Myanmar
 NamibiaIllegalIllegal
Main article:Cannabis in Namibia
Cannabis is illegal; in 2007 the government proposed but declined a 20-year jail sentence for any drug possession.
 NauruIllegalIllegal
Main article:Cannabis in Nauru
   NepalIllegal,[172] but allowed duringMaha Shivaratri[173]Illegal
Main article:Cannabis in Nepal
All cannabis licenses canceled in 1973.[14]
 NetherlandsConsumption and sale are tolerated in licensedcoffeeshops.[7] Possession of up to5 g (3⁄16 oz) is decriminalized. Cultivation of up to 5 plants is unenforced for non-commercial use (unless grown in a professional setup).Legal Personal possession decriminalized and sale allowed only in certain licensedcoffeeshops in the continental Netherlands.[174][175][176] Cultivation often tolerated but growers can still have their plants and equipment confiscated[177] and face eviction[178] or cancellation of their mortgage[179] for one single plant.[180] Zero tolerance policy in theCaribbean Netherlands.[181]
 New ZealandIllegalLegal Banned in 1927.[182] Possession over 28 g (1 oz) ispresumed for supply. Medical use was legalized in 2018.[183] In 2020, areferendum to legalize recreational use failed by a 50.7% to 48.4% margin.[184]
 NicaraguaIllegalIllegal
 NigerIllegalIllegal
Main article:Cannabis in Niger
 NigeriaIllegalIllegal
Main article:Cannabis in Nigeria
 North MacedoniaIllegalLegal If one possesses large amounts, a jail sentence of anywhere from 3 months to 5 years may be given.[185] Medicinal cannabis legalized since 2016.[186]
 NorwayIllegalLegal[187][188]
Main article:Cannabis in Norway
Illegal since 1965. As of 2022, use and possession of up to15 g (1⁄2 oz) are punished with heavy fines and possible loss of driver's license.[189][190][191]Solberg's Cabinet proposed a decriminalization bill in 2021 that would remove all sanctions for illegal drug use, including possession of up to10 g (3⁄8 oz) of cannabis. Six parties (43,8%) voted for, while three parties (56,2%) voted against. As a result, the bill did not pass the parliament.[192][193]
 OmanIllegalIllegal
Main article:Cannabis in Oman
 PakistanIllegal, but often unenforced (particularly in some tribal regions)CBD only[194] Prohibited, but the smoking of hashish inPeshawar and the northern parts of Pakistan tends to be tolerated. One may be sent to jail for up to six months if found withcharas in other parts of the country.[195] CBD legalized by cabinet announcement in September 2020.[194]
 PalauIllegalIllegal
Main article:Cannabis in Palau
 PanamaIllegalLegal[196][197]
Main article:Cannabis in Panama
 Papua New GuineaIllegalIllegal
 ParaguayDecriminalized up to10 g (3⁄8 oz)Illegal The possession of up to10 g (3⁄8 oz) of cannabis is not punishable.[198][199]
 PeruDecriminalized up to8 g (1⁄4 oz)Legal[200]
Main article:Cannabis in Peru
Possession of up to8 g (1⁄4 oz) is not punished.[201][202][203][204] Cultivation, production, and sale are punished with 8–15 years in prison.[205][206]
 PhilippinesIllegalIllegal but may be allowed with special permit Medical use of cannabis is possible with a special permit from the Food and Drugs Authority for use by individuals with serious or terminal illness.[207]
 PolandIllegal, but may not be enforced for small amounts, legal below 0.3% THCLegal
Main article:Cannabis in Poland
Since 2011, prosecutors can choose not to prosecute possession of small quantities of cannabis for personal use if it is a first offense or if the person is drug dependent.[208] Possession of large quantities of drugs can result in up to 10 years in prison.[209]
 PortugalDecriminalized up to25 g (7⁄8 oz) of herb or5 g (3⁄16 oz) of hashishLegal In 2001, Portugal became the first country in the world to decriminalize the use of all drugs.[210]
 QatarIllegalIllegal
Main article:Cannabis in Qatar
 RomaniaIllegalCannabis-derived drugs less than 0.2% THC can be prescribed
Main article:Cannabis in Romania
Small quantities punishable by a large fine for first offenders or 6 months to 2 years in prison if the person has been convicted before. Possession of large amounts or trafficking is punishable by 2–7 years of jail time.[211] Decriminalization proposed.[212] Limited medical use approved in 2013.[213][214]
 RussiaIllegalIllegal
Main article:Cannabis in Russia
Possession of up to6 g (1⁄5 oz) of cannabis (or2 g,1⁄20 oz of hashish) is an administrative offense, punishable by a fine of₽5,000 or detention of up to 15 days. Possession of larger amounts is a criminal offense. Foreign nationals and stateless individuals who violate the law are subject to deportation regardless of the amount.[215]
 RwandaIllegalLegal[216]
Main article:Cannabis in Rwanda
 Saint Kitts and NevisDecriminalized up to 56 g (2 oz)Illegal
 Saint LuciaDecriminalized up to30 g (1+1⁄16 oz)[217]Illegal
 Saint Vincent and the GrenadinesDecriminalized up to 56 g (2 oz)[218]Legal[219][220][221]
 SamoaIllegalIllegal
Main article:Cannabis in Samoa
 San MarinoIllegalLegal
 São Tomé and PríncipeIllegalIllegal
 Saudi ArabiaIllegalIllegal Use and possession for personal use of any kind of recreational drugs is punishable by imprisonment if caught. Imprisonment for personal use can entail jail time of six months or more. Dealing and smuggling high amounts of drugs usually result in harsher prison time or even execution, although recently executions have been rare. Foreigners who use drugs might be deported.[222]
 SenegalIllegalIllegal
Main article:Cannabis in Senegal
 SerbiaIllegal[223]Illegal
Main article:Cannabis in Serbia
Possession of small amounts is punishable by fine or imprisonment of up to 3 years. Sale and transportation punishable by imprisonment of 3–12 years. Cultivation punishable by imprisonment from 6 months to 5 years. Higher penalties fororganized crime.[224]
 SeychellesIllegalIllegal
 Sierra LeoneIllegalIllegal Cannabis banned in 1920.[225]
 SingaporeIllegalCBD only Banned in 1870.[226] Cannabis is a Class A drug under the Misuse of Drugs Act, making it illegal to cultivate, sell, or possess. Those who are caught with 500 g (1 lb 2 oz) of cannabis or more are considered drug traffickers and are punished with a possible death penalty.[227][228] In rare cases, permission has been granted to use cannabis-derived pharmaceuticals for treatment of epilepsy.[229]
 SlovakiaIllegalCBD only Possession of small amounts punishable by up to 8 years in prison.[230][231] In April 2012,The Wall Street Journal reported thatRobert Fico, the incoming Slovak prime minister, might push for partial legalization of cannabis possession, and has argued for the legalization of possession of up to three doses of cannabis for personal use.[231]
 SloveniaDecriminalizedSativex, Marinol, CBD[232] Cannabis-based drugs are legal for medicinal use, but not cannabis itself.[233][234] Possession of any drug for personal use is decriminalized.[235]
 Solomon IslandsIllegalIllegal
 SomaliaIllegalIllegal
Main article:Cannabis in Somalia
 South AfricaLegal for possession, cultivation and use in private places but not for sale.Use is legal, but no system for the dispensing of medicinal cannabis exists. Private use and cultivation have been legal since September 2018.[236][237][238][239]
 South SudanIllegalIllegal
 SpainDecriminalized. Use and possession in private areas allowed for own consumption.[240] Public possession or consumption can result in a fine.[241] Cultivation for personal use allowed in private areas includingCannabis Social Clubs.[240]Legal[242][243][244]
Main article:Cannabis in Spain
All actions related to cannabis for own consumption aren't considered criminal offenses,[245] but misdemeanors punishable by a fine.[246] Cannabis trafficking, including sale, import, or cultivation for sale, is punishable by jail time. Legalized inCatalonia in 2017,[247] but that law was challenged by the state and declared unconstitutional.[248] Cultivation in private areas for own consumption is allowed if the plants cannot be seen from the street or other public spaces.[249]
 Sri LankaIllegalLegalized by amendment made in colonial law by 1980s and through the Ayurveda Act.[250] The sale of cannabis is decriminalized for traditional medicine vendors and it is commonly used inAyurvedic traditional medicines.[251]
 SudanIllegalIllegal
Main article:Cannabis in Sudan
 SurinameIllegalIllegal Cannabis was banned in Suriname in the early 20th century, having been popularized there by Asian immigrants.[252]
 SwedenIllegalLegal under limited circumstances for patients who obtain a license.[253]
Main article:Cannabis in Sweden
All cannabis-related activity illegal. The national police runs a "disturb and annoy" program aimed at users supported by the national "zero tolerance" policy.[254][255]
  SwitzerlandDecriminalized. Legal below 1.0% THC.Legal Since 2017, consuming cannabis in Switzerland may result in a fine, but possession of up to10 g (3⁄8 oz) without evidence of consumption is not penalized; and as of 2023, confiscated amounts under this limit must be returned to the individual.[256][257]
 SyriaIllegal, widely unenforced since the start of the Syrian civil warIllegal
Main article:Cannabis in Syria
If someone is considered an addict by the Syrian government then they face no criminal penalties for drug possession.[258]
 TaiwanIllegalIllegal
Main article:Cannabis in Taiwan
Cannabis is a schedule 2 narcotic in the ROC, and possession can result in up to 3 years imprisonment.[259]
 TajikistanIllegalIllegal
 TanzaniaIllegalIllegal
 ThailandLegal for possession, sale, and home cultivation. 0.2% THC limit applies to processed products such as oils and edibles, but not the cannabis plant.[260][261][262]Legal Criminalized in 1935, medical use legalized in 2018, and recreational use legalized in 2022 for those aged 20 and over.[263] Import and export of cannabis are still highly regulated. Cannabis smoking in public areas is prohibited.[264][265]
 Timor-LesteIllegalIllegal
 TogoIllegalIllegal
Main article:Cannabis in Togo
 TongaIllegalIllegal
Main article:Cannabis in Tonga
 Trinidad and TobagoDecriminalized up to30 g (1+1⁄16 oz), cultivation of 4 plants per adultIllegal Banned in 1925.[266] Decriminalized in 2019.[267]
 TunisiaIllegalIllegal
Main article:Cannabis in Tunisia
Banned in 1953.[268] Using or possessing entails 1–5 years of imprisonment and 1000–3000dinars (around $500–1500).[269][270][271]
 TurkeyIllegalSativex
Main article:Cannabis in Turkey
Medical cultivation legal in 19 provinces.[272] With permission, this can also be conducted in other provinces as well.[273] Consuming any drug is illegal and requiresjuridical process. Possessing, purchasing, or receiving any illegal drug is punishable by 1–2 years of prison, treatment, or probation.[274] Sale and supply is punishable by a prison term of 5–10 years, and production or trafficking by a minimum term of 10 years.[274]
 TurkmenistanIllegalIllegal
 TuvaluIllegalIllegal
Main article:Cannabis in Tuvalu
 UgandaIllegalIllegal
Main article:Cannabis in Uganda
 UkraineIllegalLegal
Main article:Cannabis in Ukraine
In December 2023, Parliament adopted a bill to legalize medical cannabis on second reading.[275] It was signed into law by President Zelensky on 15 February 2024.[276]
 United Arab EmiratesIllegalIllegal In 2008, even the smallest amounts of the drug could lead to a mandatory 4-year prison sentence.[277][needs update]
 United KingdomIllegal,[278] but a cannabis warning or an on-the-spot fine ("Penalty Notice for Disorder") may be issued instead of prosecution for simple possession.[279]Cannabis-derived medicines may be prescribed only by a specialistconsultant.[280] Banned in 1928.[281] Aclass B drug under theMisuse of Drugs Act 1971.[282] Limited medical use legal since 1 November 2018[283] when prescribed by a specialist consultant, not aGP. Guidance: only prescribe when clearly beneficial and no other option available.[280]
 United StatesLegalized in 24 states, 3territories, and theDistrict of Columbia – but illegal at federal level. Decriminalized in another 7 states.Legalized in 39 states, 4 territories, and the District of Columbia – but illegal at federal level.[13]
 Cannabis remains aSchedule I drug at federal level, prohibiting even its medical use withnarrow exceptions. TheRohrabacher–Farr amendment prevents federal enforcement in states that have legalized medical, however. No such protections exist regarding recreational, but the federal government has so far generally not intervened. RecognizedIndian reservations are allowed to legalize for either use under a policy announced in 2014.[284] Every U.S. state that has legalized recreational use has set a mandatory legal minimum age of 21 for purchase, possession, and use.[285] In 2024, theDrug Enforcement Administration and theDepartment of Justice indicated they were planning toreschedule cannabis toSchedule III.[286]
 UruguayLegal, but buying prohibited for non-residents. Cultivation allowed up to six plants.Cannabis Social Clubs authorized up to 45 membersLegal for all uses.
Main article:Cannabis in Uruguay
Legal since late 2013.[287] Buyers must be eighteen or older, residents of Uruguay, and must register with the authorities. Authorities grow the cannabis that can be sold legally.[288][289][290]Non-profit Cannabis Clubs can also operate.[291] The minimum age to purchase or obtain cannabis in Uruguay is 18.[292]
 UzbekistanIllegalIllegal Opiates, cannabis and other plants containing psychotropic substances are illegal.[293]
 VanuatuIllegalLegal
Main article:Cannabis in Vanuatu
 Vatican CityIllegalIllegal
 VenezuelaIllegalIllegal Possession of up to20 g (3⁄4 oz) of marijuana or5 g (3⁄16 oz) of genetically modified marijuana for commercial purposes is punishable by 1–2 years in prison at judge's discretion. If deemed to be for personal consumption, the user is subject to security measures involving rehabilitation and detoxification procedures.[294]
 VietnamIllegalIllegal
Main article:Cannabis in Vietnam
 YemenIllegalIllegal
Main article:Cannabis in Yemen
 ZambiaIllegalLegal
Main article:Cannabis in Zambia
 ZimbabweIllegalLegal
Country/TerritoryRecreationalMedicalNotes

See also

[edit]
Wikiversity has learning resources aboutShould cannabis be legal?

References

[edit]
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