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Lazare Hippolyte Carnot (6 October 1801,Saint-Omer – 16 March 1888) was a French politician.He was the younger brother of the founder ofthermodynamicsSadi Carnot and the second son of the revolutionary politician and generalLazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot, who also served in the government of Napoleon, as well as the father of French presidentMarie François Sadi Carnot.
Hippolyte Carnot was born inSaint-Omer, Pas-de-Calais. After the final defeat of Napoleon in 1815, his father went into exile. Hippolyte Carnot lived at first in exile with his father, returning to France only in 1823. Unable to enter active political life, he turned to literature andphilosophy, publishing in 1828 a collection ofChants helléniens translated from the German ofWilhelm Müller, and in 1830 anExposé de la doctrine Saint-Simonienne, and collaborating in the Saint-Simonian journalLe Producteur. He paid several visits to Britain and travelled in other countries of Europe.[1]
In March 1839 after the dissolution of the chamber byLouis Philippe, he was elected deputy for Paris (re-elected in 1842 and in 1846), and sat in the group of the RadicalLeft, being one of the leaders of the party hostile to Louis Philippe. On 24 February 1848 he pronounced in favour of the republic.Alphonse de Lamartine chose him as minister of education in the provisional government, and Carnot set to work to organize the primary school systems, proposing a law for obligatory and free primary instruction, and another for thesecondary education of girls. He opposed purely secular schools, holding that "the minister and the schoolmaster are the two columns on which rests the edifice of the republic." By this attitude he alienated both the Right and the Republicans of the Extreme Left, and was forced to resign on 5 July 1848. He was one of those who protested against thecoup d'état of 2 December 1851 but was not proscribed byLouis Napoleon. He refused to sit in the Corps Législatif until 1864, in order not to have to take the oath to the emperor.[1]
From 1864 to 1869 he was in the republican opposition, taking a very active part. He was defeated at the election of 1869. On 8 February 1871 he was elected deputy for theSeine-et-Oisedépartement. He joined theGauche républicaine parliamentary group and participated in the drawing up of the Constitutional Laws of 1875. On 16 December 1875 he was named by the National Assemblysenator for life. He died three months after the election of his elder son,Marie François Sadi Carnot, to the presidency of the republic.[1]
He had publishedLe Ministère de l'Instruction Publique et des Cultes, depuis le 24 février jusqu'au 5 juillet 1848,Mémoires sur Carnot par son fils (2 vols., 1861–1864),Mémoires de Barère de Vieuzac (withDavid d'Angers, 4 vols 1842–1843). His second son,Marie Adolphe Carnot (b. 1830), became a distinguished mining engineer and director of theÉcole des Mines (1899), his studies in analytical chemistry placing him in the front rank of French scientists. He was made a member of the Academy of Sciences in 1895.[1]
Attribution:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Carnot, Lazare Hippolyte".Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 376.French Provisional Government of 1848 (24 February 1848 to 9 May 1848) | ||
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