| "Last Exit to Springfield" | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| The Simpsons episode | |||
| Episodeno. | Season 4 Episode 17 | ||
| Directed by | Mark Kirkland | ||
| Written by | Jay Kogen Wallace Wolodarsky | ||
| Production code | 9F15 | ||
| Original air date | March 11, 1993 (1993-03-11) | ||
| Guest appearance | |||
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| Episode features | |||
| Chalkboard gag | "Mud is not one of the 4 food groups"[1] | ||
| Couch gag | The couch turns into a monster with tentacles, eating the Simpsons sitting on it.[2] | ||
| Commentary | Matt Groening Al Jean Wallace Wolodarsky Jay Kogen Mark Kirkland | ||
| Episode chronology | |||
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| The Simpsonsseason 4 | |||
| List of episodes | |||
"Last Exit to Springfield" is the seventeenth episode of thefourth season of the American animated television seriesThe Simpsons. It originally aired onFox in the United States on March 11, 1993.[1] The plot revolves aroundHomer Simpson becoming president of theSpringfield Nuclear Power Plant'strade union and leading the workers of the plant in a strike in order to restore theirdental plan to avoid the family having to payout-of-pocket forLisa's newbraces.
The episode was written byJay Kogen andWallace Wolodarsky (their final writing credit forThe Simpsons), and directed byMark Kirkland.[1] The episode contains several cultural references andDr. Joyce Brothers guest stars as herself.[1] Since airing, "Last Exit to Springfield" has frequently been cited as one of the best episodes of the entire series.[3][4]
While awaiting the arrival of his employees' union president (who has not been seen since he promised to clean up corruption in the organization) to discuss the latest contract,Mr. Burns reminisces of simpler times back in 1909, when his grandfather would deal with workers' complaints by walling them away in abandoned coke ovens. Burns decides to challenge the union's demands by revoking theirdental plan.
Lisa has a dentist appointment. Her dentist, Dr. Wolfe, informsthe Simpson family that Lisa needs braces.Marge is worried, butHomer tells her that theSpringfield Nuclear Power Plant's dental plan, which the workers won during astrike in 1988, will cover the cost. At a meeting of the International Brotherhood of Jazz Dancers, Pastry Chefs, and Nuclear Technicians union,Carl announces that the newest contract requires the workers to give up their dental plan in exchange for a free keg of beer at union meetings. Homer gradually realizes that giving up the dental plan would require him to pay for Lisa's braces and jumps into action, reminding everyone how the dental plan has helped them. After encouragement from Carl, Homer is promptly elected the new union president.
Burns invites Homer to his office with the intent of bribing him, but Homer assumes Burns's sly innuendos are sexual advances. Homer declares that he is not interested in "backdoor shenanigans" and promptly leaves, leading Burns to erroneously infer that Homer is honest and incorruptible. Meanwhile, after learning the Simpsons have no dental insurance, Dr. Wolfe fits Lisa with the cheapest (and ugliest) braces available, causing herself-esteem to plummet.
Homer is kidnapped from his house by "hired goons" and taken to Burns's mansion. Burns gives Homer a tour of the mansion to get him in a good mood, but when the tour ends and the two men sit down to negotiate the contract, Homer suddenly needs to use the bathroom. Homer's delayed attempts to find the restroom leads Burns to inaccurately assume that Homer is a tough negotiator. At the next union meeting, Homer declares he is tired of meeting with Burns and attempts to resign. The union misinterprets his frustration, and the members decide to strike. Burns attempts tobreak up the strike through several methods, but all of them fail.
After weeks of failed attempts to break up the strike, Burns deliberately causes apower outage throughout Springfield to break the union's spirit. However, the strikers do not lose hope and begin to sing aprotest song written by Lisa. Burns meets with Homer and agrees to meet the union's demands if Homer resigns as union president. Homer loudly celebrates both of Burns's propositions. Burns remarks, "Smithers, I'm beginning to think that Homer Simpson is not the brilliant tactician I thought he was." With the Simpson family insured again, Lisa gets invisible, painless new braces.
The idea for this episode came fromMike Reiss, who thought it would be funny if theplant went on strike. The writers of the episode,Jay Kogen andWallace Wolodarsky, would later add the dental plan aspect of the plot.[5] During the production of this episode, anABC camera crew was allowed into the rewrite room, whichAl Jean says he regrets because they were working on stage direction, and they came off as not being very funny.[5]
The producers originally askedAnthony Hopkins andClint Eastwood to provide the voice of the dentist, Dr. Wolfe, but both declined the part.[5]Anthony Perkins was eventually cast in the role, but died before his recording session. In the end, the role went toSimpsons regularHank Azaria. The original choice for the guest panellist onSmartline (prior to the casting ofDr. Joyce Brothers) wasO. J. Simpson, who turned the role down, much to the relief of the writers whenSimpson was later tried for murder.[5]
The title of the episode is an homage toHubert Selby Jr.'s novelLast Exit to Brooklyn, one subplot of which involves the corruption and downfall of a union leader during a strike.[6] The body of the union president, Chuckie Fitzhugh, is seen buried under a football field, an homage to the mystery surrounding the whereabouts ofJimmy Hoffa and his alleged burial atNew Jersey'sGiants Stadium.[5] Mr. Burns' outfit in the flashback to his childhood is based onBuster Brown.[7] Homer's fantasy of a life of organized crime is based onDon Fanucci's first appearance inThe Godfather Part II, accepting donuts rather than a necklace and an orange.[8]
Lisa'snitrous oxide-induced hallucination echoesThe Beatles filmYellow Submarine, which Al Jean says had to be changed slightly for legal reasons. In the script, the name was changed to "purple submersible", and letters spelling "HATRED" can be seen in the background; a contrast to the message of love popular in the 60s.Paul McCartney says "Look fellas, it's Lisa in the Sky!", andGeorge Harrison notes "no diamonds though", a reference to the Beatles song "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds".Ringo Starr says "Look out for thecampy drawing ofQueen Victoria!"[5] The scene where Lisa sees a reflection of her monstrous braces, laughs maniacally and breaks the mirror is based on the scene fromTim Burton'sBatman (1989) where Jack Napier discovers his transformation intothe Joker.[2]
When Homer is escorted by the hired goons into Burns' conservatory, a Burns-headed bird is sitting in the foreground. This is a reference to the shrieking cockatoo inCitizen Kane.[5] The page Mr. Burns reads from the monkey's typewriter ("It was the best of times, it was the BLURST of times!") is a reference to the first line ofA Tale of Two Cities. After playing her protest song,Lenny says "Now do 'Classical Gas'!", which she plays. Mr. Burns and Smithers going through multiple doors to get to the main power switch is a parody of the opening credits ofGet Smart; the bit with the book case and twin fire poles is a reference to the originalBatman TV series. In the latter scene, the score referencesDanny Elfman's theme from the BurtonBatman. Before Mr. Burns shuts off the town's power in response to the strike, he says, "From Hell's heart I stab at thee", a reference toCaptain Ahab's curse inMoby-Dick, one of Wolodarsky's favorite books.[9] The workers' resistance to the power outage, and Mr. Burns's response, is a parody ofChuck Jones'sHow the Grinch Stole Christmas!.[7] When Homer succeeds in getting the dental plan reinstated, he celebrates by spinning around on the floor and yelling “woo-woo-woo” à laCurly Howard ofThe Three Stooges.
The episode features a running gag, Mr. Burns's inability to remember Homer. He asks Smithers, "Who is that young firebrand?" Smithers says, "Ah, that's Homer Simpson, sir." Burns replies, "Simpson, eh? New man?" Smithers says "Hethwarted your campaign for governor,you ran over his son,he saved the plant from meltdown, andhis wife painted you in the nude..." Burns says, "Eh... doesn't ring a bell."
In its original broadcast, "Last Exit to Springfield" finished 19th in ratings for the week of March 8–14, 1993, with aNielsen rating of 13.7, equivalent to approximately 12.8 million viewing households. It was the highest-rated show on the Fox network that week.[10]
The episode is generally ranked as being one of the best of all time and is on a number of Top 10 lists;[5] theBBC stated it is "frequently cited as the show's best-ever episode".[11] AnEntertainment Weekly article from January 2003 looking back at the top 25 episodes of the series named the episode as the show's greatest, calling it "virtually flawless, the product of a series at the height of its creative powers -- when the satire was savage and relevant" with "the stuff of syndication legend: Burns facing down 'brilliant' labor kingpin Homer Simpson; Homer Simpson facing down his own brain (DENTAL PLAN!/Lisa needs braces!);Grampa rattling on about wearing onions on his belt.Last Exit is a glorious symphony of the high and the low, of satirical shots at unions and sweet ruminations on the humiliations of adolescence (as evidenced by Lisa, who copes with a medieval mouth contraption)."[4] In 2020,Al Jean acknowledged "Last Exit to Springfield" as an episode many consider a favorite.[12]
In his bookPlanet Simpson Chris Turner names it the best episode of the series, saying "Episode 9F15 ofThe Simpsons should be taught in schools, in history, economics, social studies, literatureand art class. It's flawless".[13] He also called it "the funniest half-hour in TV history", and provided a full analysis of the episode, only criticizing the chalkboard and couch gags.[13] He maintains that he chose the episode as best ever beforeEntertainment Weekly's list was published.[13]
In 2003, to celebrate the show's 300th episode,USA Today published a top 10 chosen by the webmaster ofThe Simpsons Archive, which had this episode in first place.[14] The BBC website says, "This fine episode contains several of our favourite sequences ... A classic, and the series' most marked expedition into thesurreal - up to this point."[2]Today, who listed the episode as their favorite, stated, "This is the episode that every self-respectingSimpsons geek must be able to recite verbatim."[15]
Michael Moran ofThe Times ranked the episode as the sixth-best in the show's history.[16]Screen Rant called it the best episode of the fourth season and the second greatest episode ofThe Simpsons (behind "Homer's Enemy").[17]
DirectorMark Kirkland considers the episode to be one of the most surreal episodes that he has worked on because it has a lot of story crammed into it, many parodies and several fantasy sequences, such as Homer'sGodfather Part II-inspired meditation on organized crime.[7] Al Jean has also called it one of the "craziest" episodes.[5] Homer's line "Uh...yeah." (with the animation and line delivery implying Homer is lying) after being asked if he found the bathroom is one ofJay Kogen's favoriteSimpsons jokes.[8]
InThe A.V. Club,Nathan Rabin writes that "'Last Exit To Springfield' is a popular candidate for the single greatest episode ofThe Simpsons, the greatest television show of all time... What makes this episode so special? What makes it the very best of the best? The answer, I think, comes down to joy. For an episode centering on emotionally charged, high-stakes labor negotiations and the horror of cut-rate dental care, 'Last Exit To Springfield' positively radiates an unlikely but pervasive sense of joy...Much of this joy is musical in nature. 'Last Exit To Springfield' is filled with both music and sequences blessed with a real sense of musicality", citing Lisa'sYellow Submarine-esque hallucination and Burns's dream of running the plant without workers. He also notes the episode's social commentary: "Underneath the richly merited jabs at labor’s propensity for corruption lies a real respect for labor’s capacity for good. In its own exquisitely cynical way, 'Last Exit To Springfield' offers a surprisingly nuanced depiction of the strengths and weaknesses of organized labor."[18]
In 2024,Rolling Stone ranked "Last Exit to Springfield" as the second greatest episode of television of all time.[19]
The episode has become study material for sociology courses at theUniversity of California, Berkeley, where it is used to "examine issues of the production and reception of cultural objects, in this case, a cartoon show", and to figure out what it is "trying to tell audiences about aspects primarily of American society, and, to a lesser extent, about other societies."[20]
Note first that the title of this episode—"Last Exit to Springfield"— is a play on Last Exit to Brooklyn, Hubert Selby's scathing literary portrait of twentieth-century labour relations
