| Lara Croft | |
|---|---|
| Tomb Raider character | |
 Lara Croft fromTomb Raider I-III Remastered in her signature outfit worn in many games | |
| First game | Tomb Raider (1996) |
| Created by | Toby Gard |
| Voiced by | Various
|
| Motion capture |
|
| Portrayed by |
Other:
|
| In-universe information | |
| Weapon | Dual pistols |
| Family | Richard Croft (father) Amelia Croft (mother) |
| Origin | London, England |
| Nationality | English |
Lara Croft is a character and the mainprotagonist of the video game franchiseTomb Raider. She is presented as a highly intelligent and athletic Britisharchaeologist who ventures into ancient tombs and hazardous ruins around the world. Created by a team at British developerCore Design that includedToby Gard, the character first appeared in the video gameTomb Raider in 1996.
Core Design handled the initial development of the character and the series. Inspired by strong female icons, Gard designed Lara Croft to counter stereotypical female characters. The company modified the character for subsequent titles, which included graphical improvements and gameplay additions. American developerCrystal Dynamics took over the series after the 2003 sequelTomb Raider: The Angel of Darkness was received poorly. The new developerrebooted the character along with the video game series by altering her physical proportions and giving her additional ways of interacting with game environments.
Lara Croft has further appeared in video game spin-offs, printed adaptations, a series of animated short films, feature films, and merchandise related to the series. The promotion of the character includes a brand of apparel and accessories, action figures, and model portrayals. She has been licensed for third-party promotion, including television and print advertisements, music-related appearances, and as a spokesmodel.
Critics consider Lara Croft a significant video game character in popular culture. She holds sixGuinness World Records, has a strong fan following, and is among the first video game characters to be successfully adapted to film.[4] Lara Croft is also considered asex symbol, one of the earliest in the industry to achieve widespread attention. The character's influence in the industry has been a point of contention among critics; viewpoints range from a positive agent of change in video games to a negative role model for young girls.[5][6][7]
Lara Croft is depicted as an athletic female with brown eyes and dark auburn hair, frequently kept in aplait orponytail. The character's classic costume is a turquoise leotard, light brown shorts, calf-high boots, and tall white socks. Accessories include fingerless gloves, a backpack, a utility belt with holsters on either side, and two pistols. The video game sequels introduced new outfits designed for different environments, such as underwater and cold weather. In the later games, Croft wears acrop top, camouflage pants and black or light brown shorts. When exploring, she often carries two pistols, but has used other weaponry throughout the series. She is fluent in several languages.[8][9][10]
Lara's backstory has changed dramatically over the course of the series. During the first era, beginning inTomb Raider (1996), game manuals describe the character as theWimbledon, London-born daughter of Lord Henshingly Croft[11] (Lord Richard Croft inLegend andSurvivor timelines).[12] She was raised as a British aristocrat and betrothed to the fictitious Earl of Faringdon. Lara attended the Scottish boarding schoolGordonstoun and a Swissfinishing school. At the age of twenty-one, she survived a plane crash, which left her stranded in theHimalayas for two weeks; the experience spurred her to shun her former life and seek other adventures around the world. Croft published books and other written works based on her exploits as a mercenary, big-game hunter, and master thief.[13][14] These provided her with a replacement source of income after her fatherdisowned her over her change in lifestyle.[15]
During the second era, which began withTomb Raider: Legend (2006), Lara's story was changed to be the daughter of archaeologist Lord Richard Croft, the Earl of Abingdon, and someone who was quickly identified as a highly talented individual while attending the Abingdon Girls School.[16][17] The plane crash was changed to when Lara was nine years old,[16] and with her mother, Amelia Croft. While searching for shelter, Lara and her mother took refuge in an ancient Nepalese temple, where Lara witnesses her mother vanish after tampering with an ancient sword. Her father later disappears in search of his wife.[18][19] This spurs Lara on to seek the reason for her mother's disappearance.
The third era, established inTomb Raider (2013), deviates from the original plot considerably. When Lara was young she travelled with her parents on many of their archaeological expeditions which helped to shape the woman she was becoming. It was on one of these expeditions that her mother, Amelia Croft, vanished and was presumed dead and when her father Richard presumably took his own life a few years later, she was then left in the care of Conrad Roth. Even though she inherited a vast fortune, giving her the means to attendCambridge with ease, Lara chose to study atUniversity College London. Though this was a much tougher choice, it helped her become more grounded and level-headed than she might otherwise have been. She also ended up meeting her best friend, Samantha Nishimura, during her time at UCL. It was because of Sam's free spirit and a wild streak that Lara was able to experience much more of London than just the universities and museums that she loved so much. After travelling the world, both Lara and Sam end up on an expedition to the Dragon's Triangle off the Japanese coast in search of the lost civilization of Yamatai. It is on this expedition that Lara is stranded on a remote island full of natural, human and supernatural dangers, which enables her to develop from an untested young woman to a survivor. After experiencing the supernatural powers of the ancient world, she comes to realise her father was right about his theories and her hunger for adventure awakens.[20]
Core Design, a subsidiary of Eidos,[e] created Lara Croft as the lead protagonist of its video gameTomb Raider, which began development in 1994.[22] Lead graphic artistToby Gard went through about five designs before arriving at the character's final appearance.[23] He initially envisioned a male lead character with a whip and a hat. Core Design co-founder Jeremy Smith characterised Gard's initial design as derivative ofIndiana Jones and asked for more originality.[24] Gard decided that a female character would work better from a design standpoint.[23] He also citedVirtua Fighter as an influence; Gard noticed that while watching people play the game, players selected one of the two available female characters in the game almost every match he saw.[25] Gard expressed a desire to counter stereotypical female characters, which he has characterised as "bimbos" or "dominatrix" types.[26] Smith was sceptical of a female lead at first because few contemporary games featured them.[27] He came to regard a female lead as a great hook and put faith in Gard's idea.[19][27] Inspired by pop artistNeneh Cherry and comic book characterTank Girl,[28] Gard experimented with different designs, including "sociopathic blonds, muscle women, flat topped hip-hopsters and a Nazi-like militant in a baseball cap".[19][29] He settled on a tough South American latina woman with a braid named Laura Cruz.[19]
Tomb Raider co-creator Paul Douglas changed her given name after consulting a baby names book, "Lara had a more interesting derivation than Laura so we chose that. Lara is from the same derivation as Larisa. Which is derived fromLarissa in Greece. Which means “citadel”. I thought that would be apt for her personality—enigmatic and guarded." Her surname was changed by scriptwriter Vicky Arnold later in development, "Cruz was changed to Croft quite a bit later in the project by Vicky. That came out of the Derby phonebook. Cruz was Spanish/Portuguese for Cross and it wasn’t too far from Cross to Croft. We must have stuck with the Cruz surname for a while as we got into the rut of referring to her as just Lara. In the first game design doc, dated December 1994, Laura is already changed to Lara but even in the final game design documents there are still places where Cruz hadn’t yet changed to Croft."[22] Along with the name change, the character's backstory was altered to incorporate a British origin.[19][30]
Gard was keen to animate the character realistically, an aspect he felt the industry at the time had disregarded.[23] He sacrificed quick animations in favour of more fluid movement, believing that players would empathise with the character more easily.[13][23] Lara's dual-wielding of pistols was inspired by the filmHard Boiled and anÆon Flux short.[31] In the firstTomb Raider, Croft'sthree-dimensional (3D)character model is made of around 230 polygons.[27] The character's braid was removed from the model, but added back for subsequent iterations.[19] Gavin Rummery, programmer on the first twoTomb Raider games, explained: "It had been dropped from the original because it just didn't work properly with all the acrobatic moves—it was more like she had an electric eel attached to her head that had a life of its own. But on TRII I came up with a way to get it working and was really pleased how natural it looked".[32] Although widely reported that, while adjusting the character model, Gard accidentally increased the breasts' dimensions by 150 percent and the rest of the creative team argued to keep the change, Gard has stated that the notion "came out of a silly remark made in an interview".[33][34] Core Design hiredShelley Blond to voice Croft after the game entered thebeta phase of development.[19] Gard left Core Design after completingTomb Raider, citing a lack of creative freedom and control over marketing decisions related to the ideas he developed (especially Lara Croft).[13][19][35]
Core Design improved and modified the character with each installment.[9][10] Developers forTomb Raider II increased the number of polygons in the character's model and added more realistic curves to its design.[9][36] Other changes included new outfits and manoeuvres.[36] Core Design reportedly planned to implement crawling as a new gameplay option, but the option did not appear untilTomb Raider III.[36][37] Actress Judith Gibbins took over voice acting responsibilities and stayed on through the third game.[19] ForTomb Raider III, the developers increased the number of polygons in Croft's 3D model to about 300, and introduced more abilities to the gameplay.[10][27] Core Design wanted to reintroduce the character to players inTomb Raider: The Last Revelation and included a flashback scenario with a younger Lara. The developers expanded the character's set of moves threefold to allow more interaction with the environment, like swinging on ropes and kicking open doors.[38] The character model was altered to feature more realistic proportions, and Jonell Elliott replaced Gibbins as the voice of Lara Croft.[9][19] By the time development forThe Last Revelation began, Core Design had worked on the series constantly for four years and the staff felt they had exhausted their creativeness. Feeling the series lacked innovation, Core Design decided to kill the character and depicted Croft trapped by acave-in during the final scenes of the game.[19]
The next title,Tomb Raider Chronicles, depicted the late Lara Croft via her friends' flashbacks.[19] The game introduced stealth attacks, which would carry over to the next game,Tomb Raider: The Angel of Darkness.[10] While the original development team worked onChronicles, Core Design assigned a new team to developThe Angel of Darkness for thePlayStation 2.[19] Anticipating innovative changes fromnext-generation consoles, Adrian Smith—co-founder of Core Design—wanted to reinvent the character to keep pace with the updated technology.[39] Core Design conducted market research, including fan polls, to aid inThe Angel of Darkness' development. The development team felt it could not alter the character and instead opted to place her in a situation different from previous games.[40] The PlayStation 2 hardware allowed for more manoeuvres and a more detailed character model; the number of polygons in Croft's model increased to 4,400.[41][42] The team sought to add more melee manoeuvres to better match Lara Croft's portrayal as an expert fighter in her backstory.[19] Movement control was switched from the directional pad to the analogue control stick to provide more precision.[41] After the original team finishedChronicles, it joined the development ofThe Angel of Darkness. Excess content, missed production deadlines, and Eidos' desire to time the game's launch to coincide with the release of the 2003Tomb Raider film resulted in what was criticized as a poorly designed game; Croft was brought back to life without explanation and the character controls lacked precision.[19][43]
The Angel of Darkness was received poorly, prompting Eidos—fearing financial troubles[f] from another unsuccessful game—to give development duties for future titles toCrystal Dynamics, another Eidos subsidiary.[43][45] TheLegacy of Kain development team began work on a new title (Tomb Raider: Legend), which would essentially reboot the franchise, significantly changing her origin story, with Toby Gard returning to work as a consultant.[19][42] The development team reassessed the brand value of the franchise and its protagonist. Chip Blundell, Eidos's vice-president of brand management, commented that the designers understood that fans saw the character and brand as their own, rather than Eidos's.[43] With that in mind, the team retooled the franchise and character to emphasise aspects of the original game that made them unique.[43][46] The storyline intended for a trilogy of games that started withThe Angel of Darkness was abandoned and a new plot was created forLegend.[43]
Crystal Dynamics focused on believability rather than realism to re-develop the character, posing decisions around the question, "What could Lara do?", and giving her action more freedom.[47] The designers updated Lara Croft's move set to make her movements appear more fluid and continuous. The animations were also updated so the character could better interact with environmental objects.[42] The developers introduced a feature that causes the character's skin and clothing to appear wet after swimming and dirty after rolling on the ground.[42][48] Responding to criticism directed at the character controls inThe Angel of Darkness, Crystal Dynamics redesigned the character's control scheme to provide what it felt was the best third-person action experience.[43] The developers also introduced close-quarter melee manoeuvres.[49] Crystal Dynamics updated the character model to add more realism, but retained past design elements.[42][48] The polygon count increased to over 9,800. More attention was paid to the character's lip synching and facial expressions to allow for dynamic emotional responses to in-game events.[42] In redesigning the character's appearance, Crystal Dynamics updated Croft's hairstyle, wardrobe, and accessories. Her shirt was changed to a V-neck crop top, her body was given more muscle tone, and her hair braid was switched to a ponytail.[9][10][43] The voice actor for Lara Croft was initially rumoured to beRachel Weisz, but the role was eventually given toKeeley Hawes.[19][50][51] Crystal Dynamics retained the design changes for the next game,Tomb Raider: Anniversary, a remake of the first game.[19][52] The designers aimed to portray Croft with more emotional depth, and focused on the character's desire to achieve the end goal of the game, culminating in killing one of the antagonists. The developers used the death to evoke guilt in Croft afterward and illustrate that shooting a person should be a difficult choice.[53]
Tomb Raider: Underworld continued the plot line established inLegend.[10] Crystal Dynamics used new technology to improve the character forseventh-generation consoles, focusing on improving realism. The dirt accumulation and water cleansingmechanic fromLegend was altered to be areal-time mechanic that can involve the entire game environment.[10][54][55] To achieve a more natural appearance, the developers addedspherical harmonics to provide indirect lighting to in-game objects like Lara Croft.[55] Crystal Dynamics made the character model more complex and detailed than previous instalments, featuring more texture layers that determine the appearance of shadows and reflective light on it, and usingskeletal animation to portray believable movement.[54] The number of polygons in the model increased to 32,000.[56] The developers enhanced Croft's facial model by increasing the number of polygons, bones used in the animation skeleton, and graphical shaders in the face to add more detail and expressive capabilities. The hair was created as a real-time clothsimulation to further add realism to its shape and movement. The developers kept Croft's hair tied back because they felt a real person would not want it flying around while performing dangerous manoeuvres.[54] The character's body size was increased and breast size reduced to portray more realistic proportions.[10]
The developers tried to redefine Lara Croft's actions by questioning what they felt the character was capable of.[57] While previous games used hand-animated movement for the character,Underworld introducedmotion capture-based animation to display more fluid, realistic movement and facial expressions.[10][55][58] Stuntwoman and Olympic Gold medalist Heidi Moneymaker was the motion capture actress, and advised the designers on practical movements.[10] Animators adjusted and blended the recorded animation to create seamless transitions between the separate moves and their simultaneous combinations.[57][59] The blends and additional animations give the character more flexible movement.[54] Actions were overlapped to allow for multitasking, such as aiming at two separate targets and shooting with one hand while the other holds an object collected from the environment.[49][57] Other additions include more melee attacks, as well as contextual offensive and climbing manoeuvres.[57][60] Crystal Dynamics sought to make the visual appearance of theXbox 360 andPlayStation 3 versions identical, although the systems used different techniques to achieve this.[54] In response toUnderworld's lackluster sales figures, Eidos reportedly considered altering the character's appearance to appeal more to female fans.[61]
"After crafting the biography, our goal was to make her as believable and relatable as possible. We wanted to make a girl that felt familiar, but still has a special quality about her. Something about the way her eyes look and the expression on her face makes you want to care for her. That was our number one goal. We wanted to have empathy for Lara, and at the same time show the inner strength that made clear she was going to become a hero".
Japanese game companySquare Enix acquired Eidos in April 2009, restructuring Eidos intoSquare Enix Europe.[63][64] Crystal Dynamics remained as developer of theTomb Raider games.[65]Lara Croft and the Guardian of Light introduced cooperative gameplay to the series, a move that brand director Karl Stewart said was meant to "show [Lara] as a more humanistic character" by placing her in a situation that differed from previous instalments. The game uses the same technology featured in the studio's pastTomb Raider games.[66] Despite the changes implemented in the titles, Crystal Dynamics believed that the series required further reinvention to stay relevant.[67][62]
In late 2010, Square Enix announced a franchise reboot titledTomb Raider; the new Lara Croft would be a darker, grittier reimagining of the character.[62][68] In examining the character, Crystal Dynamics concluded that Croft's largest failing was her "Teflon coating", and that it needed a more human version that players would care about.[62] The studio sought a new voice actress, trialling dozens of relatively unknown performers.[69]
.png)
The second reboot focuses on the origin of the character, and as a result, changes the previous back story. Staff opted to first work on the character's biography rather than cosmetic aspects. Crystal Dynamics sought to avoid the embellished physique of past renditions and pushed for realistic proportions. In redesigning the character's appearance, the designers began with simple concepts and added features that it felt made Lara Croft iconic: a ponytail, "M-shaped" lips, and the spatial relationship between her eyes, mouth, and nose. The company also changed the character's wardrobe, focusing on what it believed was more functional and practical. In designing the outfits, staff aimed to create a look that was "relevant" and "youthful", but not too "trendy" or "hip". To gauge the redesign, Crystal Dynamics conductedeye tracking studies on subjects who viewed the new version and previous ones.[62]Camilla Luddington voiced Lara Croft in the reboot.[70]
Similar toUnderworld, the newTomb Raider features motion capture-based animation. In an effort to present realism and emotion in the character, Crystal Dynamics captured face and voice performances to accompany the body performances. The company revamped Croft's in-game combat abilities. Crystal Dynamics aimed to make the "combat fresh to the franchise, competitive amongst [similar games], and relevant to the story". Among the changes is the implementation of a free aiming system. The studio reasoned that such a system would cause players to be more invested in the action by fostering a "raw, brutal, and desperate" style. Global brand director Karl Stewart stated that such desperation relates to the updated character's inexperience with violence. He further commented that Lara Croft is thrust into a situation where she is forced to kill, which will be a traumatic and defining moment for her.[62]
Lara Croft primarily appears in theTomb Raider video game series published bySquare Enix Europe (previouslyEidos Interactive). Theaction-adventure games feature the protagonist travelling the world in search of rare objects and mystical artefacts.[71] Croft first appeared in the 1996 video gameTomb Raider, in which she competes against a rival archaeologist in search of anAtlantean artefact.[71][72]Tomb Raider II (1997) centres on the search for the Dagger of Xian, which is sought by thieves.Tomb Raider III (1998) focuses on meteorite fragments that endow humans with supernatural powers. InTomb Raider: The Last Revelation (1999), the first depiction of a young Croft, she is accompanied by her mentor, Werner Von Croy.[71] Lara searches for artefacts associated with the Egyptian godHorus, and later encounters Von Croy as an antagonist.[71][73] InTomb Raider: Chronicles (2000), most of the game relates adventures told via flashbacks.[14] The first portable game,Tomb Raider (2000), was released on theGame Boy Color, and follows the character's search for the Nightmare Stone.[71] A second Game Boy Color title,Tomb Raider: Curse of the Sword (2001), sees Lara Croft facing off against a cult.[74] The next portable game,Tomb Raider: The Prophecy (2002), was released on theGame Boy Advance, and focuses on three magical stones.[75]Tomb Raider: The Angel of Darkness (2003) was released on home platforms, centring on the murder of Professor Von Croy.[76]
Eidosrebooted the series withTomb Raider: Legend (2006), which focuses on Lara Croft's search forExcalibur and her mother, altering the character's backstory as part of the redesign.Tomb Raider: Anniversary (2007), a remake of the first game in the series, carried over design elements fromLegend.[19]Tomb Raider: Underworld (2008) continues the plot introduced inLegend. The story centres on Croft's search for information about her mother's disappearance. In the process she learns of the existence ofThor's hammer,Mjölnir.[77][78]Lara Croft and the Guardian of Light (2010) is adownloadable game that is set in a Central American jungle, and features an ancient warrior who works with Lara Croft.[66] In 2013, the series was rebooted a second time with the gameTomb Raider, which retold the story of Lara's origins and began a new continuity.[79] Its sequelRise of the Tomb Raider was released in 2015, and the third game,Shadow of the Tomb Raider, in 2018.[80]
Outside ofTomb Raider. Lara Croft also appears as a Diana DLC crossover skin in the fighting gameBrawlhalla.[81][82] Additionally, Croft makes a cameo appearance in thePlayStation 5 gameAstro's Playroom.[83] Lara Croft appears inFortnite Battle Royale's sixth season of the second chapter and was featured in a "Team Up!" mode withAloy fromHorizon Zero Dawn.[84][85] Lara Croft also made an appearance inCall of Duty: Modern Warfare II's Season 5 Reloaded update.[86] Lara Croft appears as a playable character inHero Wars: Alliance andHero Wars: Dominion Era as part of a special time-limited event.[87] Croft will be a playable survivor in the asymmetrical horror gameDead by Daylight, scheduled for release in theTomb Raider DLC on 16 July 2024.[88]
Paramount Pictures acquired the film rights forTomb Raider in 1998,[89] which was released asLara Croft: Tomb Raider in 2001. ProducerLloyd Levin stated that the filmmakers tried to capture the essence of the video game elements rather than duplicate them. Acknowledging the character's "huge fan base" and recognisable appearance, directorSimon West sought an actress with acting ability as well as physical attributes similar to Croft.[90] Paramount also received input from developer Core Design on casting.[27] Rumoured actresses includedPamela Anderson,Demi Moore andJeri Ryan.[89] Academy Award-winning actressAngelina Jolie was eventually cast to play Lara Croft. She had not been a fan of the character, but considered the role as a "big responsibility", citing anxiety about fans' high expectations.[30][91] ProducerLawrence Gordon felt she was a perfect fit for the role. Jolie braided her hair and used minimal padding to increase her bust a cup size to 36D for the role.[90][92] She felt that Croft's video game proportions were unrealistic, and wanted to avoid showing such proportions to young girls. Jolie trained rigorously for the action scenes required for the role, occasionally sustaining injuries.[90] Her training focused on practising the physical skills necessary to perform the film's stunts.[91] The difficulty of the training and injuries discouraged her, but she continued working through production. Jolie also encountered difficulties when working the guns, bungee jumping, and maneuvering with the braid.[90] West had not anticipated that Jolie would do her own stunts, and was impressed, as was stunt coordinator Simon Crane, by the effort she put into them.[90][91]
Angelina Jolie reprised her role for a sequel,Lara Croft: Tomb Raider – The Cradle of Life.[93] Directed byJan de Bont, the 2003 film focused more on the character's development.[94] De Bont praised Jolie's understanding of Lara Croft, as well as the character's strength, saying he "hates women in distress". Producer Levin commented that the film staff tried to handle the character properly, and consulted with the video game developers on what would be appropriate.[40] Despite the second film's poor reception, Paramount remained open to releasing a third.[92][95] Jolie was still optioned to play the character in a third film as late as 2007, though she had commented in 2004 that she had no intention of reprising the role again.[96][97]
Development for a third film was announced in 2009, withDan Lin as the producer. Lin intended to reboot the film series with a young Croft in an origin story.[98][99] In 2011,Olivia Wilde denied rumours that she would play the role, but still expressed interest.[100] The film, originally meant for a 2013 release,[96] was to be produced byGraham King, written byMarti Noxon[101] and produced byMetro-Goldwyn-Mayer in partnership with King's studio GK Films.Alicia Vikander was cast in 2016 to play Lara in the next film adaptation.[102]Tomb Raider, directed byRoar Uthaug, was released in 2018 and takes inspiration mostly from the rebooted series that started in 2013.[103] A sequel was in development,[104] but was cancelled in July 2022 after MGM lost the film rights to the franchise due to its expiration.[105]
Beginning in 1997, the character regularly appeared in comics byTop Cow Productions. Lara Croft first appeared in a crossover inSara Pezzini'sWitchblade, and later starred in herown comic book series in 1999.[106] The series began withDan Jurgens as the writer, featuring artwork byAndy Park and Jon Sibal.[107] The stories were unrelated to the video games until issue 32 of theTomb Raider series, which adaptedAngel of Darkness's plot.[106] The series ran for 50 issues in addition to special issues.[108] Other printed adaptations areLara Croft Tomb Raider: The Amulet of Power, a 2003 novel written byMike Resnick;Lara Croft Tomb Raider: The Lost Cult, a 2004 novel written byE. E. Knight; andLara Croft Tomb Raider: The Man of Bronze, a 2005 novel written byJames Alan Gardner.[109][110][111]
GameTap releasedRevisioned: Tomb Raider in 2007 via the GameTap TV section of its website. Theweb series is a collection of ten short animated films that features re-imagined versions of Croft by well-known animators, comic book artists, and writers, includingJim Lee,Warren Ellis, andPeter Chung.[112][113] Episodes ranged from five to seven and half minutes in length, featuringMinnie Driver as Croft.[112][114] The creative staff was given considerable freedom to re-interpret the character; they did not consult the video game designers, but were given a guide listing acceptable and unacceptable practices.[114][115]Hayley Atwell voices Lara in theNetflix animated series,Tomb Raider: The Legend of Lara Croft.[116]
Eidos's German branch and the KMF agency handled marketing for Lara Croft.[117] According to Eidos, nofocus groups or scientific studies were consulted when devising the marketing strategy for the character.[118] Eidos marketing manager David Burton oversaw marketing efforts, which attempted to portray the character as attractive and pleasant. However, interaction with the press, especially those in Europe, resulted in less clothing depicted in promotional images.[13] Concerned with diluting Croft's personality, Eidos avoided products it felt did not fit the character.[117]Ian Livingstone, Eidos's product acquisition director, commented that the company declines most merchandising proposals. He stated that Eidos primarily focused on game development and viewed such promotion outside video games as exposure for the character.[119] Following Square Enix's acquisition, Eidos's marketing duties were transferred to the Square Enix Europe subsidiary.[63][64] As part of the second reboot, Crystal Dynamics planned to align all products, promotions, and media ventures with its new version of the character.[62]
Lara Croft has appeared on the cover of multiple video game magazines.[120][121][122][123] The character has also been featured on the cover of non-video game publications such as British style magazineThe Face, American news magazinesTime andNewsweek, German magazineFocus, and the front page of British newspaper theFinancial Times.[19][89][30][124] Eidos licensed the character for third party advertisements, including television ads forVisa,Lucozade drinks,G4 TV,Brigitte magazine, andSEAT cars (Seat Ibiza, Seat Cordoba, Seat Alhambra and Seat Arosa).[10][19][89][30][38]Retro Gamer staff attributes Croft's "iconic" status in part to the Lucozade commercials, calling them one of the most memorable advertisements to use video game elements.[125] Picture advertisements appeared on the sides of double-decker buses and walls of subway stations.[124] Irish rock bandU2 commissioned custom renders for video footage displayed on stage in its 1997 PopMart tour.[30][124][126] German punk bandDie Ärzte's 1998 music video for "Men are Pigs" (German:"Männer sind Schweine") also features Croft. Music groups have dedicated songs to the character, culminating in the release of the albumA Tribute to Lara Croft. Bands and artists includingDepeche Mode,Moby,Faith No More,Jimi Tenor, andApollo 440 donated their songs for the album.[126] In conjunction with the release of the 2001 film adaptation, Eidos licensed Lara Croft free-of-charge to the Gordonstoun boarding school for a commercial. The school approached Eidos about use of the character. Eidos allowed the one-time licence due to Core Design's inclusion of Gordonstoun in Croft's fictional biography without the school's permission.[127][128] Near the end of 2006, Lara Croft became the spokesmodel for the Skin Cancer Awareness Foundation ofMinden, Nevada as part of its Sun Smart Teen Program. The foundation felt that the character personified the benefits of a healthy body, and that young teenagers could relate to Croft.[129]
Lara Croft's likeness has been a model for merchandise. The first action figures were produced byToy Biz, based on the video game version of the character.[14][124]Playmates Toys released a series of action figures that depict Croft in different outfits and accessories from the video games, later producing figures modelled after Jolie forLara Croft: Tomb Raider.[14][91][130] Graphic designer Marc Klinnert of Studio OXMOX released1⁄6-scale model kits of the character, and later built a full-scale version.[131]Arcade: The Videogame Magazine andPlayStation Magazine promoted life-size Croft statues as contest prizes.[13][132] Spurred by a rumour that Eidos provided Lara Croft autographs, fans wrote to the company to obtain them. The quantity prompted Eidos to quickly produce autographed cards to meet demand.[117]Tomb Raider: Underworldthemes andwallpapers featuring the character were released for the PlayStation 3.[133]Xbox Live Marketplace releasedXbox 360 avatars in conjunction withLara Croft and the Guardian of Light.[134] Eidos released a brand of Lara Croft apparel and accessories, marketed under the label "LARA". The line included wallets, watches, bathrobes, andZippo lighters.[135] Other third-party apparel are hiking boots, backpacks, leather jackets, and thermoses.[14] Croft's likeness has also appeared on French postage stamps, PlayStation memory cards, andtrading cards as part of acollectible card game.[14][19][136][137] In October 1997, Eidos held anart exhibition titled "Lara Goes Art" inHamburg, Germany to promoteTomb Raider II. The exhibit featured selected artwork of the character submitted by artists and fans. Pieces included oil and airbrushed paintings,photo comics, and Klinnert's model; SZM Studios provided thecomputer-generated footage it had created for Die Ärzte's music video and theBrigitte magazine television commercial.[138][139]
Eidos hired several models to portray Lara Croft at publicity events, promotions, trade shows, and photo shoots.[19][140] Initially Eidos employed four models to dress as Lara for a photo call at a trade event, but after witnessing the unusually large crowd the models drew, they decided to expand the concept by casting a single official Lara who would role-play the character.[141] Nathalie Cook was the first model to assume the role individually, portraying the character from 1996 to 1997. Cook was followed by British actressRhona Mitra from 1997 to 1998. Eidos then updated the Croft costume to match its video game depiction.[140] Core Design said they restricted Mitra's dialogue as the character, only allowing her to answer questions in-character if Core had reviewed the questions ahead of time and scripted answers.[141] French modelVanessa Demouy succeeded Mitra for a brief time until fashion modelNell McAndrew took over the role at the 1998Electronic Entertainment Expo.[14] McAndrew portrayed Croft from 1998 until 1999, when Eidos fired her for posing inPlayboy, which used the character andTomb Raider franchise to promote the McAndrew's issue without Eidos's approval.[140] Core Design was granted aninjunction against the magazine to protect the character's image;Playboy was ordered to place stickers on the cover of the issue to conceal the reference toTomb Raider.[142] Eidos later donated McAndrew's Tomb Raider costume to aUNICEF charity auction.[143]
Lara Weller followed McAndrew from 1999 to 2000. Subsequent models were Lucy Clarkson from 2000 to 2002 andJill de Jong, who wore a costume based on Lara Croft's new appearance inAngel of Darkness from 2002 to 2004.Karima Adebibe became the model from 2006 to 2008, and wore a costume based on the updated version of Croft inLegend.[140] She was the first model Eidos allowed to portray Lara Croft outside posing for photography. To prepare for the role, Adebibe trained in areas the character was expected to excel in like combat, motorcycling, elocution, and conduct.[144] GymnastAlison Carroll succeeded Adebibe in 2008 and featured apparel based on the character's appearance inUnderworld.[140] Similar to Adebibe, Carroll received special training—Special Air Service (SAS) survival, weapons, and archaeology—to fill the role.[145] Crystal Dynamics discontinued the use of models as part of the franchise's second reboot.[62] The number of models promptedGuinness World Records to award the character an official record for the "most official real life stand-ins" in 2008.[30]
Lara Croft's introduction was widely regarded as an innovation in the video game market,[g] with Rob Smith ofPlayStation: The Official Magazine describing her as a video game icon of that generation of games.[58]IGN credited a rise in PlayStation sales in part to Croft's debut on the system,[19] andPlayStation Magazine attributed the first title's success to the character.[149]Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine stated alternatively thatTomb Raider's PlayStation success propelled the character to prominence, making her a mascot for the system.[150]PlayStation Magazine credits coverage in theFinancial Times in 1997 as the starting point of the character's mainstream attention.[124] Jeremy Smith commented that theFinancial Times is "a very serious, sober, broadsheet newspaper, and hardly the place you might expect Lara to be 'discovered'. But Eidos had announced its latest financial results, which were great results, and so theFinancial Times had decided to put Eidos on the front page. They'd been given some Eidos information and artwork, and they decided to use Lara to illustrate their news piece". He further said that Eidos had not actively courted Lara's early magazine cover appearances or otherwise actively promoted the character at the time.[141] As years progressed, Lara Croft's popularity declined due to a string of poorly received video game sequels.[46][151]The Angel of Darkness is often cited as the character's low point.[10][52][152] IGN editor Colin Moriarty stated that while she began as an intelligent and strong female character, her games grew bland and Lara Croft became more like a "virtual blow-up doll".[153]
Crystal Dynamics' rendition of Croft inLegend garnered wide, though not universal, praise; many publications described the portrayal as a successful reboot.Game Informer named Lara Croft the number six top video game hero of 2006, citing the character's successful reprise in popularity.[154] The magazine cited the character's alterations inLegend as the reason for her resurgent success.[61][152] Chris Slate ofPlayStation Magazine lauded the character changes inLegend, commenting that "Lara is finally back". He praised Eidos's decision to switch developers and Crystal Dynamics' contributions, especially the character's new gameplay manoeuvres and updated appearance.[155] Others, such as Schedeen andGamePro's Patrick Shaw, felt that the makeover did not improve the character.[156][157][158] Fans also disapproved of the changes, especially the switch from the braid.[10]
Dr. Mark Griffiths ofNottingham Trent University described Lara Croft as a psychologicaltabula rasa.[13]Richard Rouse ofMidway Games attributed the character's appeal to a loosely defined personality, which permits players to imprint their own onto her.[159] Jeremy Smith stated that the minimal personality allows players to form a relationship with the character, and that rather than taking on the role of the character they were sharing the game's experience with her.[141] Burton added that Croft is perceived differently around the world. French demographics focus on her sex appeal, while German and British audiences are drawn to her aggressiveness and aloofness, respectively.[13]Fansites dedicated to Lara Croft appeared on the internet in several languages after the release ofTomb Raider, and contained official and fan-created images of Croft, model photographs, andfan fiction starring the character.[160] More than 100 such sites were present by the end of 1998.[13] By 2000, search engineHotBot yielded around 4,700 pages for a search of the character's name. Admirers discussed rumours related to Lara Croft viausenet newsgroups andICQ chats.[160] Enthusiasts collected merchandise and paraphernalia, submittedfan art to video game magazines, participated in Croftcosplay, and obtained tattoos depicting the character.[161][162][163][164] One admirer rode a bike over 500 miles (800 km) fromAmsterdam toDerby wearing Lara Croft-brand clothing to meet the developers, who welcomed him after learning of the trip.[10]
Lara Croft holds aGuinness World Record as the "most recognized female video game character",[30][165] and received a star on theWalk of Game in San Francisco.[166][167] Magazines, includingGuinness World Records Gamer's Edition, have also described her as one of the iconic[168] and best female video game character of all time.[h]Game Informer commented that the character is well liked around the world, particularly in England.[38]Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine described Croft as "one of today's premier videogame and movie heroes", andPlay magazine described her as "3D gaming's first female superstar".[106][174] Hartas called Croft one of the most famous game women, praising her independence.[175] Karen Jones ofOfficial U.S. PlayStation Magazine described the character as "one of the biggest stars on the PlayStation".[40] In 1998,PlayStation Magazine commented that Lara Croft was one of the most memorable characters on the PlayStation console, and echoed a similar statement in 2004.[176][177]Time magazine writer Chris Taylor called her "the foundation of one of the most successful franchises in video-game history".[147]
Lara Croft has become asex symbol for video games, despite Toby Gard's intentions for her to be sexy "only because of her power".[26]Time magazine's Kristina Dell considered her the first sex symbol of video games.[178] Schedeen stated that Croft is among the first video game icons to be accepted as a mainstream sex symbol.[156] Robert Ashley ofOfficial U.S. PlayStation Magazine described Lara Croft as the first video game character openly thought of as sexy, and attributed the appearance of similar 3D characters to her.[179] Several publications listed big breasts as one of the character's most famous attributes.[i] After interviewing players in 1998, Griffiths commented that players regularly mention Croft's breasts when discussing her.[13] In 2008, the character was first and second on two UGO Networks lists of hottest video game characters.[182][183]GameDaily placed Lara Croft number one on a similar list that same year,[184] andPlayStation: The Official Magazine awarded her honourable mention for Game Babe of the Year.[185] Croft has appeared in several issues ofPlay's Girls of Gaming special andPlayStation Magazine's Swimsuit special.[j] Layouts portray the character partially nude, in bikinis, and in revealing cocktail dresses,[19][189] thoughTomb Raider: Underworld's creative director Eric Lindstrom criticised such poses as out of character.[54] He further stated that they conflict with Croft's popular strengths, and felt that fans respond more strongly to images of the character dressed more conservatively than to ones with provocative poses.[54]PlayStation Magazine's staff agreed, commenting that better use of the character's sex appeal would please fans more.[45]
Male players have performed in-game actions to make Lara Croft repeatedly say phrases and view closer camera angles of her bust, while pornography featuring the character has been distributed via the internet.[k] After the first game's release, rumours appeared on the internet about acheat code to remove the character's clothes. Despite Core Design's denial of such a code, the rumour persisted, fuelled by manipulated nude images.[161][193] The rumour lingered by the timeLegend was released.[155][161][194]PlayStation Magazine featured an April Fool's parody of Croft and the rumoured code referred to as "Nude Raider".[195] Fans developedsoftware patches to remove Lara Croft's clothing in the personal computer game releases.[190][194][196][197]
"It was a defining moment for me as I watched her strut seductively across my screen and into the sex symbol status that would turn the gaming world on its head. Fast-forward eight years through the evolution of next-gen hardware, multimillion-dollar budgets, and massive acceptance of games in pop culture. Still, Lara Croft continues to personify an ongoing culture clash over gender, sexuality, empowerment, and objectification".
Reactions from groups have been mixed. The journalLeonardo noted somefeminists' negative reaction to her design; though males were identifying with their feminine side through Croft, she reinforced unrealistic ideals about the female body.[199] Australian feminist scholarGermaine Greer criticised her as an embodiment of male fantasies.[200] In 1996,Electronic Gaming Monthly argued that rather than altering the state of women in games, Croft simply continued the trend of female characters in video games being large-breasted and scantily clad in an effort to appeal to the predominately male gaming audience, which had the overall impact of teaching gamers to see women as sex objects.[201]PlayStation Magazine staff commented that Croft could be seen as either a role model for young independent girls or the embodiment of a male adolescent fantasy,[202] though they later stated that the character does little to attract female demographics and was obviously designed with a male audience in mind.[124] The magazine's editors also criticised Core Design's hypocritical attempts to downplay the character's sex appeal in public statements while releasing advertisements that prominently featured Lara Croft's sexuality.[45] Graphic artist Heather Gibson attributed the "sexism" to participation from Eidos's marketing department.[13]
Author Mark Cohen attributed Lara Croft's eroticism among male fans to the character's appearance and a male protective instinct. German psychologist Oscar Holzberg described the protective behaviour as the result of the opportunity to act as a hero in virtual worlds and a fear of powerful, emancipated women.[203] Jonathan Smith ofArcade: The Videogame Magazine similarly noted that male players often see themselves as "chivalrous protectors" while playing the game.[13] Holzberg further stated that the lower psychological investment inherent to virtual characters is more comfortable for males. Cohen affirmed that despite blatant male appeal, Croft garnered a serious female audience. Eidos estimated that by 2000 female consumers comprised 20–25 percent ofTomb Raider game purchases.[203] Jeremy Smith argued that the series attracted more female players to video gaming, especially in Japan. Smith believed that Croft does not alienate prospective female players, representing an emancipated heroine and not simply an attractive character.[124][203] According to Adrian Smith, the character was also popular with younger demographics that did not view her sexually.[147] Cohen reasoned that Croft differs from other erotic characters and attractive leads, as theTomb Raider games also feature rich action, impressive graphics, and intelligent puzzles; other such characters were unsuccessful because the game content was lacking.[203]Amy Hennig of developerNaughty Dog and Griffiths echoed similar statements.[13][198]GamesRadar editor Justin Towell nonetheless commented that he couldn't imagine aTomb Raider game without a sexualised female lead.[204]
Griffith described Lara Croft as a flawed female influence. He stated that though the character is a step in the right direction, too many women view her as a "crudely realised male fantasy figure".[13] Women in the video game industry describe the character as both a positive and negative influence. Ismini Roby ofWomenGamers.com commented that Croft was not a sexist influence in 1996, attributed to the lack of prominent female characters in video games at the time. She stated that the over-sexualized appearance was overlooked because the character was a "breath of fresh air", but Roby felt that though Lara Croft's proportions have become more realistic, the character's personality was diluted by the developer's actions to appeal to a male audience.
Lara Croft's 1996 debut is often cited as a catalyst for more female leads in video games.[42][205][206] Kaiser Hwang ofPlayStation Magazine commented that she "broughtgirl power" to video games.[48]IGN argued that Croft helped redefine gender in video games by providing a different interpretation of what women could do.[207] Several publications have used her as the standard to which later female video game characters have been compared.[208][209][210] Multiple video game publications have labelled the character a video game and cultural icon.[l] The title character in the 1998 German filmRun Lola Run has often been compared to Croft.[m] Comparisons were also made toBond girl Christmas Jones from the 1999James Bond series filmThe World Is Not Enough. Additionally, bothEidos Interactive senior executive John Davis and character spokeswoman Susie Hamilton noted the character's similarities to Lara Croft.[217] Jeremy Smith credits Croft with exposing theTomb Raider games and video games in general to a wider audience.[124][141]Computer and Video Games commented that Croft's appearance on the cover ofThe Face signalled a change in the perception of video games from "geeky" to mainstream.[10]
The character is honoured in the English cityDerby, previous home to Core Design. In 2007, Radleigh Homes placed ablue plaque for Croft at the site of Core Design's former offices, now a block of flats.[218] The Derby City Council opened a public vote in 2009 to name its newring road. The winning choice, with 89% of over 27,000 votes, was "Lara Croft Way", which later opened in July 2010.[219][220][221] In 2020, Croft appeared on fourcommemorative UK postage stamps issued by theRoyal Mail to celebrate classic UK video games.[222] A 2024 poll conducted byBAFTA with around 4,000 respondents named Lara Croft as the most iconic video-game character of all time.[223]
Yahoo! Movies and IGN credit Jolie's role in the firstTomb Raider film with significantly raising her profile and propelling her to international super-stardom, respectively.[224][225] Jolie commented that young children would ask her to sign objects as Lara Croft.[91] After filming for the first movie at the Cambodian templeTa Prohm, the local inhabitants called it the "Angelina Jolie Temple" and local restaurants served Jolie's favourite alcoholic beverage advertised as "Tomb Raider cocktails".[226] IGN's Jesse Schedeen described Croft as one of few characters to receive a decent videogame-to-movie adaptation.[156] By 2008, the firstTomb Raider film was the highest-grossing video game film and the largest opening ever for a movie headlined by a woman.[30][227] It became the second highest-grossing video game movie in 2010, after the release ofPrince of Persia: The Sands of Time,[228] withLara Croft Tomb Raider: The Cradle of Life as the fourth.[229]
It became clear to me watching people playVirtua Fighter, which was kind of the first big 3D-character console game, that even though there were only two female characters in the lineup, in almost every game I saw being played, someone was picking one of the two females.
{{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Media related toLara Croft at Wikimedia Commons| Video games |
| ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Films | |||||||||||||||
| Television | |||||||||||||||
| Attractions | |||||||||||||||
| Other media | |||||||||||||||
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Artists | |
| People | |
| Other | |
