Demographics ofLithuania
Population pyramid ofLithuania in 2022
Population	2,830,546 (2022 est.)
Growth rate	−1.04% (2022 est.)
Birth rate	9.26 births/1,000 population
Death rate	15.12 deaths/1,000 population
Life expectancy	75.78 years
• male	70.42 years
• female	81.44 years
Fertility rate	1.61 children
Infant mortality rate	3.63 deaths/1,000 live births
Net migration rate	−4.54 migrant(s)/1,000 population
Age structure
0–14 years	15.26%
15–64 years	64.29%
65 and over	20.45%
Sex ratio
Total	0.86 male(s)/female
At birth	1.06 male(s)/female
65 and over	0.45 male(s)/female
Nationality
Nationality	Lithuanian
Major ethnic	Lithuanian (84.6%)
Language
Official	Lithuanian (85.3%)

Demographic features of thepopulation ofLithuania includepopulation density,ethnicity, level of education, health, economic status, andreligious affiliations.

The earliest evidence of inhabitants in present-dayLithuania dates back to 10,000 BC. Between 3000 and 2000 BC, the people of theCorded Ware culture spread over a vast region of eastern Europe, between theBaltic Sea and theVistula River in the West and theMoscow–Kursk line in the East. Merging with theindigenous peoples, they gave rise to theBalts, a distinctIndo-European ethnic group whose descendants are the present-dayLithuanian andLatvian nations and the formerOld Prussians.

Thename of Lithuania –Lithuanians – was first mentioned in 1009. Among its etymologies there are a derivation from the wordLietava, for a small river, a possible derivation from a wordleičiai, but most probable is the name for union of Lithuanian ethnic tribes ('susilieti, lietis' means to unite and the word 'lietuva' means something which has been united).

The primary Lithuanian state, the Duchy of Lithuania, emerged in the territory ofLietuva, the ethnic homeland of Lithuanians. At the birth of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL), ethnic Lithuanians made up about 70% of the population.^[1] With the acquisition of newRuthenian territories, this proportion decreased to 50% and later to 30%. By the time of the largest expansion towardsKievan Rus' lands, at the end of the 13th and during the 14th century, the territory of the GDL was about 800,000 km², of which 10% was ethnically Lithuanian.^[2] The ethnic Lithuanian population is estimated to have been 420,000 out of 1.4 million in 1375 (the territory was about 700,000 km²), and 550,000 out of 3.8 million in 1490 (territory: 850,000 km²)^[3][4][5] In addition to the Ruthenians and Lithuanians, other significant ethnic groups throughout GDL wereJews andTatars. The combined population of Poland and GDL in 1493 is estimated as 7.5 million, of whom 3.25 million were Poles, 3.75 million Ruthenians and 0.5 million Lithuanians.^[6]

With theUnion of Lublin Lithuanian Grand Duchy lost large part of lands to the Polish Crown (seedemographics of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth). An ethnic Lithuanian proportion being about 1/4 in GDL after the Union of Lublin was held until thepartitions. There was much devastation and population loss throughout the GDL in the mid and late 17th century,^[7] including the ethnic Lithuanian population inVilnius voivodeship. Besides devastation,^{[clarification needed]} the Ruthenian population declined proportionally^{[clarification needed]} after the territorial losses to theRussian Empire. In 1770 there were about 4.84 million inhabitants in GDL, of which the largest ethnic group were Ruthenians, about 1.39 million – Lithuanians.^{[clarification needed][1]} Thevoivodeships with a majority ethnic Lithuanian population wereVilnius,Trakai andSamogitian voivodeships, and these three voivodeships comprised the political center of the state. In the southern angle of Trakai voivodeship and south-eastern part of Vilnius voivodeship there were also many Belarusians; in some of the south-eastern areas they were the major linguistic group.

The Ruthenian population formed a majority in GDL from the time of the GDL's expansion in the mid 14th century; and the adjective "Lithuanian", besides denoting ethnic Lithuanians, from early times denoted any inhabitant of GDL, including Slavs and Jews.

TheRuthenian language, corresponding to today'sBelarusian andUkrainian, was then calledRussian, and was used as one of the chancellery^{[clarification needed]} languages by Lithuanian monarchs. However, there are fewer extant documents written in this language than those written in Latin and German from the time ofVytautas. Later, Ruthenian became the main language of documentation and writing. In the years that followed, it was the main language of government until the introduction ofPolish as the chancellery language of the Lithuanian–Polish Commonwealth in 1697; however there are also examples of documents written in Ruthenian from the second half of the 18th century.^[8] The Lithuanian language was used orally in Vilnius, Trakai and Samogitian voivodeships, and by small numbers of people elsewhere. At theroyal court in Vilnius ofSigismund II Augustus, the last Grand Duke of Lithuania prior to the Union of Lublin, both Polish and Lithuanian were spoken equally widely.^[9]

After theThird Partition of thePolish–Lithuanian Commonwealth on October 24, 1795, between theRussian Empire, theKingdom of Prussia and theHabsburg monarchy, the Commonwealth ceased to exist andLithuania became a part of theRussian empire. After theabolition of serfdom in 1861, the use of the Polish language noticeably increased in eastern Lithuania and western Belarus.^[2] Many Lithuanians, living further east, were unable to receive the Lithuanian printed books smuggled into Lithuania byknygnešiai during the time ofthe ban on printing books in the Latin alphabet, and they switched to Polish. Although this also used the Latin alphabet, it was much less affected by the ban, because Polish was still used by the politically important class of the nobility, and also used predominantly in the biggest towns of Lithuania, and supported by the church.

TheLithuanian National Revival had begun to intensify by the end of the 19th century, and the number of Lithuanian speakers and people identifying themselves as ethnic Lithuanians started to increase; but at the same time many Polish speaking Lithuanians, especially formerszlachta, cut themselves adrift from the Lithuanian nation. There were population losses due to several border changes,Soviet deportations,the Holocaust of the Lithuanian Jews, andGerman andPolish repatriations during and afterWorld War II. After World War II, the ethnic Lithuanian population remained stable: 79.3% in 1959 to 83.5% in 2002. Lithuania's citizenship law and theConstitution meet international andOSCE standards, guaranteeing universal human and civil rights.

Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found onPhabricator and onMediaWiki.org.

Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found onPhabricator and onMediaWiki.org.

Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found onPhabricator and onMediaWiki.org.

Based on 2023 data:^[10]

• total: 76.0 years
• male: 70.6 years
• female: 81.6 years

Lithuania has the largest difference between the life expectancy of men and women in the world, which is 11 years.

Period	Life expectancy in Years[11]
1950–1955	60.83
1955–1960	66.88
1960–1965	69.88
1965–1970	71.28
1970–1975	71.19
1975–1980	70.67
1980–1985	70.53
1985–1990	71.57
1990–1995	69.73
1995–2000	70.25
2000–2005	71.62
2005–2010	71.86
2010–2015	73.99

Source:Statistical yearbooks of Lithuania

¹ the figures of 1939 exclude theKlaipėda Region

Source: Official Statistics Portal^[12]

By data of Statistics Lithuania^[15]

Period	Live births	Deaths	Natural increase
January-March 2024	4,226	9,922	−5,696
January-March 2025	3,861	10,192	−6,331
Difference	−365 (−8.64%)	+270 (+2.72%)	-635

Lithuanians are aBaltic ethnic group (i.e. Balts), closely related to neighbouringLatvians, who speakLithuanian, aBaltic language of theIndo-European language family. The group is distinct from neighbouringSlavic andGermanic peoples, although the historical union withPoland in thePolish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, as wellGerman andRussian colonization and settlement left cultural and religious influences.

¹ Source:[1]. The Klaipėda Region was annexed from Germany in 1923, but was not included in the 1923 census. A separate census in the Klaipėda region was held in 1925.

Among theBaltic states, Lithuania has the most homogeneous population. According to thecensus conducted in 2021, 84.6% of the population identified themselves asLithuanians, 6.5% asPoles, 5.0% asRussians, 1.0% asBelarusians, and 2.3% as members of other ethnic groups.

Poles are concentrated in theVilnius Region, the area controlled by Poland in the interwar period. There are especially largePolish communities inVilnius district municipality (47% of the population) andŠalčininkai district municipality (76%). TheElectoral Action of Poles in Lithuania, an ethnic minority political party, has strong influence in these areas and has representation in theSeimas. The party is most active in local politics and controls several municipal councils.

Russians, even though they are almost as numerous as Poles, are much more evenly scattered and lack strong political cohesion. The most prominent community lives inVisaginas (47%). Most of them are engineers who moved with their families from theRussian SFSR to work at theIgnalina Nuclear Power Plant. A number of ethnic Russians (mostly military) left Lithuania after the declaration of independence in 1990.

Another major change in the ethnic composition of Lithuania was the extermination of theJewish population duringthe Holocaust. BeforeWorld War II about 7.5% of the population was Jewish; they were concentrated in cities and towns and had a significant influence on crafts and business. They were calledLitvaks and had a strong culture. The population of Vilnius, sometimes nicknamed NorthernJerusalem, was about 30% Jewish. Almost all of these Jews were killed during theNazi German occupation, or later emigrated to theUnited States andIsrael. Now there are only about 4,000 Jews living in Lithuania.

Lithuania's membership of theEuropean Union has made Lithuanian citizenship all the more appealing. Lithuaniancitizenship is theoretically easier (see court ruling notes below) to obtain than that of many other European countries—only one great-grandparent is necessary to become a Lithuanian citizen. Persons who held citizenship in the Republic of Lithuania prior to June 15, 1940, and their children, grandchildren, and great-grandchildren (provided that these persons did not repatriate) are eligible for Lithuanian citizenship[8].

Lithuanian citizens are allowed to travel and work throughout theEuropean Union without a visa or other restrictions.

The Lithuanian Constitutional Court ruled in November 2006 that a number of provisions of the Law of the Republic of Lithuania on citizenship are in conflict with the Lithuanian Constitution. In particular, the court ruled that a number of current provisions of the Citizenship Law implicitly or explicitly allowing dual citizenship are in conflict with the Constitution; such provisions amounted to the unconstitutional practice of making dual citizenship a common phenomenon rather than a rare exception. The provisions of the Citizenship Law announced to be unconstitutional are no longer valid and applicable to the extent stated by the Constitutional Court.

The Lithuanian Parliament amended the Citizenship Law substantially as a result of this court ruling, allowing dual citizenship for children of at least one Lithuanian parent who are born abroad, but preventing Lithuanians from retaining their Lithuanian citizenship after obtaining the citizenship of another country.

There are some special cases still permitting dual citizenship. SeeLithuanian nationality law.

Largest groups of foreign residents

Rank	Nationality	Population (2023)[19]
1	Ukraine	86,352
2	Belarus	62,165
3	Russia	15,888
4	Uzbekistan	8,253
5	Kyrgyzstan	6,205
6	Tajikistan	5,701
7	India	4,668
8	Azerbaijan	3,833
9	Kazakhstan	3,116
10	Georgia	2,019
11	Turkey	1,915
12	Moldova	1,361
13	Latvia	1,259
14	Pakistan	926
15	Germany	902
16	United Kingdom	818
15	Poland	794
16	United States	792
17	Israel	730
18	Nigeria	641
19	Italy	612
20	Philippines	487
Total		221,848

TheLithuanian language is the country's sole official language countrywide. It is the first language of over 85% of population and is also spoken by 295,244 out of 432,643 non-Lithuanians.^[20] Ethnic minorities, such as the Polish population that mostly speaks Polish; Russians, Belarusians, Ukrainians who immigrated after World War II and converse in Russian, generally use their associated languages as their main language.^[21]

Nearly every citizen of Lithuania is considered to be at leastbilingual, with the older generations being able to speak Russian as a second language, as the Soviet era had imposed the official use of Russian, while the independence generations usually speak English as their second language.^[22] According to the census of 2021, 31% of the population can speak English, 67.4% – Russian.^[20] The average Lithuanian knows 2.7 languages with a substantial portion of the total population (37%) speaking at least two foreign languages.^[23]

Approximately 14,800 pupils started their 2012 school year in schools where the curriculum is conducted in Russian (down from 76,000 in 1991), and about 12,300 enrolled in Polish schools (compared to 11,400 in 1991 and 21,700 in 2001). There are also schools in theBelarusian language, as well as inEnglish,German, andFrench.^[24][25]

There are perhaps 50 speakers ofKaraim, aTurkic language spoken byKaraite Jews, in Lithuania.^[26]

Lithuanian Sign Language andRussian Sign Language are used by the deaf community.

Baltic Romani is spoken by the Lithuanian Roma (Gypsy) minority.^[27]

As per the 2011 census, 77.2% of Lithuanians identified themselves as Roman Catholic.^[28] The Church has been the majority denomination since theChristianisation of Lithuania at the end of the 14th century. Some priests actively led the resistance against the Communist regime (symbolised by theHill of Crosses).

In the first half of the 20th century, theLutheran Protestant church had around 200,000 members, 9% of the total population, mostly Protestant Lithuanians from the former Memel Territory and Germans, but it has declined since 1945. Small Protestant communities are dispersed throughout the northern and western parts of the country. Believers and clergy suffered greatly during the Soviet occupation, with many killed, tortured or deported to Siberia. Various Protestant churches have established missions in Lithuania since 1990.^[29] 4.1% areOrthodox, 0.8% areOld Believers (both mainly among the Russian minority), 0.8% are Protestant and 6.1% haveno religion.

Lithuania was historically home to a significantJewish community and was an important center of Jewish scholarship and culture from the 18th century, until the community, numbering about 160,000 before World War II, was almostentirely annihilated duringthe Holocaust.^[30][31] By 2011, around 3000 people in Lithuania identified themselves as Jews, while around 1200 identified with Judaic religious community.^[32][33]

According to the 2005Eurobarometer Poll,^[34] 12% said that "they do not believe there is any sort of spirit,god, orlife force", 36% answered that "they believe there is some sort of spirit orlife force" and 49% of Lithuanian citizens responded that "they believe there is aGod".^{[dead link‍]}

According to the 2011 census, only around 0.2% of the Lithuanian population aged 10 and over were illiterate, the majority of them in rural areas. The proportion is similar for males and females.^[35]

The general education system in Lithuania consists of primary, basic, secondary and tertiary education. Primary, basic and secondary (or high school) education is free of charge to all residents and is compulsory for pupils under 16 years of age.^[36] Pre-primary education is also available free of charge to 5- and 6-year-old children but is not compulsory. Pre-primary schooling is attended by about 90% of pre-school age children in Lithuania.^[37] Primary, basic and secondary education in Lithuania is available to some ethnic minorities in their native languages, including Polish, Russian and Belarusian.

Primary schooling (Lithuanian:pradinis ugdymas) is available to children who have reached age 7 (or younger, should the parents so desire) and lasts four years. Primary school students are not assessed through a grade system, instead using oral or written feedback. Students begin studying their first foreign language in their second year of primary school.^[38] Data from the 2011 census showed that 99.1% of the population aged 20 and older have attained at least primary education, while around 27,000 pupils started the first grade in 2012.^[39]

Basic education (Lithuanian:pagrindinis ugdymas) covers grades 5 to 10. It is provided by basic, secondary, youth, vocational schools and gymnasiums. After completing the 10th grade, the students must take the basic education achievement test in the Lithuanian language, mathematics, and an elective basic education achievement test in their mother tongue (Belarusian, Polish, Russian or German).^[36] In 2011, 90.9% of the population of Lithuania aged 20 or older had attained the basic level of education.^[39]

Secondary education (Lithuanian:vidurinis ugdymas) in Lithuania is optional and available to students who have attained basic education. It covers two years (11th–12th grades in secondary schools and 3rd–4th grades in gymnasiums). At this level, students have the opportunity to adapt their study plans (subjects and study level) to their individual preferences.^[38] Secondary education is completed upon passing nationalmatura examinations. These consist of as many as six separate examinations of which two (Lithuanian Language and Literature and one elective subject) are required to attain the diploma. As of 2011, 78.2% of the population of Lithuania aged 20 or older had attained the secondary level of education, including secondary education provided by vocational schools.^[39]

More than 60% of the graduates from secondary school every year choose to continue education at colleges and universities of the Lithuanian higher education system. As of 2013, there were 23 universities (including academies and business schools recognized as such) and 24 colleges operating in Lithuania. Vilnius University, founded in 1579, is the oldest and largest university in Lithuania. More than 48,000 students enrolled in all higher education programmes in Lithuania in 2011, including level I (professional bachelor and bachelor), level II (masters) and level III (doctorate) studies.^[40] Higher education in Lithuania is partly state-funded, with free-of-charge access to higher education constitutionally guaranteed to students deemed "good". There are also scholarships available to the best students.

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