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TheLanghian is, in theICS geologic timescale, anage orstage in the middleMiocene Epoch/Series. It spans the time between 15.97 ± 0.05Ma and 13.65 ± 0.05 Ma (million years ago) during theMiddle Miocene.^[5]

The Langhian was a continuing warming period^[6] defined byLorenzo Pareto in 1865, it was originally established in theLanghe area north ofCeva in northern Italy, hence the name. The Langhian is preceded by theBurdigalian and followed by theSerravallian Stage.

Stratigraphic definition

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The base of the Langhian is defined by the first appearance offoraminifer speciesPraeorbulina glomerosa and is also coeval with the top ofmagnetic chronozone C5Cn.1n. AGSSP for the Langhian Stage was not yet established in 2009.

The top of the Langhian Stage (the base of the Serravallian Stage) is at the first occurrence of fossils of thenanoplankton speciesSphenolithus heteromorphus and is located in magnetic chronozone C5ABr.

The Langhian is coeval with theOrleanian andAstaracian European Land Mammal Mega Zones (more precisely: withbiozones MN5 and MN6, MN6 starts just below the Langhian-Serravallian boundary^[7]), with the upperHemingfordian to mid-Barstovian North American Land Mammal Ages,^[5] with mid-Relizian to LuisianCalifornian regional stages (the Luisian extends barely into the early Serravallian^[5]), with the early-mid BadenianParatethys stage of Central and eastern Europe,^[7] with the Tozawan stage inJapan (which runs barely into the early Serravallian^[5]), with the late Batesfordian through Balcombian to early BairnsdalianAustralian stages^[5] and with the mid-Cliffdenian to mid-LillburnianNew Zealand stages.^[5]

Paleontology

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Reptiles

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Turtles:Meiolania brevicollis

Cartilaginous fish

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Sharks, rays, skates and relatives

Chlamydoselachidae: †Chlamydoselachus tobleri
Hexanchidae:Hexanchus griseus (includes"H. andersoni" and"H. gigas"),Hexanchus nakamurai (includes"H. vitulus"),Notorynchus cepedianus (includes"N. kempi" and"N. primigenius")

Grizzled Giant Squirrel,*Ratufa macroura*. Itsgenus was probably already distinct in the Langhian.

Mammals

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Perissodactyla
- Rhinocerotidae: †Dicerorhinus sansaniensis
Rodentia
- Cricetidae: †Karydomys
- Sciuridae: †Palaeosciurus, ?Ratufa

Climate

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In August 2021, the 6th IPCC report indicated that global temperature was 4°C– 10°C warmer during the Miocene Climatic Optimum (16.9-14.7 Ma ago) than 1850-1900.^[8]

References

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Footnotes

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^Krijgsman, W.; Garcés, M.; Langereis, C. G.; Daams, R.; Van Dam, J.; Van Der Meulen, A. J.; Agustí, J.; Cabrera, L. (1996). "A new chronology for the middle to late Miocene continental record in Spain".Earth and Planetary Science Letters.142 (3–4):367–380.Bibcode:1996E&PSL.142..367K.doi:10.1016/0012-821X(96)00109-4.
^Retallack, G. J. (1997)."Neogene Expansion of the North American Prairie".PALAIOS.12 (4):380–390.doi:10.2307/3515337.JSTOR 3515337. Retrieved2008-02-11.
^"International Chronostratigraphic Chart"(PDF).International Commission on Stratigraphy. September 2023. RetrievedDecember 16, 2024.
^Hilgen, F. J.; H. A. Abels; S. Iaccarino; W. Krijgsman; I. Raffi; R. Sprovieri; E. Turco; W. J. Zachariasse (2009)."The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Serravallian Stage (Middle Miocene)"(PDF).Episodes.32 (3):152–166.doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2009/v32i3/002. Retrieved26 December 2020.
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^fGeoWhen (2007)
^Edward Petuch, Ph.D. Florida Atlantic University, Department of Geosciences."FAU Department of Geosciences". Archived fromthe original on 2010-06-20. Retrieved2010-05-01., Author, Cenozoic Seas: The View From Eastern North America.ISBN 0-8493-1632-4
^^a ^bPalaeos (2003)
^"AR6 Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis — IPCC".

Literature

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Wikisource has original works on the topic:Cenozoic#Neogene

Gradstein, F.M.; Ogg, J.G. & Smith, A.G.;2004:A Geologic Time Scale 2004,Cambridge University Press.
Pareto, L.;1865:Note sur les subdivisions que l'on pourrait établir dans les terrains tertaires de l'Apennin septentrional, Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France2(22), p. 210-277.PDF Archived 2021-01-15 at theWayback Machine(in French)

External links

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GeoWhen Database - Langhian
Neogene timescale, at the website of the subcommission for stratigraphic information of the ICS
Neogene timescale at the website of the Norwegian network of offshore records of geology and stratigraphy

Geological history of Earth

Cenozoic Era
(present–66.0 Ma)

Quaternary(present–2.58 Ma)	Holocene (present–11.7 ka) Pleistocene (11.7 ka–2.58 Ma)
Neogene(2.58–23.0 Ma)	Pliocene (2.59–5.33 Ma) Miocene (5.33–23.0 Ma)
Paleogene(23.0–66.0 Ma)	Oligocene (23.0–33.9 Ma) Eocene (33.9–56.0 Ma) Paleocene (56.0–66.0 Ma)

Mesozoic Era
(66.0–252 Ma)

Cretaceous(66.0–145 Ma)	Late (66.0–100 Ma) Early (100–145 Ma)
Jurassic(145–201 Ma)	Late (145–164 Ma) Middle (164–174 Ma) Early (174–201 Ma)
Triassic(201–252 Ma)	Late (201–237 Ma) Middle (237–247 Ma) Early (247–252 Ma)

Paleozoic Era
(252–539 Ma)

Permian(252–299 Ma)	Lopingian (252–260 Ma) Guadalupian (260–272 Ma) Cisuralian (272–299 Ma)
Carboniferous(299–359 Ma)	Pennsylvanian (299–323 Ma) Mississippian (323–359 Ma)
Devonian(359–419 Ma)	Late (359–383 Ma) Middle (383–393 Ma) Early (393–419 Ma)
Silurian(419–444 Ma)	Pridoli (419–423 Ma) Ludlow (423–427 Ma) Wenlock (427–433 Ma) Llandovery (433–444 Ma)
Ordovician(444–485 Ma)	Late (444–458 Ma) Middle (458–470 Ma) Early (470–485 Ma)
Cambrian(485–539 Ma)	Furongian (485–497 Ma) Miaolingian (497–509 Ma) Series 2 (509–521 Ma) Terreneuvian (521–539 Ma)

Proterozoic Eon
(539 Ma–2.5 Ga)

Neoproterozoic(539 Ma–1 Ga)	Ediacaran (539–635 Ma) Cryogenian (635–720 Ma) Tonian (720 Ma–1 Ga)
Mesoproterozoic(1–1.6 Ga)	Stenian (1–1.2 Ga) Ectasian (1.2–1.4 Ga) Calymmian (1.4–1.6 Ga)
Paleoproterozoic(1.6–2.5 Ga)	Statherian (1.6–1.8 Ga) Orosirian (1.8–2.05 Ga) Rhyacian (2.05–2.3 Ga) Siderian (2.3–2.5 Ga)