 | |
| LandSpace | |
Native name | 蓝箭航天空间科技股份有限公司 |
| Company type | Private |
| Industry | Aerospace |
| Founded | June 2015; 9 years ago (2015-06)[1] |
| Founder | Zhang Changwu (张昌武)[2] |
| Headquarters | , China |
| Website | landspace.com |
| Footnotes / references [3] | |
| LandSpace Technology Corporation | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Simplified Chinese | 蓝箭航天空间科技股份有限公司 | ||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 藍箭航天空間科技股份有限公司 | ||||||
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| LandSpace | |||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 蓝箭航天 | ||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 藍箭航天 | ||||||
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LandSpace Technology Corporation (doing business asLandSpace)[4][5] is a Chinese commercialspace launch provider based inBeijing.[6] It was founded in 2015 by Zhang Changwu.[6][7]
In July 2023, the company'sZhuque-2 rocket became the first methane-fueled launch vehicle to reach orbit after its successful second flight.[8][9] LandSpace plans to conduct three Zhuque-2 launches in 2024 and six in 2025.[10]
Landspace Technology Corporation was established in 2015, after a Chinese government policy change in 2014 that allowed private capital into the space industry.[11] Since its founding, the company has established several aerospace infrastructure sites inZhejiang, including a $1.5 billion medium and large-scale liquid rocket assembly and test plant inJiaxing and an intelligent manufacturing base inHuzhou.[8]
LandSpace developed its first launch vehicle Zhuque-1, powered bysolid-propellant motors. Zhuque-1 was launched on 27 October 2018, however the payload failed to reach orbit due to an issue with the third stage.[12][13] The company also developed the liquid-fueledZhuque-2, which became the first methalox rocket in the world to reach orbit after a successful second flight on 12 July 2023.[14]
Zhuque-1 (ZQ-1, Chinese:朱雀一号 or 朱雀·南太湖号), also known asLandSpace-1 orLS-1, is a 19-metre (62 ft) tall, three-stage solid-propellant rocket with a diameter of 1.35 m. It is likely based on theDF-26 missile's rocket motor.[15] Zhuque-1 has a takeoff mass of 27 t (27 long tons; 30 short tons), a thrust of 45 tf (99,000 lbf), and can carry 300 kg (660 lb) of payload into a 300 km (190 mi)low Earth orbit (LEO).[12]
The maiden flight of Zhuque-1 took place on 27 October 2018, from a mobile platform at theJiuquan Satellite Launch Center, carrying the Weilai-1 satellite forChina Central Television. Despite successful first and second stage firings andfairing separation, the payload failed to reach orbit due to a third-stage issue.[12][13] Zhuque-1 was the first Chinese private orbital rocket to attempt an orbital launch.[16]
Following the launch, reports emerged that the solid rocket motor manufacturer had ended its contract with LandSpace, casting doubt on the future of Zhuque-1.[15] Subsequently, LandSpace announced it would shift its focus to developing the methane-fueled Zhuque-2.[8]
Zhuque-2 (ZQ-2) is a medium-sizedliquid-fuelled rocket powered byliquid oxygen andmethane capable of lifting 6,000 kg (13,000 lb) of payload into a 200 km (120 mi) LEO, or 4,000 kg (8,800 lb) of payload into a 500 km (310 mi)sun-synchronous orbit (SSO).[6][9] The rocket was planned to be launched in 2020,[17] however by 2019 this had slipped to 2021,[11] and later to December 2022.[citation needed]
The first flight of Zhuque-2 occurred on 14 December 2022, but the launch vehicle failed to place its payload into orbit due to the failure of its second-stage vernier engines after the second-stage main engine shutdown. Nevertheless, with this maiden launch, Zhuque-2 became the first methane-fueled rocket to reach space. On 12 July 2023, the second flight was successful, making it the firstmethane-fueled launch vehicle in the world to reach orbit; this flight did not carry an active payload.[9][8] On 8 December 2023, the third Zhuque-2 mission successfully placed three satellites into a 433 by 461 kilometers sun-synchronous orbit. LandSpace plans to launch three Zhuque-2 rockets in 2024 and six in 2025.[10]
Zhuque-3 (ZQ-3) is an under-development, two-stage, medium-to-heavy launch vehicle made of stainless steel and powered by liquid methane fuel. The reusable first stage, equipped with nineTianque-12B engines, is designed to be recoverable and reusable for up to twenty launches. The rocket will be 76.6 meters long, 4.5 meters in diameter, and have a liftoff weight of approximately 660 tonnes. Its planned payload capacity to low Earth orbit is about 21 tonnes in expendable mode, 18.3 tonnes when the first stage is recovered downrange, and 12.5 tonnes when the first stage returns to the launch site. The maiden flight of the rocket is planned for 2025,[10] aiming to achieve the milestone of first-stage recovery within the same year, and progressing towards reusability by 2026.
On 19 January 2024, Landspace conducted a successful vertical takeoff and vertical landing (VTVL) test using the Zhuque-3 VTVL-1 test vehicle atJiuquan. The test stage, powered by a single Tianque-12 engine, flew for approximately 60 seconds and reached a height of about 350 meters. Landspace reported a landing accuracy of about 2.4 meters and a touchdown speed of approximately 0.75 meters per second.[18] Additionally, the company had previously announced plans to develop a 200-tonne class full-flow staged combustion engineBF-20, which is expected to be ready by 2028 for a future version of Zhuque-3.[10]
On 11 September 2024, the Zhuque-3 VTVL-1 test stage completed another successful vertical-takeoff-vertical-landing test at its Jinquan launch complex. The test flight lasted about 200 seconds and achieved a maximum height in excess of 10 kilometres. The flight also featured a mid-air engine cutoff test at about 113 seconds after liftoff and an engine reignition test about 40 seconds later when the test stage was at a height of about 4,640 metres; this engine cutoff and reignition sequence during a VTVL attempt represented a first for any Chinese rocket manufacturing entities. During the period when its engine was not in active operation, the test stage employed a cold gas attitude control reaction system in addition to four grid fins to control its gliding descent. The test stage completed its landing sequence at a concrete pad located about 3.2 kilometres away from its launch point; the precise landing spot was 1.7 metres away from the nominal center of the landing pad.[19]
The maiden launch of the Zhuque-3 is expected to occur during the third quarter of 2025. Also in 2025, according to China National Radio, the Zhuque-3 is expected to launch the new reusableHaolong cargo space shuttle built by the Chengdu Aircraft Design Institute, an arm of theAviation Industry Corporation (AVIC); the cargo space shuttle is one of two lower cost resupply vehicles selected byCMSA to provide greater cargo-return capabilities and resupply redundancy for theTiangong Space Station. The Zhuque-3 is also expected to begin launch missions for China'sGuowang broadband communications megaconstllation in 2025.[20]
| Rocket & serial | Flight number | Date | Payload | Orbit | Launch site | Outcome | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zhuque-1[12] | Y1 | 27 October 2018, 08:00UTC | Weilai-1 ('Future-1') satellite | LEO | Jiuquan | Failure | 3 solid-fuel stages; 3rd stage anomaly.[13] |
| Flight No. | Rocket, serial | Date and time (UTC) | Payload | Orbit | Launch site | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Zhuque-2 Y1 | 14 December 2022 08:30[21] | Various | SSO | Jiuquan, Site 96 | Failure |
| Maiden Flight of Zhuque-2. Vernier engines failed during second-stage main-engine shutdown due to excessive forces damaging liquid-oxygen feed line. First launch vehicle using liquid methane propellant to reach space (100 km altitude). | ||||||
| 2 | Zhuque-2 Y2 | 12 July 2023 01:00[22] | No payload (Flight test) | SSO | Jiuquan, Site 96 | Success |
| First launch vehicle using liquid methane propellant to reach orbit. | ||||||
| 3 | Zhuque-2 Y3 | 8 December 2023 23:39[23] | Honghu-1 Honghu-2 Tianyi 33 | SSO | Jiuquan, Site 96 | Success |
| First methane launch vehicle to launch payloads into orbit. Last launch of Zhuque-2, Future launches will happen on upgraded Zhuque-2E. | ||||||
| 4 | Zhuque-2E Y1 | 27 November 2024 02:00[24] | Guangchuan 01 Guangchuan 02 | LEO | Jiuquan, Site 96 | Success |
| Maiden flight of Zhuque-2E, featuring a second stage without vernier thrusters. | ||||||
| Rocket & serial | Flight number | Date | Payload | Orbit | Launch site | Outcome | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zhuque-3 | Demo flight | NET June 2025[25][20] | Jiuquan | TBD | First flight of Zhuque-3 |
LandSpace is in competition with several other Chinese space rocket startups, among themLinkSpace,Galactic Energy,ExPace,i-Space,OneSpace andDeep Blue Aerospace.[26]
