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Lake Lanier

Coordinates:34°14′24″N83°57′00″W / 34.24000°N 83.95000°W /34.24000; -83.95000
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Reservoir in Georgia, United States
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Lake Lanier
Satellite imagery of Lake Lanier and surrounding area,c. 2006
Location of the reservoir in Georgia, USA
Location of the reservoir in Georgia, USA
Lake Lanier
Show map of Georgia
Location of the reservoir in Georgia, USA
Location of the reservoir in Georgia, USA
Lake Lanier
Show map of the United States
LocationGeorgia
Coordinates34°14′24″N83°57′00″W / 34.24000°N 83.95000°W /34.24000; -83.95000
Typereservoir, from 1956
Primary inflowsChattahoochee River,Chestatee River
Primary outflowsChattahoochee River
Catchment area1,040 sq mi (2,700 km2)
Basin countriesUnited States
Surface area37,000 acres (15,000 ha; 58 sq mi)
Max. depth156 ft (48 m)
Water volume1,049,400 acre⋅ft (1.2944 km3)
Surface elevation1,071 ft (326.4 m) summer
1,070 ft (326.1 m) winter
Websitehttps://lakelanier.com/

Lake Lanier (officiallyLake Sidney Lanier) is areservoir in the northern portion of theU.S. state ofGeorgia. It was created by the completion ofBuford Dam on theChattahoochee River in 1956, and is also fed by the waters of theChestatee River. The lake encompasses 38,000 acres (15,000 ha) or 59 sq mi (150 km2) of water, and 692 mi (1,114 km) ofshoreline at normal level, a "full pool" of 1,071 ft (326 m)above mean sea level and the exact shoreline varies by resolution according to thecoastline paradox. Named for Confederate veteran andpoetSidney Lanier,[1] it was built and is operated by theU.S. Army Corps of Engineers for flood control and water supplies. Its construction destroyed more than 50,000 acres (20,000 ha) of farmland and displaced more than 250 families, 15 businesses, and relocated 20 cemeteries along with their remains in the process.[2]

It ispatrolled by theGeorgia Department of Natural Resources (GDNR), as well as local law enforcement. The states of Georgia, Alabama, and Florida all have rights to the water of the reservoir, as it feeds rivers going through those areas. The Corps of Engineers has responsibilities to regulate flow for flood control and water use. In addition, it has to ensure that water is available to fulfill such federal mandates as under theEndangered Species Act, to support downstream species. The rapid suburbanization of the Atlanta region, in particular, has greatly increased water consumption by private homeowners for lawns and gardens. During droughts of the 21st century, Lake Lanier reached record lows, and regional actions have been needed to reduce state water usage in the area.[3]

Geography

[edit]

The lake is inHall,Forsyth,Dawson,Gwinnett, andLumpkincounties, split about 60%, 30%, 5%, 4%, and 1%, respectively, filling the valley into numerous small arms and fingers. The formerthalweg of the Chestatee and the Chattahoochee south of it form the county line between Hall and a corner of Gwinnett to the east, and Dawson and Forsyth counties to the west. The land that now sits at the bottom of Lake Lanier was, before the 1950s, forest and farmland. Before the lake was completely filled, construction crews felled the treetops, leaving tall stumps to remain, in some areas, not far beneath the lake's surface.[4][5]

One of the main purposes of the lake isflood control of the Chattahoochee River downstream, mainly protectingmetro Atlanta. Since the construction of Buford Dam, only three major flooding events have occurred on the downstream section. The most severe flooding eventwas in 2009,[6] following a two-year drought; the most recent was in 2013.[citation needed]

Prior history

[edit]

Prior to the groundbreaking of the reservoir in March 1950, the town ofOscarville occupied a part of the current location of the lake. Oscarville was a small Black community and the site of aracial expulsion, resulting in the forced displacement of all 1,098 Black residents from Forsyth County by the white residents.[7] The remnants of the town were purchased by the government and flooded to create the lake.

Reservoir

[edit]

The lake's original purposes purportedly were to provide hydroelectricity, navigation, and flood control of the Chattahoochee River, and water supply for the city ofAtlanta.

The $1 billion (equivalent to $10 billion in 2023) project was authorized by Congress in 1946,[8] and ground was broken on the Buford Dam on March 1, 1950.[9] A stretch ofGeorgia Highway 53 that ran too close to the planned shoreline had to be abandoned. Gainesville's Looper Speedway was also condemned and abandoned.[10]

More than $2 million (equivalent to $19 million in 2023) had been spent by the Corps on preliminary construction when theHouse Committee on Appropriations refused to provide more funds in June 1951. During that summer Atlanta mayorWilliam Hartsfield traveled to Washington numerous times pressing southern Democratic SenatorsRichard Russell Jr. andWalter F. George to restore funding to ensure Atlanta's water supply during droughts.[11] Hartsfield returned to Washington in 1955 to lobby for $11 million (equivalent to $94 million in 2023) more for the dam, which had a target completion date of 1956, again stressing the importance of an adequate water supply for his growing city. Congress approved the funds, and the dam was completed and opened on schedule.[12]

On February 1, 1956, Lake Lanier began filling when thesluice gates of Buford Dam were closed.[13] The dam began operation between June and October 1957,[14] and that same year,Morgan Falls Dam, located 20 miles (32 km) downstream, was raised to regulate the flow from Buford Dam and regulate the flow of water to Atlanta.[15] Buford Dam was dedicated on October 9, 1957, in a ceremony officiated by a number of elected officials, including U.S. SenatorRichard B. Russell, Georgia GovernorMarvin Griffin, and Atlanta mayorWilliam B. Hartsfield.[16] Lake Lanier reached its intended full-pool level on August 1, 1958, approximately one year later than initially expected due to droughts.[17] In early fall of 1958, the region had two solid months of drought, which would have left the Chattahoochee and its tributaries nearly dry, if not for the construction of Buford Dam and the reserve of Lake Lanier.[18]

Since the 1990s, the Corps of Engineers, Florida, Georgia, and Alabama have all been fighting for use of the water held in Lake Lanier. Federal law mandates that when a river flows between two or more states, each state has a right to an equal share of the water. Additionally, laws such as theEndangered Species Act require that water be available to preserve and support the threatened or endangered species that live in or around Chattahoochee River andApalachicola Bay.

According to the Army Corps of Engineers, the dam has a current installed capacity of 126 megawatts and a hydraulic head of 136 feet.[19][20]

In 2011 and 2012, the water fell to some of the lowest points on record set during the 2007 droughts. In the spring and summer of 2013, the water level reached some of the highest points due to high amounts of rain and flooding in the north Georgia area. By late June 2016, the southern parts of Forsyth County were having severe drought, and water use was ordered to be reduced.[21]

Drought (2007–2009)

[edit]
Buford Dam, impounding Lake Lanier on the Chattahoochee River in Forsyth County, Georgia

In June 2006, theUSACE revealed that the newlake gauge at the dam, replaced in December 2005, was not properly calibrated, yielding a lake level reading nearly two feet (over half a meter) higher than the actual level. Because of this, nearly 22 billion U.S. gallons (over 82 billion liters) of excess water had been released. This was above the already planned excess releases to support the successful spawning of gulf sturgeon in theApalachicola River and to protect several species ofoysters inApalachicola Bay from excessivesaltwater intrusion.

Georgia GovernorSonny Perdue said that the Corps had created a "manmadedrought", because most of the state was already having dry conditions. This came at a time whenoutdoor water-use restrictions were being put in place by local governments. The high rate of suburban growth in the area resulted in a high rate of water consumption to care for the many lawns which had replaced forests. Because of the error in managing Lake Lanier, the governor's office declared a drought and enacted a ban on outdoor water use from 10 am to 4 pm, in addition to the permanent weekly odd/even address system. Other local counties imposed further restrictions or total bans, based on each water system's conditions. Outdoor watering was banned completely as the state suffered the worst drought in its recorded history.

On October 16, 2007, Governor Perdue gave the USACE until the evening of October 17 to come up with a plan for the continued release of water for Florida wildlife. Senator Johnny Isakson stood before the Georgia General Assembly saying, "The health, safety and welfare of people are threatened. They are threatened by an act this Congress passed that had no intention to threaten them." He eventually withdrew his threat to sue the Corps of Engineers, but the Lake Lanier Association indicated that it would file a private legal action. Governor Perdue's attempts to reach an agreement with Florida over water releases fell through, leaving the final decision on releases from the lake to be made by theU.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

Lake Lanier is located in Georgia
Atlanta
Atlanta
Lake Lanier
Lake Lanier
Lake Lanier northeast of Atlanta

On November 22, 2007, the water level was at 1,052.34 ft (320.75 m), setting a new record low.[22] The previous low was 1,052.7 ft (320.9 m), set in December 1981.[23] One month later, the water level stabilized around a final low of 1,050.79 ft (320.28 m), recorded December 26, 2007 at Buford Dam. The day after Christmas, the water level began rising from week to week.[24]

Eventually after winter rains, on February 18, 2008, the water level of Lake Lanier rose to 1,052.80 ft (320.89 m),[24] higher than the December 1981 level of 1,052.7 ft (320.9 m), effectively ending the record-low phase of the drought crisis.

A similar drought situation occurred in late 2008. At the end of the year, the water level stabilized around a final low of 1,051.00 ft (320.34 m), recorded December 8, 2008, at Buford Dam, slightly above the record set in 2007.

After rainfall during the winter of 2008–2009, on March 30, 2009, the climatologist of the state of Georgia, David Stooksbury, declared the drought over,[25] noting: "soil moisture is near normal, stream flows are near normal. Small and medium-sized reservoirs are full." Stooksbury continued, "There is still the 500-pound gorilla sitting in the room and that’s Lanier." In May 2009, the water level of Lake Lanier rose to exceed 1,066 ft (325 m), reaching a high of 1,066.71 ft (325.13 m) in mid-June 2009. It did not reach the full summer pool of 1,071 ft (326 m) during mid-2009, remaining more than 4 ft (1.2 m) lower. Followingweeks of heavy rain in North Georgia, Lake Lanier returned to full pool in mid-October 2009. The record high is 1,077.2 ft (328.3 m) set in April 1964.

The record-low lake levels had revealed parts of the lake bottom not seen since the 1950s, including remnants of a road and foundations of homes that had to be abandoned for the construction. More recent additions to the lake—including discarded trash, boat batteries, and sunken boats—were discovered. Local efforts were organized to clean up the lake bottom. Several automobiles, some stolen, and discarded firearms were also recovered by law enforcement officials.[10]

Lawsuits

[edit]
Main article:Tri-state water dispute
The Lake Lanier Olympic Park hosted the canoe sprint and rowing competitions for the 1996 Summer Olympics, the 2003 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships, 2016 Pan American Sprint Canoe/Kayak Championships and the ICF Dragon Boat World Championships in 2018. This picture was taken in 2010.

In July 2009, a federal judge from Minnesota (chosen from a neutral location as an arbiter) ruled that Congress never authorized Lake Lanier to be used as a source of thewater supply formetro Atlanta. Georgia was given three years to stop withdrawing from the lake (except for the adjacent cities ofGainesville andBuford), unless Congress authorized it, or if it and the other two states using water from the reservoir came to agreement about use. TheAtlanta Regional Commission chairman noted that if enforced, cutting drinking water to 75% of current users in the region would require disaster aid from theFederal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA).[citation needed]

In June 2011, the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals reversed the 2009 district court decision and confirmed the USACE's authority to regulate Lake Lanier for Atlanta's water supply. The Corps responded in June 2012 with plans for further analysis and evaluation of proposals from the three states.

In 2013, Florida filed an original action against Georgia in theSupreme Court of the United States, requesting equitable apportionment of waters in theACF Basin. On November 3, 2014, the Supreme Court granted Florida leave to file the complaint. On April 1, 2021, the Supreme Court dismissed the complaint in a unanimous opinion, holding that Florida did not prove any serious injury caused by Georgia.[26]

Recreation

[edit]
Lake Lanier at River Forks Park inGainesville

The lake is popular withboaters,houseboats,jet-skiers, and others, particularly around the summer holidays. Over 10 million people visit the lake annually, including itsmarinas and theLake Lanier Islands waterpark. Therowing andsprint canoeing events during the1996 Summer Olympics were held on the north end of the lake.[27][28] It has since hosted many international events such as the2003 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships, the 2016 Pan American Sprint Canoe/Kayak Championships, and the 2018 ICF Dragon Boat World Championships. The venue is host to many other events such as Food Truck Friday, ACRA Championships, and the Atlanta Hong KongDragon Boat Festival.

Lake Lanier has over 90 corps, state, county and city parks spread around its 680 miles of shoreline, 23 of which provide swim beaches. All of these parks are accessible by land and some by water and most have other amenities such as picnic areas, restrooms, boat ramps, and playgrounds. There are also dozens of beaches on Lake Lanier that are on islands located all over Lake Lanier.[29]

Lake Lanier Islands is a resort complex on the lake, opened in 1974, that includes a resort hotel called Legacy Lodge (formerly Emerald Pointe Hotel), a water park, and a golf course, among other amenities. The complex also included a second resort hotel, PineIsle, which operated from 1975 to 2005, and was demolished in 2008.[30][31] Both hotels were sold byCNL Hotels & Resorts, a hotel investment firm in Florida, to Georgia businessman Virgil Williams. In 2017–2018,Margaritaville was announced to take over Lanier Islands Park. Lake Lanier Islands sits on a ground lease from the Lake Lanier Islands Development Authority, which was established by theGeorgia General Assembly in 1962 to promote tourism development on the islands, and in turn leases the land from theU.S. Army Corps of Engineers.[32][33]

Every year from mid-November through January, Lake Lanier Islands are decorated with over 6 mi (9.7 km) of Christmas lights, the largest animated light show in the southeast and one of the world's largest light shows.[citation needed] Magical Nights of Lights is an animated drive-through display that ends with a Christmas village, carnival rides, bonfire, Santa Shop, and live nativity.

Due to the displaced cemeteries and unmarked graves Lake Lanier submerged during its creation, the body of water is rumored to be haunted with ghosts.[34] Phil Torres, on an episode of Expedition X, performed a dive on a submerged cemetery and discovered tombstones that had not been disturbed, complete with mementos left by loved ones, suggesting that the government did not relocate graves as promised.[35]

References

[edit]
  1. ^"Sidney Lanier | Southern poet, Civil War soldier |".Encyclopaedia Britannica. January 30, 2024. RetrievedFebruary 8, 2024.
  2. ^Diakite, Parker (May 31, 2019)."Is Lake Lanier Haunted? The Eerie History Of The Georgia Lake Built Over an Entire Town".Travel Noire.Archived from the original on May 23, 2021. RetrievedMay 23, 2021.
  3. ^"Record drought threatens Georgia's Lake Lanier".ESPN.com. October 25, 2007. RetrievedSeptember 29, 2024.
  4. ^Kellogg, Becky (August 26, 2019)."'Diving in Lake Lanier probably is one of the most dangerous things I've done'".WXIA-TV.Archived from the original on June 6, 2021. RetrievedJuly 5, 2020.
  5. ^Brown, Dan (July 30, 2013)."Secrets and Legend All a Part of the Lake Lanier Folklore".Gwinnett Citizen. Archived fromthe original on July 5, 2020. RetrievedJuly 5, 2020.
  6. ^"Historic Flooding in Northern Georgia, September 16-22, 2009"(PDF).United States Geological Survey.
  7. ^"In 1912, This Georgia County Drove Out Every Black Resident". May 23, 2018.Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. RetrievedJune 30, 2021.
  8. ^Gill, Jeff (September 5, 2009)."Inside Buford Dam, Lake Laniers powerhouse".The Gainesville Times.Archived from the original on September 7, 2022. RetrievedAugust 19, 2022.
  9. ^Gillespie, Deanna M. (November 4, 2016). "'Revolutionize Life in the Chattahoochee River Valley': Buford Dam and the Development of Northeastern Georgia, 1950–1970".The Georgia Historical Quarterly.100 (4):404–440.JSTOR 44651734.
  10. ^abBluestein, Greg (December 22, 2007)."Drought-parched lake bed littered with reminders of past".The Florida Times-Union.Associated Press. Archived fromthe original on February 5, 2008.
  11. ^Harold H., Martin (1978). "At Last the Chains Are Broken".William Berry Hartsfield: Mayor of Atlanta. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press. p. 87.ISBN 978-0-8203-0445-8.LCCN 78001550.
  12. ^Harold H., Martin (1978). "You'd Think He Owned the Town".William Berry Hartsfield: Mayor of Atlanta. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press. p. 111.ISBN 978-0-8203-0445-8.LCCN 78001550.
  13. ^Coggin, Dan (February 2, 1956)."Buford Dam Gates Shut To Form Lake Lanier on Poet's Loved River".The Atlanta Constitution. pp. 1,5.Archived from the original on December 4, 2022. RetrievedDecember 3, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  14. ^Tetra Tech (October 2015).Draft Environmental Impact Statement: Update of the Water Control Manual for the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint River Basin in Alabama, Florida, and Georgia and a Water Supply Storage Assessment(PDF) (Report). U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.Archived(PDF) from the original on December 4, 2022. RetrievedDecember 3, 2022.
  15. ^Martin, Harold H. (1987). "1957".Atlanta and Environs: A Chronicle of Its People and Events, 1940s–1970s. Vol. III. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press. p. 260.ISBN 978-0-8203-3906-1.JSTOR j.ctt46nkk8.23.
  16. ^Wells, Frank (October 10, 1957)."Russell Assails GOP At Buford Dedication".The Atlanta Constitution. pp. 1,6.Archived from the original on December 4, 2022. RetrievedDecember 3, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  17. ^"Lake Lanier history: Completion of Buford Dam meant reservoir could fill".North Gwinnett Voice. October 17, 2021.Archived from the original on December 4, 2022. RetrievedDecember 3, 2022.
  18. ^Martin, Harold H. (1987). "1958".Atlanta and Environs: A Chronicle of Its People and Events, 1940s–1970s. Vol. III. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press. p. 294.ISBN 978-0-8203-3906-1.JSTOR j.ctt46nkk8.24.
  19. ^"Buford Dam - Pertinent Data". November 13, 2016. Archived fromthe original on November 13, 2016. RetrievedMay 21, 2021.
  20. ^"Mobile District > Missions > Civil Works > Hydropower".www.sam.usace.army.mil.Archived from the original on April 22, 2021. RetrievedMay 21, 2021.
  21. ^Robins, Kayla (June 29, 2016)."Lake Lanier levels concerning for drought".Forsyth County News. Archived fromthe original on August 2, 2016. RetrievedJuly 25, 2016.
  22. ^"Historical Water Level Data". August 14, 2009.Archived from the original on April 4, 2021. RetrievedJanuary 31, 2021.
  23. ^"FAQs".US Army Corps of Engineers. Archived fromthe original on December 6, 2007. RetrievedJanuary 31, 2021.
  24. ^ab""Midnight Pools at Buford" (Lake Lanier daily water levels)". US Army Corps of Engineers. December 2007. Archived fromthe original on March 20, 2008.
  25. ^Shelton, Stacy (March 30, 2009)."Drought officially over in metro Atlanta".The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Archived fromthe original on April 5, 2009.
  26. ^Fowler, Lara (April 2021)."No April Fool's joke for Florida: Water rights case is dismissed".SCOTUSBlog.Archived from the original on December 28, 2021. RetrievedDecember 28, 2021.
  27. ^1996 Summer Olympics official report.Archived 2008-05-28 at theWayback Machine Volume 1. p. 541.
  28. ^1996 Summer Olympics official report.Archived 2007-09-27 at theWayback Machine Volume 3. pp. 452, 460.
  29. ^"Lake Lanier Parks".lakelanierparks.com.Archived from the original on March 23, 2017. RetrievedMarch 22, 2017.
  30. ^Bessonette, Colin (July 27, 1975)."Lanier Hotel Opens; Omni Next".The Atlanta Journal and Constitution. p. 4-E.Archived from the original on December 4, 2022. RetrievedDecember 3, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  31. ^Blackwood, Harris (April 4, 2008)."PineIsle Resort to be leveled to make room for $100 million hotel".The Gainesville Times.Archived from the original on June 6, 2021. RetrievedNovember 2, 2018.
  32. ^Bessonette, Colin (January 13, 1974)."Lake Project Braces For Crowds".The Atlanta Journal and Constitution. p. 15-F.Archived from the original on December 4, 2022. RetrievedDecember 3, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  33. ^"History".llida.georgia.gov. Lake Lanier Islands Development Authority.Archived from the original on December 2, 2022. RetrievedDecember 3, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  34. ^Faith Karimi (October 31, 2020)."A Georgia lake's dark and deadly history has some people seeing ghosts".CNN.Archived from the original on July 10, 2021. RetrievedJuly 10, 2021.
  35. ^"Lake Of The Dead".Expedition X. March 25, 2020.Discovery Channel.

External links

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