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LGBTQ media orgay media refers to media whose primarytarget audience is members of theLGBTQ community.[1][2] Secondary targets are LGBTQ+ allies, and in some instances those who oppose gay rights may be targeted as a form of activism.[1] Gay or queer media can also be defined as web sites, films, magazines and other cultural products that were created by queer individuals, or groups that are typicallyout, meaning that they are public or open about their identity.[3] LGBTQ creators do not always include LGBTQ themes or issues in the media that they produce, but there are often at least subtle references to queerness in these media.[3]
There have been both positive and negative representations of gay people across popular media, including film, television, literature, press, etc.[4]
LGBTQ representation in the media is powerful, particularly for youth.[5] There have been studies that have shown that media can have an influence on LGBTQ+ people'sself-realization,coming out, and current identities.[6]
Namibian LGBTQ organizationThe Rainbow Project has broadcast the radio showTalking Pink in the country since 1999.[7][8]
Les+ Magazine, a magazine aimed at queer women, was founded in Beijing in 2005.
India's first LGBTQ magazines appeared in the 1990s, withBombay Dost in 1990[9] andPravartak in 1991.[10]
LGBTQ periodicals began being published in European countries in the 1970s, and have been published in a number of countries, including Hungary (Mások, 1991) Ireland (Gay Community News, 1988), the Netherlands (Gay Krant, 1980), Romania (Switch, 2005) and Sweden (QX, 1995).
France began seeing LGBTQ magazines in the late 1970s, withGai pied in 1979. The 1980s saw further publications, includingGaie France (1986) andIllico (1988).
The first gay journal in the world,Der Eigene, was published inBerlin beginning in 1896 byAdolf Brand. A number of LGBTQ periodicals were published inWeimar Germany, includingDie Insel (1926) andDas 3. Geschlecht (1930), which is thought to be the firsttransvestite magazine in history. Weimar Germany was also home to multiple lesbian periodicals, includingDie Freundin (1924),Frauenliebe (1926) andDie BIF (mid to late 1920s). These publications had ceased by 1933, with the rise of the Nazi party to power.
In the second half of the 20th century, a major LGBTQ periodical in Germany isSiegessäule, which was established in 1984.
In the United Kingdom, the 1960, 1970s, and 1980s saw a number of LGBTQ magazines and newspapers established, includingArena Three (1964-1971),Gay News (1972-1983),Capital Gay (1981-1995) andPink Paper (1987-2009). In the 21st century, the U.K. is home to online newspaperPinkNews.
By the 1990s, the BBC hosted two gay and lesbian radio shows:Gay and Lesbian London, andGaytalk.[11]
The Middle East has seen its first LGBTQ periodicals in the 21st century, includingMy.Kali, founded in 2007, andEl Shad, created in 2014.
Beginning in 1987, Canadian lesbian cartoonistNoreen Stevens illustrated the comic stripThe Chosen Family, which featured LGBTQ characters and was based on Stevens' own experiences.
A number of LGBTQ-related periodicals have been published in Canada, in both English and French-speaking communities.Les Mouches fantastiques, the earliest known gay or lesbian periodical on the continent, was published in Montreal from 1918 to 1920. Early Canadian periodicals in thegay rights movement includedGay (1964),TWO (1964),The Body Politic (1971),FILE Megazine (1972),Amazones d'Hier, Lesbiennes d'Aujourd'hui (1982),Perceptions (1983),Wayves (1983),Fugues (1984), andRites (1984). One of the first queer zines,J.D.s, was published byG.B Jones andBruce LaBruce from 1985 until 1991.
In 2012, LGBTQ literary magazinePlenitude was launched in Canada.
The early 1970s saw the publication of texts by lesbian feminists, such asDel Martin and Phyllis Lyon'sLesbian/Woman in 1972 andJill Johnston'sLesbian Nation in 1973.
In 1977, American gay authorsCharles Silverstein andEdmund White released the sex manualThe Joy of Gay Sex. In 1982, theSisters of Perpetual Indulgence publishedPlay Fair!, a brochure about safe sex for gay men.
In 1981, the lesbian feministS/M organisationSamois, based in San Francisco, published the anthologyComing to Power. The work combined short stories with advice.
Beginning in 1983, American lesbian cartoonistAlison Bechdel illustratedDykes to Watch Out For, a comic strip revolving around a primarily lesbian cast. In 1989, gay cartoonistEric Orner launchedThe Mostly Unfabulous Social Life of Ethan Green, a comic strip featuring a gay male protagonist.
TheMotion Picture Production Code, an industry guideline in whichHollywood's motion picture producers agreed to self-censor all major motion pictures from 1934 to 1968,[12] led to LGBTQ invisibility in film in United States film. However, even in the 1960s and 1970s, when LGBTQ representation in film was becoming more commonplace, it was also becoming morehomophobic. Gay characters in this time period were represented very negatively, whether that meant they were dangerous and suicidal, or predatory and violent. Examples of such movies includeThe Children's Hour,The Boys in the Band,Midnight Express, andVanishing Point.[3]
In 1977, American directorArthur J. Bressan Jr. releasedGay USA, thought to be the first documentary by and about LGBTQ people.
In the 1990s, films that included LGBTQ themes, such asThe Birdcage,Philadelphia,To Wong Foo Thanks for Everything,Flawless andIn & Out were quite popular.[citation needed] 2005,Brokeback Mountain grossed over $178 million[13] and in 2017,Moonlight won the Academy Award for Best Picture along with Actor in a Supporting Role and Adapted Screenplay.[14]
The gay man and heterosexual woman couple has become a popular film genre in recent years. This coupling exists in popular films such asMy Best Friend's Wedding,The Object of My Affection, andThe Next Best Thing. According to Helene Shugart, writing inCritical Studies in Media Communication, homosexuality is recoded and modified in these films to approvesexism andheteronormativity.[15]
In 2016 Pride Flix, a film label, was founded by a group of filmmakers with the aim of promoting LGBTQ+ content. Although short-lived, the label released several films. By the early 2020s, they stopped releasing films and the label was quietly dissolved.[citation needed]
Prior to the beginning of the gay rights movement, some gay and lesbian magazines were published in the U.S.Vice Versa, published 1947 and 1948, is the earliest known lesbian periodical in the U.S. The first national distributed lesbian periodical wasThe Ladder, founded in 1956. Publications in the 1960s includedDrum (Philadelphia, 1964) andThe Advocate (Los Angeles, 1967). In 1966, midwest gay activistDrew Shafer foundedThe Phoenix: Midwest Homophile Voice, the first known LGBTQ magazine published in the Midwestern U.S., inKansas City, Missouri.[16]
The beginning of the gay rights movement, from 1969 through the 1970s, saw a number of LGBTQ newspapers established across the country. These includedCome Out! (New York City, 1969),TheGay Blade (Washington, D.C., 1969),Bay Area Reporter (San Francisco Bay Area, 1971),Fag Rag (Boston, 1971),Lavender Woman (Chicago, 1971),Chicago Gay Crusader (1973),Gay Community News (Boston, 1973), theSan Francisco Sentinel (1974),Philadelphia Gay News (1976),Gaysweek (New York City, 1977), andSan Francisco Bay Times (1978).
In 1956,Pacifica Radio became the first known listener-sponsored non-commercial American radio network to allow openly LGBTQ individuals airtime.[17]
One of the nation's earliest LGBTQ radio programs wasLesbian Nation (1972-1973), an interview show created byMartha Shelley, a member of theDaughters of Bilitis and theGay Liberation Front.[18] In 1975, the LGBTQ interview programWilde 'n' Stein began broadcasting on Houston'sKPFT station.[19] InHartford, Connecticut,Gay Spirit Radio began airing in November 1980. The program includes interviews, news, and music segments.[20][21]
TheCode of Practices for Television Broadcasters indirectly prohibited positive homosexual representation from 1952 to 1983, preventing many queer actors in the television field from coming out and further preventing representation of the LGBTQ+ community in commercial television.[citation needed] However, many LGBTQ communities made use ofpublic-access television to broadcast self-created programs. These included variety shows likeThe Emerald City (1977-1979),[22]Gay Morning America (1984-1985) andCandied Camera (1990s), scripted programs, like soap operaSecret Passions, informational shows (Dyke TV,Gay USA) and interview programs likeThe Glennda and Brenda Show.[23] In the 1980s, LGBTQ public access programs spoke frankly about the HIV/AIDS crisis, sharing information and educating viewers on the disease.[23]
In 1997,Ellen became the first show to have a gay main character.[24] After this, there was an increase in shows that included recurring gay characters such asWill & Grace,Dawson's Creek,Spin City,ER,Buffy the Vampire Slayer,Nightline,Queer Eye for the Straight Guy,Queer as Folk,The Young and Restless,Ugly Betty andGlee.
Reality TV shows have also frequently represented openly gay people, such as MTV'sThe Real World, CBS'sSurvivor andThe Amazing Race.[citation needed]
In recent years, there has been a notable increase in theportrayal of LGBTQ+ characters and storylines across a wide range of television genres.[25]
In 1978, the Gay Teachers and Students Group of Melbourne releasedYoung, Gay and Proud, a book aimed at teenagers exploring a gay identity.
In 1973, theSisters for Homophile Equality (SHE) inWellington, New Zealand foundedThe Circle, which continued to publish until 1986.
In Brazil, the zineChanacomchana, published between 1981 and 1987, aimed to organize feminists around lesbian issues.
This article incorporates material from theCitizendium article "Gay media", which is licensed under theCreative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License but not under theGFDL.
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