| Kunigunde of Austria | |
|---|---|
_2.jpg) Portrait byBarthel Beham | |
| Duchess consort of Bavaria | |
| Tenure | 3 January 1487 – 18 March 1508 |
| Born | (1465-03-16)16 March 1465 Wiener Neustadt,Archduchy of Austria,Holy Roman Empire |
| Died | 6 August 1520(1520-08-06) (aged 55) Püttrich Convent,Munich,Duchy of Bavaria, Holy Roman Empire |
| Spouse | |
| Issue | |
| House | Habsburg |
| Father | Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor |
| Mother | Eleanor of Portugal |
Kunigunde of Austria (16 March 1465 – 6 August 1520), a member of theHouse of Habsburg, wasDuchess of Bavaria from 1487 to 1508 by her marriage to theWittelsbach dukeAlbert IV.
Kunigunde was born inWiener Neustadt, the fourth of five children to EmperorFrederick III and his wifeEleanor, daughter of KingEdward of Portugal. However, only she and her elder brotherMaximilian survived to adulthood. Frederick blamed her mother for the deaths of her older siblings, saying that she had fed them too much Portuguese sweet food. When Kunigunde fell ill, Frederick rushed into the women's quarter, took the baby from the cradle and moved her to his own bedchamber, removing her from the mother's supposed harmful care. Eleanor quickly fell ill herself. It is unknown whether mother and child ever saw each other again before her death.[1]
She was raised in Wiener Neustadt and at theInner Austrian court inGraz,Styria, where she grew up in an informal and open atmosphere, without rigid court etiquette. Contrary to former practice, she learned not only to read, write, and embroider, but also received instruction in riding andhunting,astronomy andmathematics.[2]
Kunigunde's family had left the Imperial residence at theHofburg inVienna after lengthy quarrels with Frederick's younger brother ArchdukeAlbert VI of Austria. Though Albert had unexpectedly died in 1463 and the emperor proclaimed a generalLandfrieden peace, armed hostilities in theAustrian lands continued.
Like most daughters of royal families, since her early years Kunigunde was involved in the political intrigues of her time. In 1470 theHungarian kingMatthias Corvinus requested her hand; however, Emperor Frederick, a rival for theCrown of Saint Stephen and also for theLands of the Bohemian Crown, refused him. As her mother had died in 1467, Kunigunde made her formal presentation at the side of her father at the age of fifteen, in 1480, during the visit of DukeGeorge of Bavaria, called "the Rich", to Frederick's court in Vienna. George was solemnlyenfeoffed with the Imperial estate ofBavaria-Landshut and after the celebrations Kunigunde was sent to BurggrafUlrich III von Graben to Graz for her safety; however, after a plot against the emperor was discovered, he moved toLinz and sent Kunigunde to theTyrolean court inInnsbruck with ArchdukeSigismund of Austria, Frederick's first cousin and former ward.
In Innsbruck Kunigunde met Duke George's cousin, Albert IV, then ruler ofBavaria-Munich and about 18 years her senior, who she married on 2 January 1487. Her father had initially given his consent, however, when Albert's forces occupied the Imperial City ofRegensburg, he changed his mind. The couple wed at the InnsbruckHofburg residence, against the will of Kunigunde's father. Her brother Maximilian mediated between her and Emperor Frederick; he was able to prevent animperial ban.
Kunigunde followed her husband to Bavaria and served as joint regent for their eldest sonWilliam IV, born in 1493. In spite of her resignation from the Imperial court, she tried to influence the politics of the state as she acted in favour of the rights of her younger sons. She stayed in close contact with her brother, Emperor Maximilian I, and with other rulers and relatives in Europe.
After the death of Albert in 1508 she quickly joined theConvent ofPüttrich which she favoured and lived there until her death in 1520.
Kunigunde was very pious and able to exert influence on her brother on religious matters. In 1509, relying on the influence of Kunigunde, and the Cologne Dominicans, the anti-Jewish agitatorJohannes Pfefferkorn was authorized by Maximilian to confiscate all offending Jewish books (including prayer books), except the Bible. The confiscations happened in Frankfurt, Bingen, Mainz and other German cities. Responding to the order, the archbishop of Mainz, the city council of Frankfurt and various German princes tried to intervene in defense the Jews. Maximilian consequently ordered the confiscated books to be returned. On 23 May 1510 though, influenced by a supposed "host desecration" and blood libel in Brandenburg, as well as pressure from Kunigunde, he ordered the creation of an investigating commission and asked for expert opinions from German universities and scholars. The prominent humanistJohann Reuchlin argued strongly in defense of the Jewish books, especially the Talmud.[3]
In 1512, Kunigunde exposed the fraud of the self-appointed saintAnna Laminit of Augsburg (1480-1518), who had duped the population and enriched herself using her fame as a "hunger saint" for decades. Laminit had managed to approach even Maximilian himself, who paid personal visits to her and provided her and her maid with clothing. In 1503, Laminit attained her greatest success in persuadingBianca Maria Sforza, Maximilian's Queen (later Empress), to lead a penitent procession with the city's leading officials – probably the largest one the city had ever seen. However, rumours arose, that some people had seen the "saint" eat. Kunigunde decided to carry out an investigation herself. She invited Laminit to her monastery. When Laminit arrived on 16 October 1512, she was quartered in a guestroom, which had been prepared beforehand with peepholes. As soon as the door was locked, Laminit unpacked bags of fruit that she had hidden under the bed. Despite Laminit trying to cover up the scandal, on 13 October 1513, Kunigunde demanded a just punishment from the Imperial City Council Of Augsburg. On 30 January 1514, Maximilian personally decreed that Laminit would not be allowed to approach him or the city within a day's travel distance. Laminit then arrogantly left Augsburg and moved to Freiburg, where she married a widowed crossbow-maker and established herself as a herbalist. After a new fraud was exposed and one of her herbal drinks caused the death of a person at Freiburg though, she was condemned as a witch and executed by drowning.[4][5]
Among Kunigunde's four daughters, Sidonie died young, so her sister Sibylle marriedLouis V, Elector Palatine, who had been betrothed to Sidonie. Susanne married twice – the first husband was a Margrave of Brandenburg, the second a Count Palatine.Sabine was married toDuke Ulrich of Württemberg, as a reward for having supported Albert in the war against George. The marriage turned out to be a disaster. Ulrich was a lazy ruler and a dissolute man who got into debt and physically abused Sabine. When Ulrich murdered the husband of his lover in broad daylight in 1515, it was too much for Kunigunde. She called Sabine back to her and told Maximilian to impose an imperial ban on Ulrich, which her brother did in 1516.[6]
Kunigunde lived her last years in "quiet meditations and pious prayers", also for her brother who died in 1519 (she outlived him for a year).[6]
With Duke Albert IV of Bavaria, Kunigunde had seven children:
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