There are also several thousand lakes in the krai. The largest lakes include Beloye, Belyo,Glubokoye, Itat,Khantayskoye, Labas,Lama, Pyasina,Taymyr, andYessey. The rivers and lakes are rich in fish.
The climate is stronglycontinental with large temperature variations during the year. Long winters and short, hot summers are characteristic for the central and southern regions where most of the krai's population lives. The territory of Krasnoyarsk Krai experiences conditions of three climate belts:arctic,subarctic, andhumid continental. In the north there are less than 40 days with temperature above 10 °C (50 °F), while in the south there are 110–120 such days.
The average temperature in January is −36 °C (−32.8 °F) in the north and −18 °C (−0.4 °F) in the south. The average temperature in July is 5 to 10 °C (41 to 50 °F) in the north – where the most polewardtree line in the world is found atAry-Mas – and +20 °C (68 °F) in the south. The annual precipitation is 316 millimeters (12.4 in) (up to 1,200 millimeters (47 in) in the foothills of the Sayan Mountains). Snow covers the central regions of the krai from early November until late March. The peaks of the Sayan Mountains higher than 2,400–2,600 metres (7,900–8,500 ft) and those of thePutorana Plateau higher than 1,000–1,300 metres (3,300–4,300 ft) are covered with permanent snow.Permafrost is absent at low altitudes south ofLesosibirsk, but as one moves north it grades fromsporadic aroundthe 58th parallel toextensive discontinuous aroundthe 60th parallel andcontinuous north ofthe 63rd parallel.
The coastline contains several prominent peninsulas – from west to east the main ones are theMinina Peninsula,Mikhailov Peninsula, theTaymyr Peninsula (by far the largest, and itself containing the Zarya Peninsula, Oskara Peninsula andChelyuskin Peninsula) and the Khara-Tumus Peninsula.
In the south there is aErgaki Nature Park which is aprotected area of Krasnoyarsk Krai. It contains the Western Sayan Mountains.[12] The park was established in 2005 and it covers an area of 342,873 ha (847,260 acres).[13] It is bordered by the Yenisei highway.[14]
Mother of God-Nativity Cathedral (Krasnoyarsk) 1900
According to archaeologists, the first people reached Siberia circa 40,000BC.[15] TheAndronovo culture, a group ofBronze Age peoples, lived in the area around 2000–900 BC, the remains of which were discovered in 1914 near the village of Andronovo,Uzhursky District. The grave-mounds and monuments of theScythian culture in Krasnoyarsk Krai belong to the 7th century BC and are some of the oldest inEurasia. A prince's grave, the Kurgan Arshan, discovered in 2001, is also located in the krai.
Russian settlement of the area (mostly byCossacks) began in the 17th century. After the construction of theTrans-Siberian Railway the Russian colonization of the area strongly increased. In 1822, theYeniseysk Governorate was created with Krasnoyarsk as its administrative center that covered territory very similar to that of the current krai.
During both theTsarist and theSoviet times, the territory of Krasnoyarsk Krai was used as a place of exile of political enemies, actual or alleged. The first leaders of the Soviet state,Vladimir Lenin andJoseph Stalin, were exiled to what is now the krai in 1897–1900 and 1903, respectively. In Stalin's era, numerousGulag camps were located in the region.
On June 30, 1908, in the basin of thePodkamennaya Tunguska River, there occurred apowerful explosion most likely to have been caused by the air burst of a largemeteoroid orcomet fragment at an altitude of 5–10 kilometers (3.1–6.2 miles) above the Earth's surface. The force of the explosion is estimated to be about 10–15 megatons. It flattened more than 2,000 square kilometers (490,000 acres) of pine forest and killed thousands of reindeer.
Krasnoyarsk Krai was created in 1934 after disaggregation of theWest Siberian and East Siberian Krais and later includedTaymyr andEvenk Autonomous Okrugs andKhakas Autonomous Oblast. In 1991,Khakassia separated from the krai and became a republic within the Russian Federation. On January 1, 2007, following a referendum on the issue held on April 17, 2005, the territories ofEvenk andTaymyr Autonomous Okrugs were merged into the krai.
The seat of the oblast administration in the Revolution Square, 2005
During theSoviet period, the high authority in the krai was shared between three persons: The first secretary of the Krasnoyarsk CPSU Committee (who in reality had the most authority), the chairman of the krai Soviet (legislative power), and the chairman of the krai Executive Committee (executive power). Since theDissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 and the demise of theCPSU, the head of the krai administration, and eventually the governor has been appointed or elected alongside the electedregional parliament.
The Charter of Krasnoyarsk Krai is the fundamental law of the region. TheLegislative Assembly of Krasnoyarsk Krai is the province'sregional standing legislative (representative) body. The Legislative Assembly exercises its authority by passing laws, resolutions, and other legal acts and by supervising the implementation and observance of the laws and other legal acts passed by it. The legislative assembly consists of 52 deputies. 22 of them are elected in 22 one-mandate electoral districts byplurality system, 2 in Taymyr, 2 in Evenkia, and 26 are elected byproportional system from the lists offered by political parties. The highest executive body is the Oblast Government, which includes territorial executive bodies such as district administrations, committees, and commissions that facilitate development and run the day-to-day matters of the province. The Oblast administration supports the activities of the Governor who is the highest official and acts as the guarantor of the observance of the krai Charter in accordance with theConstitution of Russia.
In December 1991, presidentBoris Yeltsin appointed Arkady Veprev as the first governor of Krasnoyarsk Krai. In January 1993 Yeltsin appointed Valery Zubov as the second governor of Krasnoyarsk Krai. In Krasnoyarsk Territory governor elections were called. Zubov was elected in a universal election for a five-year term. TheLegislative Assembly of Krasnoyarsk Krai was created as well.
In 1998, Zubov lost in the gubernatorial election toGeneral Aleksandr Lebed, a well-known politician in all of Russia. In 2002 Lebed died in a helicopter accident.
In 2002,Alexander Khloponin, the governor ofTaymyr Autonomous Okrug and an influential businessman, was elected a governor of Krasnoyarsk Krai. In 2007, he was nominated bypresidentVladimir Putin for re-election, and the legislative assembly elected Khloponin for the second term.
Business center "Balance". The largest business center of Asian part of Russia
The krai is among the richest of Russia's regions in natural resources: 80% of the country'snickel, 75% of itscobalt, 70% of itscopper, 16% of itscoal, and 10% of itsgold are extracted here. Krasnoyarsk also produces 20% of the country'stimber. More than 95% of Russian resources ofplatinum andplatinoids are concentrated in the krai.
The krai's major industries are: non-ferrousmetallurgy, energy, forestry, chemicals, and oil refining. The major financial-industrial groups of Krasnoyarsk Krai are:
Basic Element (Krasnoyarsk Aluminium Plant, Achinsk Alumina Complex, Krasnoyarsk Pulp and Paper Plant)
It makes Krasnoyarsk Krai one of Russia's most important producers of electric energy and a desirable location for energy-intensive industries, such as aluminum plants.[citation needed]
Trans-Siberian Railroad (650 km (400 mi) within Krasnoyarsk Krai), Norilsk Railroad (northernmost railroad in the world before Obskaya–Bovanenkovo Line); North Siberian Railroad is planned.
Ethnic groups: The population of the krai mostly consists ofRussians, and some other peoples of the formerSoviet Union. Theindigenous Siberian peoples make up no more than 1% of the population.
The 2021 Census reported the following ethnic composition:[20]
As per the survey conducted in 2012,[25] 29.6% of the population of Krasnoyarsk Krai adhered to theRussian Orthodox Church, 5% declared to be anondenominational Christian (excluding Protestant churches), 2% belonged to a differentOrthodox churches, 1.5% wasMuslim, 1% followed theSlavic native faith (Rodnovery), and 10.9% did not give an answer to the survey. In addition, 35% of the population declared to be "spiritual but not religious" and 15% to beatheist.[25]
^Президент Российской Федерации. Указ №849 от 13 мая 2000 г. «О полномочном представителе Президента Российской Федерации в федеральном округе». Вступил в силу 13 мая 2000 г. Опубликован: "Собрание законодательства РФ", No. 20, ст. 2112, 15 мая 2000 г. (President of the Russian Federation. Decree #849 of May 13, 2000On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in a Federal District. Effective as of May 13, 2000.).
^Госстандарт Российской Федерации. №ОК 024-95 27 декабря 1995 г. «Общероссийский классификатор экономических регионов. 2. Экономические районы», в ред. Изменения №5/2001 ОКЭР. (Gosstandart of the Russian Federation. #OK 024-95 December 27, 1995Russian Classification of Economic Regions. 2. Economic Regions, as amended by the Amendment #5/2001 OKER. ).
Законодательное Собрание Красноярского края. №5-1777 5 июня 2008 г. «Устав Красноярского края», в ред. Закона №4-1178 от 4 апреля 2013 г. «Об изменении статей 62 и 90 Устава Красноярского края в связи с принятием Федерального закона от 3 декабря 2012 года №229-ФЗ "О порядке формирования Совета Федерации Федерального Собрания Российской Федерации"». Вступил в силу 24 июня 2008 г. (за исключением отдельных положений). Опубликован: "Краевой вестник", №1 (спецвыпуск), 11 июня 2008 г. (Legislative Assembly of Krasnoyarsk Krai. #5-1777 June 5, 2008Charter of Krasnoyarsk Krai, as amended by the Law #4-1178 of April 4, 2013On Amending Articles 62 and 90 of the Charter of Krasnoyarsk Krai Due to the Adoption of the Federal Law #229-FZ of December 3, 2012 "On the Procedures of the Formation of the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation". Effective as of June 24, 2008 (with the exception of certain clauses).).
Всероссийский Центральный Исполнительный Комитет. Постановление от 7 декабря 1934 г. «О разукрупнении Западносибирского и Восточносибирского краёв и образовании новых областей в Сибири». (All-Russian Central Executive Committee. Resolution of December 7, 1934On the Subdivision of West Siberian and East Siberian Krais and on the Establishment of New Oblasts in Siberia. ).
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