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The following is alist of towers of theMoscow Kremlin. TheKremlin Wall is a defensive wall that surrounds theMoscow Kremlin, recognizable by the characteristic notches and its towers. The original walls were likely a simple wooden fence with guard towers built in 1156. The Kremlin is flanked by 19 towers with a 20th, the Kutafya Tower, not part of its walls.
TheBorovitskaya Tower (Russian:Боровицкая башня,romanized: Borovitskaya bashnya) is a corner tower with a through-passage on the west side of the Kremlin. It is named afterBorovitsky Hill, one of theseven hillsMoscow is standing on. The tower was constructed in 1490 on the spot of an old Kremlin gate byItalianarchitectPietro Antonio Solari (Petr Fryazin, fromfryaz orfryag as Italians were called at that time) by order ofVasili III of Russia. In 1658 by orders oftzarAleksey I of Russia the tower was renamed toPredtechenskaya (from the Russian wordпредтеча,the forerunner) after the Church ofJohn the Forerunner, which was later destroyed during the construction of theKremlin Armoury (Oruzheynaya Palata). The new name, however, never became popular. In 1812, the tower was damaged by an explosion staged by theretreating French army. In 1817-19, the tower was restored byarchitectOsip Bove. In 1935, theSoviets installed ared star on top of the tower. Following the closure of the Spassky Gate in Red Square to all traffic at the end of the 1990s, the Borovitsky Gate became the main vehicle passageway. Together with the star, its height is 54.05 metres (177.3 ft).
Geographical coordinates:55°44′56″N37°36′45″E / 55.748909°N 37.612520°E /55.748909; 37.612520 (Borovitskaya Tower).
TheVodovzvodnaya Tower (Russian:Водовзводная башня,romanized: Vodovzvodnaya bashnya) is a corner tower on the southwestern side of Kremlin, overlooking theMoskva River. It was built in 1488 by anItalian architectAntonio Gilardi (also known as Anton Fryazin). Initially, the tower was called the Sviblova Tower (Свиблова башня) after the Sviblovboyar family, who had lived in a house adjacent to the tower from the Kremlin's side. The tower was renamed to Vodovzvodnaya in 1633 after the installation of a water-supplying machine inside the tower ("vodovzvodnaya" may be translated as "water-lifting"). In 1805, the Vodovzvodnaya Tower was dismantled due to its dilapidation and built once again. In 1812, the retreatingFrench army blew it up. The tower was restored in 1817-1819 by architectOsip Bove. Its height is 61.85 metres (202.9 ft).
Geographical coordinates:55°44′53″N37°36′49″E / 55.748106°N 37.613647°E /55.748106; 37.613647 (Vodovzvodnaya Tower).
TheBlagoveschenskaya Tower (Russian:Благовещенская башня,romanized: Blagoveshchenskaya bashnya), known inEnglish as theAnnunciation Tower, was erected in 1487-1488. At its foundation are slabs of whitelimestone that have survived since the time of the white stoneKremlin of the 14th century. During the reign ofIvan the Terrible, the tower was used as aprison. The name of the tower comes from themiracle-workingIcon of the Annunciation, which was once kept here, and is also associated with theCathedral of the Annunciation added to the tower in the early 18th century and demolished in 1932. In the 17th century, the Portomoyniye Gates were built nearby so that palace laundresses could go to the Portomoiny raft on theMoscow River to rinse porty, or underclothes. These gates were bricked up in 1813.
The height of the tower is 30.7 metres (101 ft) (32.45 metres (106.5 ft) together with theweather vane that replaced the originalcross in 1932).
Geographical coordinates:55°44′55″N37°36′55″E / 55.748722°N 37.615192°E /55.748722; 37.615192 (Blagoveschenskaya Tower).
TheTaynitskaya Tower (Russian:Тайницкая башня,romanized: Taynitskaya bashnya; it was also calledВодяная башня (Vodyanaya bashnya), or the Water Tower) is a middle tower on the south side of the Moscow Kremlin. It was built in 1485 byAntonio Gilardi on the spot of thegates toDmitry Donskoy's whitestone Kremlin. The Taynitskaya Tower had a secretwell and atunnel leading to the Moscow River (hence, the name "Taynitskaya", or "secret"). In 1770, the tower was dismantled due to the construction of theKremlin Palace byVasili Bazhenov. It was rebuilt in the 1770s. In 1930-1933, theSoviets bricked up the gateway and filled up the well. The Taynitskaya Tower is 38.4 metres (126 ft) in height.
Geographical coordinates:55°44′58″N37°37′04″E / 55.749374°N 37.617863°E /55.749374; 37.617863 (Taynitskaya Tower).
TheFirst Unnamed Tower (Russian:Первая Безымянная башня,romanized: Pervaya Bezymyannaya bashnya) was built next to the Taynitskaya Tower in the 1480s. It performed strictly defensive functions. In 1547, the tower was destroyed by fire after thegunpowder stored there exploded, and was rebuilt in the 17th century. In 1770, the tower was taken apart to clear the site for theKremlin Palace. After the construction of the palace ended, the tower was rebuilt in 1783, closer to the Taynitskaya Tower. In 1812, the tower was blown up byNapoleon’s retreating troops, but it was soon restored to its original form byarchitectOsip Beauvais. Its height is 34.15 metres (112.0 ft).
Geographical coordinates:55°44′58″N37°37′08″E / 55.749495°N 37.618968°E /55.749495; 37.618968 (First Unnamed Tower).
TheSecond Unnamed Tower (Russian:Вторая Безымянная башня,romanized: Vtoraya Bezymyannaya bashnya) was built in the middle of the 15th century. It had purely defensive functions. In 1680, aquadrangular structure and a tall pyramidal tent roof with awatchtower were added to the top of the tower. It is crowned with an eight-sided hippedcupola with aweather vane.
Geographical coordinates:55°44′59″N37°37′13″E / 55.749615°N 37.620363°E /55.749615; 37.620363 (Second Unnamed Tower).
ThePetrovskaya Tower (Russian:Петровская башня,romanized: Petrovskaya bashnya) is named after the Church ofMetropolitan Peter, which was part of the mission of theUgreshi Monastery located near the tower in the Kremlin. The Petrovskaya Tower was destroyed bycannon fire during thePolish invasion in 1612 and then restored. In 1771, it was pulled down to construct theKremlin Palace, but was rebuilt in 1783. In 1812, the tower was blown up byNapoleon’s retreating troops. In 1818, it was rebuilt by thearchitectOsip Bove. The Petrovskaya Tower was used as a service building by the Kremlin'sgardeners. Its height is 27.15 metres (89.1 ft).
Geographical coordinates:55°44′59″N37°37′19″E / 55.749700°N 37.622015°E /55.749700; 37.622015 (Petrovskaya Tower).
TheBeklemishevskaya Tower (Russian:Беклемишевская башня,romanized: Beklemishevskaya bashnya, also known asМоскворецкая башня (Moskvoretskaya bashnya), or Moskvoretskaya Tower) is a corner tower on the southeastern side of the Moscow Kremlin on the Moscow River. The tower was built in 1487-1488 by anItalianarchitectMarco Ruffo (known as Mark Fryazin inRussia). It was named after a boyarIvan Bersen-Beklemishev, whose house had been adjacent to the tower from the Kremlin side. The Beklemishevskaya Tower was constructed for protecting theford and the crossing over the Moscow River. There was the so-called "listening" vault underneath the tower, which was used for preventing the enemy from tunneling his way to the Kremlin. The Beklemishevskaya Tower is 46.2 metres (152 ft) in height. During theOctober Revolution of 1917, the top of the tower was damaged by a shell. It was restored a year later by an architect I.V. Rylsky.
Geographical coordinates:55°44′59″N37°37′24″E / 55.749742°N 37.623239°E /55.749742; 37.623239 (Beklemishevskaya Tower).
TheKonstantino-Eleninskaya Tower (Russian:Константино-Еленинская башня,romanized: Konstantino-Eleninskaya bashnya) is a tower on the eastern wall of the Kremlin, overlooking the so-calledBasil Descent (Васильевский спуск), which begins at theRed Square and ends at the Moscow River. The tower was built in 1490 by anItalianarchitectPietro Antonio Solari on the spot of gates to the whitestone Kremlin. It was named after the Church of Constantine and Helene in the Kremlin (second half of the 17th century), which would be demolished by theSoviets in 1928. The Konstantino-Eleninskaya Tower had its own gates and a liftbridge, protected by guards at all times. In the late 18th century - early 19th century the gates were bricked up and the bridge was dismantled. The tower's height is 36.8 metres (121 ft).
Geographical coordinates:55°45′04″N37°37′20″E / 55.751179°N 37.622359°E /55.751179; 37.622359 (Konstantino-Eleninskaya Tower).
TheNabatnaya Tower (Russian:Набатная башня) is a tower in the southeastern section of theKremlin wall, built in 1495. It is 38 metres (125 ft) in height. Traditionally, there has always been abell on top of the Nabatnaya Tower, used for notifying citizens of fires and other misfortunes in the Kremlin or on the Red Square (hence, the name Nabatnaya, which derives from the old Russian wordнабат -nabat, meaning "alarm" or "tocsin"). In 1680, a bellmakerFeodor Dmitriev cast the so-called Nabatny bell (alarm bell) weighing 150poods (2.45metric tons) and installed it on the tower. The bell subsequently broke and was re-cast byIvan Motorin on 30 July 1714. The sound from this bell served as a signal for the spontaneous uprising of the Muscovites during theplague outbreak in 1771, which would later be called thePlague Riot (Чумной бунт). By the order ofCatherine the Great, the tongue of the bell was removed after this incident. The tongueless bell remained on top of the tower for 30 more years. In the early 19th century, it was removed and transferred to theArsenal. In 1821, the bell was moved to theArmoury, where it remains to this day in thevestibule.
Geographical coordinates:55°45′07″N37°37′19″E / 55.751843°N 37.621908°E /55.751843; 37.621908 (Nabatnaya Tower).
TheTsarskaya Tower (Russian:Царская башня, translated as "Tsar's tower") is the youngest and smallest tower of all, built in 1680. It is not a tower per se, it is rather a stoneterem, a tent-shaped chamber placed directly on top of the wall. Previously, there was a small woodenturret, from which, according to legend,tsarIvan IV liked to observe what was happening on the Red Square. Hence the name, the Tsar's Tower. The white stone bands around the posts, tall corner pyramids withgilt flags and tent roof topped with an elegant giltweather vane make the tower look like some structure from afairy tale.
Geographical coordinates:55°45′08″N37°37′18″E / 55.752284°N 37.621608°E /55.752284; 37.621608 (Tsarskaya Tower).
The Spasskaya Tower was built in 1491 by theItalianarchitectPietro Antonio Solari. Initially, it was named the Frolovskaya Tower after the Church ofFrol and Lavr in theKremlin, which is no longer there.[1] The tower's modern name comes from the icon of 'Spas Nerukotvorny' (Russian:Спас Нерукотворный) translated as 'The SaviourNot Made by Hands', which was placed above the gates on the inside wall in 1658 and removed in 1917. The tower is also named for the wall-painted icon of 'Spas Smolensky' (Russian:Спас Смоленский) translated as 'Smolensky Saviour', which was created in the 16th century on the outside wall of tower, plastered over in 1937, but reopened and restored in 2010.
The Spasskaya Tower was the first tower of the many Moscow Kremlin Towers to be crowned with thehipped roof in 1624–1625 by architects Bazhen Ogurtsov andChristopher Galloway (aScottish architect and clock maker).[2] According to a number of historical accounts, theclock on the Spasskaya Tower appeared between 1491 and 1585. It is usually referred to as theKremlin chimes (Кремлёвские куранты) and designates official Moscow Time. The clock face has a diameter of 6 metres (20 ft).[3] The gate of Spasskaya Tower was used to greet foreign dignitaries, and was used during formal ceremonies or processions held on Red Square.
TheSenatskaya Tower (Russian:Сенатская башня) was built in 1491 by anarchitectPietro Antonio Solari and was purely defensive in nature: it guarded the Kremlin on the Red Square side. For a long time it remained nameless. It was only in 1787, after architectMatvei Kazakov constructed theKremlin Senate on the Kremlin’s territory, that it was given its present name. The dome of the Senate can be seen from Red Square. Inside the central part of the tower there are three tiers of vaulted chambers. In 1860, the flat tower was topped with a stone tentroof crowned, in turn, with agiltweather vane. The tower contains a through-passage that allows VIPs to travel from the kremlin to Red Square. Its height is 34.3 metres (113 ft).
Geographical coordinates:55°45′12″N37°37′10″E / 55.753449°N 37.619548°E /55.753449; 37.619548 (Senatskaya Tower).
TheNikolskaya Tower (Russian:Никольская башня) is atower with a through-passage on the eastern wall of the Moscow Kremlin, which overlooks the Red Square not far from theState Historical Museum.
The Nikolskaya Tower was built in 1491 by anItalianarchitectPietro Antonio Solari. It was named after Nikolaevsky (Nikolsky) Greek Monastery, which is no longer there. In 1806, the tower was rebuilt in theneo-Gothic style by an architectLuigi Rusca. In 1812, the top of the tower was blown up by theretreating French army. It was restored in 1816 by an architectOsip Bove. The Nikolskaya Tower was once again severely damaged by theartillery fire in October 1917 and was later restored by an architectNikolai Markovnikov. In 1935, theSoviets installed ared star on top of the tower. Its current height with the star is 70.4 metres (231 ft). The original icon ofSaint Nicholas of Mozhaysk, placed above the entrance on Red Square had been plastered over by Soviet authorities and was uncovered and restored in 2010 - similar to what took place on the Spasskaya Tower.[4][5]
Geographical coordinates:55°45′16″N37°37′04″E / 55.754421°N 37.617713°E /55.754421; 37.617713 (Nikolskaya Tower.)
TheCorner Arsenalnaya Tower (Russian:Арсенальная Угловая башня, i.e. "Corner Arsenal tower") is atower of the Moscow Kremlin. It was built in 1492 by anItalianarchitectPietro Antonio Solari. The construction of this tower completed the Kremlin's line of defence from the side of theRed Square. It was called the Sobakin Tower until the early 18th century (named so after a boyar Sobakin, whose house had been adjacent to the tower from the Kremlin side). The Corner Arsenalnaya Tower received its current name after the construction of theArsenal. The tower still has a secretwell. In 1707, due to a threat ofSwedish invasion, the gun slots of the Corner Arsenalnaya Tower were enlarged to fit heavycannons. In 1812, the tower was damaged by anexplosion, set up by theretreating French army. It was restored in 1816-1819 by architectOsip Bove.
The tower's current height is over 60 metres (200 ft).
Geographical coordinates:55°45′18″N37°36′59″E / 55.755110°N 37.616469°E /55.755110; 37.616469 (Corner Arsenalnaya Tower).
TheMiddle Arsenalnaya Tower (Russian:Средняя Арсенальная башня, i.e. "Middle Arsenal tower") is a Kremlin tower, built in 1495. It is located on the northwestern side of the Kremlin wall and overlooks theAlexander Garden. It is situated on the spot of a corner tower dating from the reign ofDmitry Donskoi. It was given its present name, the Middle Arsenal Tower, after theArsenal was completed in the mid-18th century. Originally, it was called the Faceted Tower because of the shape of itsfaçade. In 1680, an open lookout with a smallpyramid-shaped top was added to the tower. In 1821, when the Alexander Garden was laid out, an ancient-stylegrotto was built at the foot of the tower, designed byOsip Bove.
Geographical coordinates:55°45′13″N37°36′56″E / 55.753667°N 37.615525°E /55.753667; 37.615525 (Middle Arsenalnaya Tower).
TheTroitskaya Tower was built in 1495–1499 by anItalianarchitectAloisio da Milano (known inRussia asAleviz Fryazin Milanets). The tower has borne several names, including Rizopolozhenskaya, Znamenskaya, and Karetnaya. It received its current name in 1658 from the TroitskayaCoaching Inn (Троицкое подворье) in the Kremlin. The two-story basement of the tower housed aprison in the 16th–17th centuries. There is the Troitsky Bridge, which is protected by the Kutafia Tower and leads to the gates of the Troitskaya Tower. There was also aclock on top of the tower between 1585 and 1812. In 1707, due to a threat ofSwedish invasion, the gun slots of the Troitskaya Tower were enlarged to fit heavycannons. In 1935, theSoviets installed ared star on top of the Troitskaya Tower. Prior to Soviet rule the tower had an icon of the Holy Trinity atop its outward face. Because this tower was the formal entrance for huge Communist Party Congresses the icon was totally removed rather than just plastered over as were those on the Spasskaya and Nikolskaya Towers.
TheKomendantskaya Tower (Russian:Комендантская башня) was completed in 1495. It used to be calledKolymazhnaya after the Kremlin’scoach yard, wherecarriages and coaches had been kept. It was given its present name, theCommandant’s Tower, in the 19th century when the commandant of Moscow took up residence in the Kremlin’s Poteshny – or Amusement – Palace. Like all Kremlin towers, it was supplemented with a tentroof andwatchtower in 1676-1686. The height of the tower on the side of theAlexander Garden is 41.25 metres (135.3 ft).
Geographical coordinates:55°45′02″N37°36′49″E / 55.750575°N 37.613518°E /55.750575; 37.613518 (Komendantskaya Tower).
TheOruzheynaya Tower (Russian:Оружейная башня, translated as Armory Tower) was built in 1495. It was given its present name in the 19th century after the construction of theArmory. Before then, it was known as theKonyushennaya Tower, a reference to the royalstables that stood behind it.
Geographical coordinates:55°44′58″N37°36′46″E / 55.749428°N 37.612714°E /55.749428; 37.612714 (Oruzheynaya Tower).
TheKutafya Tower (Russian:Кутафья башня formerlyPredmostnaya tower) is an outlyingbarbican tower of the Moscow Kremlin. Built in 1516 under the leadership of the Milanese architectAloisio da Milano, in order to protect one end of theNeglinnaya River bridge that comes out of the West side of the Kremlin wall under the Troitskaya Tower. Initially, the Kutafya was surrounded by amoat and was the only access to the city through its lift bridge, nowadays the moat around the bridge has transformed intoAlexander Garden. Kutafya is one of the lower height Kremlin towers which had two combattiers and no spire, with the open-top upper landing equipped witharrowslits andmachicolations, which made it a formidable obstacle to the besieging of the Kremlin fortress.
Marking today the main public entrance to the Kremlin, the Kutafya tower was modified several times through the centuries:
The Kutafya Tower is currently 13.5 m high; it used to be 18 m but the lower part of the tower was "submerged" by successive constructions that heightened the street-level ground.
Geographical coordinates:55°45′09″N37°36′46″E / 55.752514°N 37.612649°E /55.752514; 37.612649 (Kutafya Tower).
