Koine Greek grammar is a subclass ofAncient Greek grammar peculiar to theKoine Greek dialect. It includes many forms ofHellenistic era Greek, and authors such asPlutarch andLucian,^[1] as well as many of the survivinginscriptions andpapyri.

Koine texts from the background of Jewish culture and religion have distinct features not found in classically rooted writings. These texts include theSeptuagint (GreekOld Testament, which includes theDeuterocanonical books),New Testament,Josephus,Philo of Alexandria, the GreekOld Testament Pseudepigrapha, and earlyPatristic writings.

The commonalities between Attic and Hellenistic era Greek grammar are far greater than the differences. Where divergences became too wide the focus was attracted of the "Atticism", language purists, who sought in their writing to leave the lingua franca of the marketplace for the classical style.

James Morwood inOxford Grammar of Classical Greek lists "some key features of New Testament grammar", many of which apply to all Koine texts:^[2] Friedrich Blass and Albert Debrunner'sGrammatik des neutestamentlichen Griechisch is a grammar designed for those who know Classical Greek, and describes Koine Greek in terms of divergences from Classical. It has been revised in Germany by Friedrich Rehkopf,^[3] and translated into English and revised by Robert W. Funk.^[4]

Simplification ofaccidence with difficulties and irregularities reduced:

• fewer irregularcomparatives
• third declensionadjectives become rarer
• monosyllabicnouns with irregular declension become rarer
• verbs in-μι are given the endings ofverbs in-ω
• 1st (weak)aorist endings often replace 2nd (strong) aorists

The following changes occur insyntax:

• ἵνα ("that") is now used for "[with the result] that...", "[he said] that", and command forms, offering an alternative for (but not quite replacing) theaccusative and infinitive construction.
• someprepositions are used more where casedeclension makes this strictly redundant in Attic
• pronouns are supplied more where the sense is still clear without them
• diminutives are used more often, but also do not always carry any diminutive meaning. This is particularly true in Jewish texts, e.g. "[little] wing of the temple"
• conjunctions are used with differing frequencies from natural Greek. For example, the ratio of καί to δέ at the beginning of sentences is higher, influenced by Semitic languages.
• τότε 'then' as a common narrative conjunction reflects Aramaic influence from the Second Temple period (5th century BCE to 1st century CE).

The infinitive is now used for "[in order] to do", either as a plain infinitive or with the genitive of thedefinite article (τοῦ) before it (as averbal noun).

In Hellenistic era Greek,middle voice is often replaced by active voice withreflexive pronouns. This means that the middle voice verbs that remain are less likely to be truereflexive voice than in Attic Greek, and the majority of New Testament middle voice verb usage comes into other categories. Among those other uses is the use of middle voice as an approximation tocausative.^[5]

The comments above that also apply to the New Testament are generally true for Koine texts with no "Jewish Greek" influence. The following comments, however, apply to texts influenced by a knowledge of either Jewish literature or Jewish oral traditions:

Numerous semitisms in grammar and phraseology occur, e.g. impersonalegeneto (ἐγένετο) "it came to pass" introducing a finite verbal clause, representing the impersonalHebrew ויהי structure.

The use of the inverted AB-BA structures found in Hebrew poetry, known aschiastic structure, is also often classed as a semitism, but is also found inHomer. Likewise the repetition of nouns with distributive force, e.g.sumposia sumposia ("by groups", Mark 6:39) could be Semitism, but it is also current in vulgar (common) Greek.^[6] Many aspects of New Testament word order, such as avoiding the "Atticist" affectation of placing the verb at thepenult of the sentence, are simply natural 1st-century Greek style.^[7]

Although vocabulary does not truly count as grammar, other than in irregular declension and plurals, it is mentioned here for completeness. A small number of easily identifiable items of Semitic vocabulary are used as loanwords in the Greek of the Septuagint, New Testament and Patristic texts, such assatanas for Hebrewha-Satan. Less evident Semitisms occur in vocabulary usage, and semantic content (range of meaning). Numerous words in the New Testament are used in ways that derive from the Septuagint rather than secular or pagan usage. In particular, there is religious vocabulary peculiar to Judaism and monotheism. For example,angelos more frequently means "angel" than "messenger", anddiabolos means Job's "devil" more often than mere "slanderer".

A debate currently exists as to the meaning of the tense-forms found in Koine Greek. It is widely held that Koine Greek tense-forms are aspectual, but whether or not tense (semantic time reference) is included, as well as the number of aspects, is under discussion.

Stanley E. Porter argues that there are three aspects: perfective, imperfective and stative.^[8] On the other hand, Constantine R. Campbell finds only two aspects, and adds a category of "proximity" to further differentiate tense of and regards the perfect tense-form (regarded by Porter as aspectually stative) as imperfective in aspect and more intensely proximal than the present. Campbell's view of Koine Greek tense-forms can be summarised in this way:^[9]

• Koine Greek phonology

A freeKoine Greek Keyboard is available on the Westar Institute/Polebridge Press website.

• Koine Greek
• Greek grammar