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The article deals with the biblical and historical kings of theLand of Israel—Abimelech of Sichem, the three kings of theUnited Kingdom of Israel and those of its successor states, Israel and Judah, followed in theSecond Temple period, part ofclassical antiquity, by the kingdoms ruled by the Hasmonean and Herodian dynasties.
TheHebrew Bible describes a succession of kings of aUnited Kingdom of Israel, and then of divided kingdoms,Israel andJudah.[1]
In contemporary scholarship, the united monarchy is debated, due to a lack of archaeological evidence for it. It is generally accepted that a "House of David" existed, but some scholars believe thatDavid could have only been the king orchieftain of Judah, which was likely small, and that the northern kingdom was a separate development. There are some dissenters to this view, including those who support the traditional narrative, and those who support the united monarchy's existence but believe that the Bible containstheological exaggerations.[2][3][4][5]
| Table: kings and prophets |
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| This table describes the kings, their parents, age they lived, the prophets who influenced them, and the emperors they encountered in battle. |
| Summary diagram |
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According to the Bible, theTribes of Israel lived as aconfederation underad hoc charismatic leaders calledjudges. In around 1020 BCE, under extreme threat from foreign peoples, the tribes united to form the firstUnited Kingdom of Israel.Samuel anointedSaul from theTribe of Benjamin as the first king.
| Albright | Thiele | Galil | Kitchen | Common/ Biblical name | Regnal Name and style | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1000–962 | 1010–970 | 1010–970 | David | דוד בן-ישי מלך ישראל David ben Yishai,Melekh Yisra'el | Reigned over Judah for 7 years in Hebron, then Israel & Judah in Jerusalem for 33 years; 40 years in total. Death:natural causes | |
| 962–922 | 970–931 | 971–931 | Solomon | שלמה בן-דוד מלך ישראל Shelomo ben David,Melekh Yisra'el | Reigned over Israel & Judah in Jerusalem for 40 years. Death: natural causes Son of David byBathsheba, his rights of succession were disputed by his older half-brotherAdonijah | |
| 922–915 | 931–913 | 931–914 | 931–915 | Rehoboam | רחבעם בן-שלמה מלך יהודה Rechav'am ben Shlomo,Melekh Yehudah | Reigned for 17 years. After 3 years, the kingdom was split into the kingdoms of Judah and Israel. Death: natural causes |
After the death of kingSolomon theUnited Kingdom of Israel was divided in two – the northernKingdom of Israel underJeroboam, with its capital, first inShechem, thenPenuel,Tirzah, and finallySamaria, and ruled by a series of dynasties beginning with Jeroboam; and the southernKingdom of Judah with its capital still inJerusalem and ruled by theHouse of David. UnderHezekiah's rule in the Kingdom of Judah, theNeo-Assyrian Empire conquered and destroyed thenorthern kingdom 722 BCE leaving only the southernkingdom of Judah.
| Albright | Thiele | Galil | Kitchen | Common/Biblical name | Regnal Name and style | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 922–901 BCE | 931–910 BCE | 931–909 BCE | 931–911 BCE | Jeroboam I | ירבעם בֵּן-נבט מלך ישראל Yarob'am ben Nevat,Melekh Yisra'el | Led the rebellion and divided the kingdoms. Reigned in Israel (Northern Kingdom) for 22 years. Death: Natural Causes |
| 901–900 BCE | 910–909 BCE | 909–908 BCE | 911–910 BCE | Nadab | נדב בֵּן-ירבעם מלך ישראל Nadav ben Yarob'am,Melekh Yisra'el | Reigned in Israel for 2 years. Death: Killed by Baasha, son of Ahijah of the house of Issachar, along with his whole family. |
TheHouse of Baasha[edit] | ||||||
| 900–877 BCE | 909–886 BCE | 908–885 BCE | 910–887 BCE | Baasha | בעשא בֵּן-אחיה מלך ישראל Ba'sha ben Achiyah,Melekh Yisra'el | Reigned over Israel in Tirzah for 24 years. Death: Natural Causes |
| 877–876 BCE | 886–885 BCE | 885–884 BCE | 887–886 BCE | Elah | אלה בֵּן-בעשא מלך ישראל 'Ela ben Ba'sha,Melekh Yisra'el | Reigned over Israel in Tirzah for 2 years. Death: Zimri, one of his officials, got him drunk and killed him at his house in Azra. |
TheHouse of Zimri[edit] | ||||||
| 876 BCE | 885 BCE | 884 BCE | 886 BCE | Zimri | זמרי מלך ישראל Zimri,Melekh Yisra'el | Reigned over Israel in Tirzah for 7 days. Death: He set his palace on fire when Omri and all the Israelites with him withdrew from Gibbethon and laid siege to Tirzah. |
The House of Tibni[edit] | ||||||
| 876–871 BCE | 885–880 BCE | – | – | Tibni | תבני מלך ישראל Tibni,Melekh Yisra'el | Rival claimant to Omri, reigned for several years. Death: Was apparently killed while assailed by the soldiers of Omri – his death is recorded, but the circumstances surrounding it go unexplained. |
TheHouse of Omri[edit] | ||||||
| 876–869 BCE | 885–874 BCE | 884–873 BCE | 886–875 BCE | Omri | עמרי מלך ישראל 'Omri,Melekh Yisra'el | Reigned over Israel in Samaria for 12 years. Death: Natural Causes |
| 869–850 BCE | 874–853 BCE | 873–852 BCE | 875–853 BCE | Ahab | אחאב בֵּן-עמרי מלך ישראל Ach'av ben 'Omri,Melekh Yisra'el | Reigned over Israel in Samaria for 22 years. Death: Shot by an archer during the battle at Ramoth Gilead. He died upon his arrival at Samaria. |
| 850–849 BCE | 853–852 BCE | 852–851 BCE | 853–852 BCE | Ahaziah | אחזיהו בֵּן-אחאב מלך ישראל 'Achazyahu ben 'Ach'av,Melekh Yisra'el | Reigned over Israel in Samaria for 2 years. Death: He fell through the lattice of his upper room and injured himself. Elijah the prophet told him he would never leave his bed and would die on it. |
| 849–842 BCE | 852–841 BCE | 851–842 BCE | 852–841 BCE | Joram | יורם בֵּן-אחאב מלך ישראל Yehoram ben 'Ach'av,Melekh Yisra'el | Reigned over Israel in Samaria for 12 years. Death: Killed by Jehu, the next king of Israel |
TheHouse of Jehu[edit] | ||||||
| 842–815 BCE | 841–814 BCE | 842–815 BCE | 841–814 BCE | Jehu | יהוא בֵּן-נמשי מלך ישראל Yehu ben Yehoshafat,Melekh Yisra'el | Reigned over Israel in Samaria for 28 years.[7] Death: Natural Causes |
| 815–801 BCE | 814–798 BCE | 819–804 BCE | 814–806 BCE | Jehoahaz | יהואחז בֵּן-יהוא מלך ישראל Yeho'achaz ben Yehu,Melekh Yisra'el | Reigned over Israel in Samaria for 17 years. Death: Natural Causes |
| 801–786 BCE | 798–782 BCE | 805–790 BCE | 806–791 BCE | Jehoash (Joash) | יואש בֵּן-יואחז מלך ישראל Yo'ash ben Yeho'achaz,Melekh Yisra'el | Reigned over Israel in Samaria for 16 years. Death: Natural Causes |
| 786–746 BCE | 782–753 BCE | 790–750 BCE | 791–750 BCE | Jeroboam II | ירבעם בֵּן-יואש מלך ישראל Yarob'am ben Yo'ash,Melekh Yisra'el | Reigned over Israel in Samaria for 41 years. Death: Natural Causes. TheBook of Jonah or Jonah's journey toNineveh (when he was swallowed by a whale or fish) happened at that time. |
| 746 BCE | 753 BCE | 750–749 BCE | 750 BCE | Zachariah | זכריה בֵּן-ירבעם מלך ישראל Zekharya ben Yarob'am,Melekh Yisra'el | Reigned over Israel in Samaria for 6 months. Death: Shallum son of Jabesh killed him in front of the people and succeeded as king. |
TheHouse of Shallum[edit] | ||||||
| 745 BCE | 752 BCE | 749 BCE | 749 BCE | Shallum | שלם בֵּן-יבש מלך ישראל Shallum ben Yavesh,Melekh Yisra'el | Reigned over Israel in Samaria for 1 month. Death: Menahem son of Gadi attacked Shallum and assassinated him. |
The House of Menahem (also known as theHouse of Gadi)[edit] | ||||||
| 745–738 BCE | 752–742 BCE | 749–738 BCE | 749–739 BCE | Menahem | מְנַחֵם בֵּן-גדי מלך ישראל Menachem ben Gadi,Melekh Yisra'el | Reigned over Israel in Samaria for 10 years. Death: Natural Causes |
| 738–737 BCE | 742–740 BCE | 738–736 BCE | 739–737 BCE | Pekahiah | פקחיה בֵּן-מְנַחֵם מלך ישראל Peqachya ben Menachem,Melekh Yisra'el | Reigned over Israel in Samaria for 2 years.Death: Pekah son of Remaliah, one of the chief officers, took 50 men with him and assassinated the king in his palace at Samaria. |
TheHouse of Pekah[edit] | ||||||
| 737–732 BCE | 740–732 BCE | 736–732 BCE | 737–732 BCE | Pekah | פקח בֵּן-רמליהו מלך ישראל Peqach ben Remalyahu,Melekh Yisra'el | Reigned over Israel in Samaria for 20 years. Death: Hoshea son of Elah conspired against him and assassinated him. |
TheHouse of Hoshea[edit] | ||||||
| 732–722 BCE | 732–722 BCE | 732–722 BCE | 732–722 BCE | Hoshea | הושע בֵּן-אלה מלך ישראל Hoshea' ben 'Ela,Melekh Yisra'el | Reigned over Israel in Samaria for 9 years.[8] Death: King Shalmaneser attacked and captured Samaria. He charged Hoshea with treason and he put him in prison, then, he deported the Israelites to Assyria. |
| Albright | Thiele | Galil | Kitchen | Common/Biblical name | Regnal Name and style | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
House of David[edit] | ||||||
| 915–913 | 913–911 | 914–911 | 915–912 | Abijah | אבים בן-רחבעם מלך יהודה 'Aviyam ben Rechav'am,Melekh Yehudah | Reigned for 3 years. Death: natural causes. |
| 913–873 | 911–870 | 911–870 | 912–871 | Asa | אסא בן-אבים מלך יהודה 'Asa ben 'Aviyam,Melekh Yehudah | Reigned for 41 years. Death: severe foot disease. |
| 873–849 | 870–848 | 870–845 | 871–849 | Jehoshaphat | יהושפט בן-אסא מלך יהודה Yehoshafat ben 'Asa,Melekh Yahudah | Reigned for 25 years. Death: natural causes. |
| 849–842 | 848–841 | 851–843 | 849–842 | Jehoram | יהורם בן-יהושפט מלך יהודה Yehoram ben Yehoshafat,Melekh Yahudah | Reigned for 8 years. Death: severe stomach disease. |
| 842–842 | 841–841 | 843–842 | 842–841 | Ahaziah | אחזיהו בן-יהורם מלך יהודה 'Achazyahu ben Yehoram,Melekh Yehudah | Reigned for 1 year. Death: killed by Jehu, who usurped the throne of Israel. |
House of Omri[edit] | ||||||
| 842–837 | 841–835 | 842–835 | 841–835 | Athaliah (Queen) | עתליה בת-עמרי מלכת יהודה 'Atalya bat 'Omri,Malkat Yehudah | Reigned for 6 years. Death: killed by the troops assigned by Jehoiada the Priest to protect Joash.Queen Mother, widow of Jehoram and mother of Ahaziah. |
House of David[edit] | ||||||
| 837–800 | 835–796 | 835–802 | 835–796 | Jehoash (Joash) | יהואש בן-אחזיהו מלך יהודה Yeho'ash ben 'Achazyahu,Melekh Yehudah | Reigned for 40 years. Death: killed by his officials namely: Zabad, son of Shimeath, an Ammonite woman, and Jehozabad, son of Shimrith, a Moabite woman. |
| 800–783 | 796–767 | 805–776 | 796–776 | Amaziah | אמציה בן-יהואש מלך יהודה 'Amatzyah ben Yehoash,Melekh Yehudah | Reigned for 29 years. Death: killed inLachish by the men sent by his officials who conspired against him. |
| 783–742 | 767–740 | 788–736 | 776–736 | Uzziah | עזיהו בן-אמציה מלך יהודה 'Uzziyahu ben 'Amatzyah,Melekh Yehudah | Reigned for 52 years. Death:Tzaraath.George Syncellus wrote that the FirstOlympiad took place in Uzziah's 48th regnal year. |
| 742–735 | 740–732 | 758–742 | 750–735/30 | Jotham | יותם בן-עזיהו מלך יהודה Yotam ben 'Uzziyahu,Melekh Yehudah | Reigned for 16 years. Death: natural causes. |
| 735–715 | 732–716 | 742–726 | 735/31–715 | Ahaz | אחז בן-יותם מלך יהודה 'Achaz ben Yotam,Melekh Yehudah | Reigned for 16 years. Death: natural causes.TheAssyrian kingTiglath-Pileser III records he received tribute from Ahaz; compare 2 Kings 16:7-9. |
| 715–687 | 716–687 | 726–697 | 715–687 | Hezekiah | חזקיהו בן-אחז מלך יהודה Chizeqiyahu ben 'Achaz,Melekh Yehudah | Reigned for 29 years. Death: Natural Causes.Contemporary withSennacherib of Assyria andMerodach-Baladan of Babylon. |
| 687–642 | 687–643 | 697–642 | 687–642 | Manasseh | מנשה בן-חזקיהו מלך יהודה Menashe ben Chizeqiyahu,Melekh Yehudah | Reigned for 55 years. Death: natural causes.Mentioned in Assyrian records as a contemporary ofEsarhaddon. |
| 642–640 | 643–641 | 642–640 | 642–640 | Amon | אמון בן-מנשה מלך יהודה 'Amon ben Menashe,Melekh Yehudah | Reigned for 2 years. Death: killed by his officials, who were killed later on by the people of Judah. |
| 640–609 | 641–609 | 640–609 | 640–609 | Josiah | יאשיהו בן-אמון מלך יהודה Yo'shiyahu ben 'Amon,Melekh Yehudah | Reigned for 31 years. Death: shot by archers during the battle against Neco of Egypt. He died upon his arrival on Jerusalem. |
| 609 | 609 | 609 | 609 | Jehoahaz | יהואחז בן-יאשיהו מלך יהודה Yeho'achaz ben Yo'shiyahu,Melekh Yehudah | Reigned for 3 months. Death:Necho II, king of Egypt, dethroned him, and got him replaced by his brother, Eliakim. Carried off to Egypt, where he died. |
| 609–598 | 609–598 | 609–598 | 609–598 | Jehoiakim | יהויקים בן-יאשיהו מלך יהודה Yehoyaqim ben Yo'shiyahu,Melekh Yehudah | Reigned for 11 years. Death: Natural Causes.TheBattle of Carchemish occurred in the fourth year of his reign (Jeremiah 46:2). |
| 598 | 598 | 598–597 | 598–597 | Jehoiachin/Jeconiah | יהויכין בן-יהויקים מלך יהודה Yehoyakhin ben Yehoyaqim,Melekh Yehudah יכניהו בן-יהויקים מלך יהודה Yekhonyahu ben Yehoyaqim,Melekh Yehudah | Reigned for 3 months & 10 days. Death: KingNebuchadnezzar II of Babylon sent for him and brought him to Babylon, where he lived and died.Jerusalem was captured by the Babylonians and Jehoiachin deposed on 16 March, 597 BCE. CalledJeconiah in Jeremiah andEsther. |
| 597–587 | 597–586 | 597–586 | 597–586 | Zedekiah | צדקיהו בן-יאשיהו מלך יהודה Tzideqiyahu ben Yo'shiyahu,Melekh Yehudah | Reigned for 11 years. Death: In prison.[9]His reign saw the second rebellion against Nebuchadnezzar (588–586 BCE). Jerusalem was captured after a lengthy siege, the temple burnt, Zedekiah blinded and taken into exile, and Judah reduced to a province. |
| Dates | Common name | Name and style | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
Hasmonean Dynasty[edit] | |||
| 104–103 BCE | Judah | Aristobulus I King and High Priest of Judaea | The first leader from the Hasmonean lineage to call himself king, and also the first of any Judean king to claim both thehigh priesthood and kingship title. |
| 103–76 BCE | Jonathan Yannai | Alexander Jannaeus King and High Priest of Judaea | |
| 76–67 BCE | Shelomzion | Salome Alexandra Queen of Judaea | |
| 67–63 BCE | Aristobulus | Aristobulus II King and High Priest of Judaea | |
| 63–40 BCE | Jonathan Hurqanos | Hyrcanus II King and High Priest of Judaea; Ethnarch of Judaea | King from 67 BCE, High Priest from 76 BCE |
| 40–37 BCE | Matityahu | Antigonus II Mattathias King and High Priest of Judaea | |
| Family tree (Hasmonean-Herodian) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The promonarchic period long ago became a literary description of the mythological roots, the early beginnings of the nation, and the way to describe the right of Israel on its land. The archeological evidence also does not support the existence of a united monarchy under David and Solomon as described in the Bible, so the rubric of "united monarchy" is best abandoned, although it remains useful for discussing how the Bible views the Israelite past.
The promonarchic period long ago became a literary description of the mythological roots, the early beginnings of the nation, and the way to describe the right of Israel on its land. The archeological evidence also does not support the existence of a united monarchy under David and Solomon as described in the Bible, so the rubric of "united monarchy" is best abandoned, although it remains useful for discussing how the Bible views the Israelite past.
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