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The Khakhassian people are direct descendants of various ancient cultures that have inhabited southern Siberia, including theAndronovo culture,Samoyedic peoples, theTagar culture, and theYenisei Kyrgyz culture,[3][4][5] although some populations traditionally called Khakhassian are not related to Khakhassians or any other ethnic group present in the area.[6]
The Khakas people were historically known asKyrgyz, before being labelled asTatar by the Imperial Russians following theconquest of Siberia. The nameTatar then became the autonym used by the Khakas to refer to themselves, in the formTadar. Following theRussian Revolution, the Soviet authorities changed the name of the group toKhakas, a newly-formed name based on the Chinese name for the Kyrgyz people,Xiaqiasi.[7]
The Yenisei Kyrgyz were made to pay tribute in a treaty concluded between the Dzungars and Russians in 1635.[8] The Dzungar Oirat Kalmyks coerced the Yenisei Kyrgyz into submission.[9][10]
Some of the Yenisei Kyrgyz were relocated into theDzungar Khanate by theDzungars, and then the Qing moved them fromDzungaria to northeastern China in 1761, where they became known as theFuyu Kyrgyz.[11][12][13] Sibe Bannermen were stationed in Dzungaria while Northeastern China (Manchuria) was where some of the remaining Öelet Oirats were deported to.[14] The Nonni basin was where Oirat Öelet deportees were settled. The Yenisei Kyrgyz were deported along with the Öelet.[15] Chinese and Oirat replaced Oirat and Kyrgyz duringManchukuo as the dual languages of the Nonni-based Yenisei Kyrgyz.[16]
A group of Khakas atMinusinskKhakas women with children at the beginning of the 21st century
In the 17th century, the Khakas formed Khakassia in the middle of the lands of Yenisei Kyrgyz[citation needed], who at the time werevassals of aMongolian ruler. TheRussians arrived shortly after the Kyrgyz left, and an inflow of Russian agragian settlers began. In the 1820s,gold mines started to be developed aroundMinusinsk, which became a regional industrial center.
The names Khongorai and Khoorai were applied to the Khakas before they became known as the Khakas.[17][18][19][20] Khakas refer to themselves as Tadar.[21][22][23] Khoorai (Khorray) has also been in use to refer to them.[24][25][26] Now the Khakas call themselves Tadar[27][28] and do not use Khakas to describe themselves in their own language.[29] They are also called Abaka Tatars.[30]
During the 19th century, many Khakas accepted the Russian ways of life, and most were converted en masse toRussian Orthodox Christianity.Shamanism, however, is still common;.[31] Many Christians practice shamanism with Christianity.[32] In Imperial Russia, the Khakas used to be known under other names, used mostly in historic contexts:Minusinsk Tatars (Russian:минуси́нские тата́ры),Abakan Tatars (абака́нские тата́ры), andYenisei Turks.
During theRevolution of 1905, a movement towards autonomy developed. When Soviets came to power in 1923, the Khakas National District was established, and various ethnic groups (Beltir, Sagai, Kachin,Koibal, and Kyzyl) were artificially "combined" into one—the Khakas. The National District was reorganized intoKhakas Autonomous Oblast, a part ofKrasnoyarsk Krai, in 1930.[33] TheRepublic of Khakassia in its present form was established in 1992.
Khakas account for only about 12% of the total population of the republic (78,500 as of 1989 Census). Khakas traditionally practiced nomadic herding, agriculture, hunting, and fishing. The Beltir people specialized in handicraft as well. Herding sheep and cattle is still common, although the republic became more industrialized over time.
Genetic research has identified 4 primarypaternal lineages in the Khakhas population.[34][35]
Haplogroup N is the predominant paternal haplogroup in the Khakhas population. It represents roughly 64% of Khakas male lineages, mainly N1b (P43) and N1c (M178). It has been proposed that haplogroup N1b (specifically N2a1-B478) in the Khakassians may represent descent fromSamoyedic speakers who were assimilated by Turkic speakers.[36][37]
Haplogroup R1a is the second most common haplogroup in Khakhas populations; representing 27.9-33% of the total. Haplogroup R1a has the predominant paternal haplogroup in theAltai region since the appearance of theAndronovo culture.[38] It represents a migration of Indo-European speakers who migrated east and settled in central Siberia in theBronze andIron Age periods, such as the Indo-IranianAndronovo culture and theTagar culture.[39]
Other paternal haplogroups in Khakassians includeHaplogroup Q, which is probably the "original"Siberian lineage in Khakassians. It has a frequency of approximately 4.8% in the Khakassian population. Minor frequencies of haplogroupsR1b,C3, andE1 were also reported.
Over 80% of KhakassianmtDNA lineages belong to East Eurasian lineages, although a significant percentage (18.9%) belong to various West Eurasian mtDNA lineages.[40]
Khakas Heritage Center—the Society of Traditional Religion of Khakas Shamanism "Ah-Chayan" (Russian:Центр хакасского наследия — общество традиционной религии хакасского шаманизма "Ах-Чаян");
Traditional religion of the Khakas society "Izykh" (Russian:Общество традиционной религии хакасского народа "Изых");
Traditional religion society "Khan Tigir" (Russian:Общество традиционной религии "Хан Тигир").
^Xu, Dan; Li, Hui (2017).Languages and Genes in Northwestern China and Adjacent Regions. Springer. p. 43.ISBN978-981-10-4169-3. "From a generic perspective, N1b-P43 samples in Samoyed and Tuvan populations belong to a specific subclade named N2a1-B478. The expansion time of N2a1-B478 is only about 3600 years ago, as shown in Fig. 2. Hence, we propose that the southern part of Samoyed populations may have changed their language to a Turkic language at various historical periods, bringing haplogroup N2a1-B478 in to Tuvan, Khakhassian and Shors populations."
^Bourdeaux, Michael; Filatov, Sergei, eds. (2006).Современная религиозная жизнь России. Опыт систематического описания [Contemporary Religious Life of Russia. Systematic description experience] (in Russian). Vol. 4. Moscow:Keston Institute; Logos. pp. 124–129.ISBN5-98704-057-4.
1 Central Asian (i.e.Turkmeni,Afghani andIranian)Turkmens, distinct from Levantine (i.e.Iraqi andSyrian) Turkmen/Turkoman minorities, who mostly adhere to an Ottoman-Turkish heritage and identity.2 In traditional areas of Turkish settlement (i.e. formerOttoman territories).
