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Karl Theodor Anton Maria von Dalberg | |
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 Portrait of Karl Theodor von Dalberg byFranz Stirnbrand, 1812 | |
| Other post(s) |
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| Previous post(s) | Titular Archbishop of Tarsus (1788–1800) |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | 3 February 1788 |
| Consecration | 31 August 1788 by Friedrich Karl Joseph von Erthal |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1744-02-08)8 February 1744 |
| Died | 10 February 1817(1817-02-10) (aged 73) Regensburg,Kingdom of Bavaria |
| Denomination | Roman Catholic |
| Signature |  |
| Coat of arms |  |
Karl Theodor Anton Maria von Dalberg (8 February 1744 – 10 February 1817) was aCatholic Germanbishop andstatesman. In various capacities, he served asArchbishop of Mainz,Prince of Regensburg,Arch-Chancellor of theHoly Roman Empire, Bishop ofConstance andWorms,Prince-Primate of theConfederation of the Rhine[1] andGrand Duke ofFrankfurt. Dalberg was the last Archbishop-Elector of Mainz.
Born inMannheim,[2] as a member of theHouse of Dalberg, he was the son ofFranz Heinrich von Dalberg (1716–1776), administrator of Worms, one of the chief counsellors of thePrince-elector andArchbishop of Mainz and his wife, Baroness Maria Sophie Anna vonEltz-Kempenich (1722–1763). Karl devoted himself to the study ofcanon law, and entered the church. At the beginning of 1765 he entered the administrative service of the ministry in Mainz.
Having been appointed in 1772 governor ofErfurt, he won further advancement by his successful administration.[3] He was rector of the cathedral school inWürzburg in 1780.[2]
In 1787 he was electedcoadjutor cum iure successionis of theArchbishopric of Mainz and theBishopric of Worms, and in 1788 of theBishopric of Constance;[4] at the same time, he becametitular archbishop ofTarsus inCilicia and was ordained priest (11/11/1787) and bishop (8/31/1788). After succeeding the respective bishops in Constance (1800) and Worms (1802), he also succeeded in Mainz as the last archbishop-elector, albeit temporally only in the electorate's left bank territories and also,de facto, in the pastoral ones as far as the right bank of the Rhine.[5]
As statesman, Dalberg was distinguished by his patriotic attitude, whether in ecclesiastical matters, in which he leaned to theFebronian view of a German national church, or in his efforts to galvanize the atrophied machinery of theHoly Roman Empire into some sort of effective central government ofGermany. Failing in this, he turned to the rising star ofNapoleon, believing that he had found in him the only force strong enough to save Germany from dissolution.[1]
By theTreaty of Lunéville in 1801, in which all territories on the left bank of the RiverRhine were ceded toFrance, Dalberg's predecessor had to surrender Mainz and Worms; theConcordat of 1801 had reduced Mainz to a simple diocese in the province ofMechelen that conscribed the Frenchdepartment ofMont-Tonnerre (including the city of Worms). For Mainz,Joseph Ludwig Colmar was soon appointed as bishop. (Worms, though it had lost its city, remained an extant diocese on the right bank of the Rhine, so Dalberg could succeed there.)
In theFinal Recess of the Extraordinary Imperial Deputation of 1803, it was decided to compensate German princes for their losses to France by distributing the church land among them, so Dalberg lost a couple of territories there (among other things, Constance), though (due to his prominent position of the Arch-Chancellor of the Empire,[2] and perhaps also due to his personality and skilled diplomacy), he would be the only spiritual prince to retain at least some territory for temporal government: the Mainzian lands aroundAschaffenburg, theReichsstadt (Free Imperial City) ofWetzlar (with the rank of a Countship) and thePrincipality of Regensburg containing the Imperial City, theprince-bishopric, and some independent monasteries. (Regensburg was also where the Imperial Deputation had taken place.) In addition, he was designated Archbishop of the (formerSalzburg suffragan) Regensburg,[4] to which (spiritually now) the former Mainz lands on the right bank of the Rhine, and the former Mainzian suffragans were attached.
This was, of course, the decision of a state authority which, in its spiritual part, could not take effect until ratified by the Pope; in any case, Regensburg's bishop, Josef Conrad of Schroffenberg-Mös, was still alive at the time. So, Dalberg did not exercise spiritual authority in the older part of the Regensburg diocese until Bishop Schroffenberg died, at which point he made himself electedvicar capitular of the diocese; finally, on 1 February 1805, he received the papal assent and was Archbishop of Regensburg.
After the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, Dalberg together with other princes joined theConfederation of the Rhine. He formally resigned the office of Arch-Chancellor in a letter to EmperorFrancis II, and was appointedprince-primate of the Confederation of the Rhine by Napoleon.[4] At that point, theReichsstadt of Frankfurt was included among his territories. Not long after, Dalberg appointed Napoleon's uncle,Cardinal Fesch, coadjutor in his archdiocese (an action for which he had no canonical rights).
After theTreaty of Schönbrunn (1810), he was elevated by the French to the rank ofGrand Duke of Frankfurt.[1] This greatly augmented Dalberg's territories, although he had to cedeRegensburg to theKingdom of Bavaria. As Grand Duke of Frankfurt he ordered all restrictions on theJews of Frankfurt lifted. This was opposed by the Lutheran town council, until 1811, when Dalberg issued a proclamation ending the requirement that Jews live in the ghetto or pay special taxes.[citation needed]
On 14 January 1806 he performed the wedding ofEugène de Beauharnais, Napoleon's stepson, and the BavarianPrincess Augusta of Bavaria. In 1813 he ceded all his temporal offices (about to be overrun by theSixth Coalition) to Beauharnais.[3]
Dalberg died in 1817 in Regensburg. Although his political subservience to Napoleon was resented by a later generation in Germany, as a man and prelate he is remembered as amiable, conscientious and large-hearted. Himself a scholar and author, Dalberg was a notable patron of letters, and was the friend ofGoethe,Schiller andWieland.[1]
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Dalberg § 2.Karl Theodor Anton Maria von Dalberg".Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 762–763.
| Catholic Church titles | ||
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| Preceded byas Prince-Bishop | Bishop of Constance Prince-Bishop until 1803 1799–1817 | Bishopric dissolved1 |
| Preceded by | Elector of Mainz, then Regensburg Arch-Chancellor of Germany 1802–1806 | Holy Roman Empire dissolved, territories mediatised |
| Preceded by | Bishop of Worms Prince-Bishop until 1803 1802–1817 | Prince-Bishopric secularised, spiritually returned to Mainz |
| Preceded by | Archbishop of Regensburg Prince-Archbishop until 1810 1803/05–1817 | Vacant Sede vacante Title next held by Johann Nepomuk von Wolf [de]asBishop of Regensburg |
| Political offices | ||
| Preceded by Unknown | Kurmainzischer Governor ofErfurt 1772–1787? | Succeeded by Unknown |
| Preceded by Unknown | Coadjutor of Mainz and Worms 1787–? | Succeeded by Unknown |
| Preceded by Unknown | Coadjutor of Constance 1788–? | Succeeded by Unknown |
| New creation | Prince-Primate of theConfederation of the Rhine 1806–1813 | Succeeded by |
| New office | Grand Duke of Frankfurt 1810–1813 | |
| Notes and references | ||
| 1. TheBishopric of Constance was dissolved byPope Pius VII in 1821, without recognisingIgnaz Heinrich von Wessenberg, who had been elected in 1817. | ||
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Confederation of the Rhine 1806–1813 |
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German Confederation.svg) 1815–1866 |
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North German Confederation.svg) 1867–1871 |
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