Karl Barth (/bɑːrt,bɑːrθ/;[1]Swiss Standard German:[bart];(1886-05-10)10 May 1886 –(1968-12-10)10 December 1968) was a SwissReformed theologian. Barth is best known for his commentaryThe Epistle to the Romans, his involvement in theConfessing Church, including his authorship (except for a single phrase) of theBarmen Declaration,[2][3] and especially his unfinished multi-volume theological summa theChurch Dogmatics[4] (published between 1932–1967).[5][6] Barth's influence expanded well beyond the academic realm to mainstream culture, leading him to be featured on the cover ofTime on 20 April 1962.[7]
Like manyProtestant theologians of his generation, Barth was educated in aliberal theology influenced byAdolf von Harnack,Friedrich Schleiermacher and others.[8] His pastoral career began in the ruralSwiss town ofSafenwil, where he was known as the "Red Pastor from Safenwil".[9] There he became increasingly disillusioned with the liberal Christianity in which he had been trained. This led him to write the first edition of hisThe Epistle to the Romans (a.k.a. Romans I), published in 1919, in which he resolved to read the New Testament differently.
Barth began to gain substantial worldwide acclaim with the publication in 1921 of the second edition of his commentary,The Epistle to the Romans, in which he openly broke from liberal theology.[10]
Karl Barth was born on 10 May 1886, inBasel, Switzerland, to Johann Friedrich "Fritz" Barth (1852–1912) and Anna Katharina (Sartorius) Barth (1863–1938).[17] Karl had two younger brothers, Peter Barth (1888–1940) and Heinrich Barth (1890–1965), and two sisters, Katharina and Gertrude. Fritz Barth was a theology professor and pastor[18] and desired for Karl to follow his positive line of Christianity, which clashed with Karl's desire to receive a liberal Protestant education. Karl began his student career at theUniversity of Bern, and then transferred to theUniversity of Berlin to study underAdolf von Harnack, later transferring briefly to theUniversity of Tübingen before finally settling in Marburg to study underWilhelm Herrmann (1846–1922).[17]
From 1911 to 1921, Barth served as aReformed pastor in the village ofSafenwil in thecanton ofAargau. In 1913 he married Nelly Hoffmann, a violinist. They had a daughter and four sons, two of whom were Biblical scholars and theologians;Markus (6 October 1915 – 1 July 1994) andChristoph Barth [de] (29 September 1917 – 21 August 1986). Karl Barth went on to become a professor of theology inGöttingen (1921–1925),Münster (1925–1930) andBonn (1930–1935) in Germany. While serving at Göttingen he metCharlotte von Kirschbaum, who became his long-time secretary, assistant and lover;[19] she lived in the family home for 37 years and played a large role in the writing of his epic, theChurch Dogmatics.[20] He was deported from Germany in 1935 after he refused to sign (without modification) theOath of Loyalty toAdolf Hitler, going back to Switzerland and becoming a professor in Basel (1935–1962).
Liberal theology (German:moderne Theologie) was a trend in nineteenth and early twentieth-century Protestant theology to reinterpret traditional beliefs in two ways. First, it adopted an historical-critical approach to the sources of Christianity. Second, it engaged with the questions that science, philosophy and other disciplines raised for the Christian faith.[21] Barth's striking out on a different theological course from that of his Liberal university teachersAdolf von Harnack andWilhelm Herrmann was due to several significant influences and events. While Pastor at Safenwil, Barth had an influential friendship with neighbouring pastorEduard Thurneysen. Troubled that their theological educations had left them ill-equipped to preach God's message effectively, they together engaged in an intensive quest to find a "wholly other" theological foundation than that whichSchleiermacher had proposed.[22]
In August 1914, Barth was dismayed to learn that his venerated teachers includingAdolf von Harnack had signed the "Manifesto of the Ninety-Three German Intellectuals to the Civilized World".[23] As a result, Barth concluded he could not follow their understanding of the Bible and history any longer.[24] In 1915, Barth and Thurneysen visitedChristoph Blumhardt, Leader of the Bad Boll Christian Community and Social Democratic politician. Their conversation made a deep impression on Barth. He later commented that "Blumhardt always begins with God's presence, power, and purpose,"[25] which indicates a likely influence in shaping his own theocentric starting-point. Barth also found in Blumhardt's pro-Socialist politics an inspiring encouragement for his own advocacy for the rights and unionization of Safenwil textile workers and alignment with Social Democratic values. These activities, and a public disagreement with a local factory owner, earned him local notoriety as the 'Red Pastor'.[26]
Barth's theological response was to adopt a Dialectical approach in which he deliberately sought to interrupt and destabilize the assumptions of Liberal theology by a method of negation and affirmation. In a lecture delivered in Arau in 1916, Barth argued that "God's righteousness is revealed like a trumpet blast from another world that interrupts one's obligation to nation, and also interrupts the nurturing of religious thoughts and feelings. A 'No' to these assumptions knocks one to the floor, but a 'Yes' to God's righteousness and glory sets one on one's feet again."[27] Although in one sense it is accurate to say that Barth's Dialectical approach sought deliberately to destabilize the assumptions of Liberal theology; in another sense it is important to acknowledge that Barth never totally repudiated the historical-critical approach to the Scriptures. In addition, he continued to engage with the questions that other disciplines raised for the Christian faith, typically responding with a robust theological and Christ-centered approach.
Barth first began his commentaryThe Epistle to the Romans (German:Der Römerbrief) in the summer of 1916 while he was still a pastor in Safenwil, with the first edition appearing in December 1918 (but with a publication date of 1919).[9] On the strength of the first edition of the commentary, Barth was invited to teach at theUniversity of Göttingen. Barth decided around October 1920 that he was dissatisfied with the first edition and heavily revised it the following eleven months, finishing the second edition around September 1921.[9][28] Particularly in the thoroughly re-written second edition of 1922, Barth argued that the God who is revealed in the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus challenges and overthrows any attempt to ally God with human cultures, achievements, or possessions. The book's popularity led to its republication and reprinting in several languages.
1984 West German postage stamp commemorating the Barmen Declaration's 50th anniversary
In 1934, as the Protestant Church attempted to come to terms withNazi Germany, Barth was largely responsible for the writing of the Barmen Declaration (Barmer Erklärung).[29] This declaration rejected the influence ofNazism on German Christianity by arguing that theChurch's allegiance to the God of Jesus Christ should give it the impetus and resources to resist the influence of other lords, such as the GermanFührer,Adolf Hitler.[30] Barth mailed this declaration to Hitler personally. This was one of the founding documents of the Confessing Church and Barth was elected a member of its leadership council, the Bruderrat.
He was forced to resign from his professorship at theUniversity of Bonn in 1935 for refusing to swear anoath to Hitler. Barth then returned to his native Switzerland, where he assumed a chair in systematic theology at theUniversity of Basel. In the course of his appointment, he was required to answer a routine question asked of all Swiss civil servants: whether he supported the national defence. His answer was, "Yes, especially on the northern border!"[citation needed] The newspaperNeue Zürcher Zeitung carried his 1936 criticism of the philosopherMartin Heidegger for his support of the Nazis.[31] In 1938 he wrote a letter to a Czech colleagueJosef Hromádka in which he declared that soldiers who fought against Nazi Germany were serving a Christian cause.[citation needed]
Barth's theology found its most sustained and compelling expression in his five-volumemagnum opus, theChurch Dogmatics (Kirchliche Dogmatik). Widely regarded as an important theological work, theChurch Dogmatics represents the pinnacle of Barth's achievement as a theologian.Church Dogmatics runs to over six million words and 9,000 pages – one of the longest works of systematic theology ever written.[33][34][35] TheChurch Dogmatics is in five volumes: the Doctrine of the Word of God, the Doctrine of God, the Doctrine of Creation, the Doctrine of Reconciliation and the Doctrine of Redemption. Barth's planned fifth volume was never written and the fourth volume's final part-volume was unfinished.[36][37][38]
Photo of Barth on the jacket cover ofKarl Barth Letters
After the end of theSecond World War, Barth became an important voice in support both of German penitence and of reconciliation with churches abroad. Together withHans Iwand, he authored theDarmstadt Declaration [de] in 1947 – a more concrete statement of German guilt and responsibility for Nazi Germany and the Second World War than the 1945Stuttgart Declaration of Guilt. In it, he made the point that the Church's willingness to side with anti-socialist and conservative forces had led to its susceptibility to Nazi ideology. In the context of the developingCold War, that controversial statement was rejected by anti-Communists in the West who supported theChristian Democratic Union of Germany course of re-militarization, as well as by East German dissidents who believed that it did not sufficiently depict the dangers of Communism. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of theAmerican Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1950.[39] In the 1950s, Barth sympathized with thepeace movement and opposedWest German rearmament. Barth was exempted from a regulation that limited the tenure of a professorship at the University of Basel to the year they were 70 years of age, which he would have reached in 1956.[40]
Barth wrote a 1960 article forThe Christian Century regarding the "East–West question" in which he denied any inclination toward Eastern communism and stated he did not wish to live under Communism or wish anyone to be forced to do so; he acknowledged a fundamental disagreement with most of those around him, writing: "I do not comprehend how either politics or Christianity require [sic] or even permit such a disinclination to lead to the conclusions which the West has drawn with increasing sharpness in the past 15 years. I regard anticommunism as a matter of principle an evil even greater than communism itself."[41]
Barth was featured on the cover of the 20 April 1962 issue ofTime magazine, an indication that his influence had reached out of academic and ecclesiastical circles and into mainstream American religious culture.[43]Pope Pius XII is sometimes claimed to have called Barth "the greatest theologian sinceThomas Aquinas",[44][45] thoughFergus Kerr observes that "there is never chapter and verse for the quotation" and it is sometimes attributed toPope Paul VI instead.[46]
Barth died on 10 December 1968, at his home inBasel, Switzerland. The evening before his death, he had encouraged his lifelong friend Eduard Thurneysen that he should not be downhearted, "For things are ruled, not just in Moscow or in Washington or in Peking, but things are ruled – even here on earth—entirely from above, from heaven above."[47]
Karl Barth's most significant theological work is his summa theology titled theChurch Dogmatics, which contains Barth's doctrine of the word of God, doctrine of God, doctrine of reconciliation and doctrine of redemption. Barth is most well known for reorienting all theological discussion around Jesus.
One major objective of Barth is to recover the doctrine of theTrinity in theology from its putative loss inliberalism.[48] His argument follows from the idea that God is the object of God's own self-knowledge, andrevelation in the Bible means the self-unveiling tohumanity of the God who cannot be discovered by humanity simply through its own intuition.[49] God's revelation comes to man 'vertically from above' (Senkrecht von Oben).
One of the most influential and controversial features of Barth's Dogmatics was his doctrine ofelection (Church Dogmatics II/2). Barth's theology entails a rejection of the idea that God chose each person to either be saved or damned based on purposes of the Divine will, and it was impossible to know why God chose some and not others.[50]
Barth's doctrine of election involves a firm rejection of the notion of an eternal, hidden decree.[51] In keeping with his Christo-centric methodology, Barth argues that to ascribe the salvation or damnation of humanity to an abstract absolute decree is to make some part of God more final and definitive than God's saving act in Jesus Christ. God's absolute decree, if one may speak of such a thing, is God's gracious decision to be for humanity in the person of Jesus Christ. Drawing from the earlier Reformed tradition, Barth retains the notion of double predestination but makes Jesus himself the object of both divine election and reprobation simultaneously; Jesus embodies both God's election of humanity and God's rejection of humansin.[52] While some regard this revision of the doctrine of election as an improvement[53] on theAugustinian-Calvinist doctrine of the predestination of individuals, critics, namelyEmil Brunner,[54] have charged that Barth's view amounts to a softuniversalism, thereby departing from Augustinian-Calvinism.
Barth's doctrine of objective atonement develops as he distances himself fromAnselm of Canterbury's doctrine of the atonement.[55] InThe Epistle to the Romans, Barth endorses Anselm's idea that God who is robbed of his honor must punish those who robbed him. InChurch Dogmatics I/2, Barth advocates divine freedom in the incarnation with the support of Anselm'sCur Deus Homo. Barth holds that Anselm's doctrine of the atonement preserves both God's freedom and the necessity of Christ's incarnation. The positive endorsement of Anselmian motives inCur Deus Homo continues inChurch Dogmatics II/1. Barth maintains with Anselm that the sin of humanity cannot be removed by the merciful act of divine forgiveness alone. InChurch Dogmatics IV/1, however, Barth's doctrine of the atonement diverges from that of Anselm.[56] By over-christologizing the doctrine, Barth completes his formulation of objective atonement. He finalizes the necessity of God's mercy at the place where Anselm firmly establishes the dignity and freedom of the will of God.[57] In Barth's view, God's mercy is identified with God's righteousness in a distinctive way where God's mercy always takes the initiative. The change in Barth's reception of Anselm's doctrine of the atonement is, therefore, alleged to show that Barth's doctrine entails support for universalism.[54][58]
Barth argued that previous perspectives on sin and salvation, influenced by strictCalvinist thinking, sometimes misled Christians into thinking thatpredestination set up humanity such that the vast majority of human beings were foreseen to disobey and reject God, with damnation coming to them as a matter of fate.
Barth's view of salvation is centrally Christological, with his writings stating that in Jesus Christ the reconciliation of all of mankind to God has essentially already taken place and that through Christ man is already elect and justified.
Karl Barth denied that he was aUniversalist: "I do not believe in universalism, but I do believe in Jesus Christ, reconciler of all".[59] However, Barth asserted that eternal salvation for everyone, even those that reject God, is a possibility that is not just an open question but should be hoped for by Christians as a matter ofgrace; specifically, he wrote, "Even though theological consistency might seem to lead our thoughts and utterances most clearly in this direction, we must not arrogate to ourselves that which can be given and received only as a free gift", just hoping for total reconciliation.[60]
Barth, in the words of a later scholar, went a "significant step beyond traditional theology" in that he argued against more conservative strains of Protestant Christianity in which damnation is seen as an absolute certainty for many or most people. To Barth, Christ'sgrace is central.[60]
Unlike many Protestant theologians, Barth wrote on the topic ofMariology (the theological study of Mary). Barth's views on the subject agreed with much Catholic dogma but he disagreed with the Catholic veneration of Mary. Aware of the common dogmatic tradition of the early Church, Barth fully accepted the dogma of Mary as the Mother of God, seeing a rejection of that title equivalent to rejecting the doctrine that Christ's human and divine natures are inseparable (contra the Nestorian heresy). Through Mary, Jesus belongs to the human race. Through Jesus, Mary is Mother of God.[61]
Barth's doctrine of scripture was criticised by reformed theologians such asCornelius Van Til, Dr. Martyn Lloyd-Jones and others in the confessional reformed tradition. Chapter VIII of Van Til's, Christianity and Barthianism (1962), critiques Barth's view of revelation and das Wort Gottes ('the Word of God').
Charlotte von Kirschbaum was Barth's theological academic colleague for more than three decades.[62][63][64]George Hunsinger summarizes the influence of von Kirschbaum on Barth's work: "As his unique student, critic, researcher, adviser, collaborator, companion, assistant, spokesperson, and confidante, Charlotte von Kirschbaum was indispensable to him. He could not have been what he was, or have done what he did, without her."[65]
In 2017 Christiane Tietz examined intimate letters written by Barth, Charlotte von Kirschbaum, and Nelly Barth, which discuss the complicated relationship between all three individuals that occurred over the span of 40 years, released by Barth's children.[66] The letters between von Kirschbaum and Barth from 1925 to 1935[67] made public "the deep, intense, and overwhelming love between these two human beings," through the lengthy period in which von Kirschbaum lived in the same house as Barth and his wife Nelly.[68] In them, Barth describes a permanent conflict between his marriage and his affections for von Kirschbaum: "The way I am, I never could and still cannot deny either the reality of my marriage or the reality of my love. It is true that I am married, that I am a father and a grandfather. It is also true that I love. And it is true that these two facts don't match. This is why we, after some hesitation at the beginning, decided not to solve the problem with a separation on one or the other side."[69] When Charlotte von Kirschbaum died in 1975, Barth's wife Nelly buried Charlotte in the family tomb. Nelly died the following year.
The publication of the letters in English caused a considerable crisis in English-speaking followers of Barth,[70] who largely were not aware of the love triangle and the extent to which Barth and von Kirschbaum may not have been able to fully live according to their theological statements on marriage. Von Kirschbaum's early financial dependence on Barth has been posed as a moral problem.[71]
Princeton Theological Seminary, where Barth lectured in 1962, houses the Center for Barth Studies, which is dedicated to supporting scholarship related to the life and theology of Karl Barth. The Barth Center was established in 1997 and sponsors seminars, conferences, and other events. It also holds the Karl Barth Research Collection, the largest in the world, which contains nearly all of Barth's works in English and German, several first editions of his works, and an original handwritten manuscript by Barth.[72][73]
The Word of God and The Word of Man (Das Wort Gottes und die Theologie, 1928). New York: Harper & Bros, 1957.ISBN978-0-8446-1599-8;The Word of God and Theology. Amy Marga, trans. New York: T & T Clark, 2011.
Preaching Through the Christian Year. H. Wells and J. McTavish, eds. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1978.ISBN0-8028-1725-4
God Here and Now. London: Routledge, 1964.
Fides Quaerens Intellectum: Anselm's Proof of the Existence of God in the Context of His Theological Scheme (written in 1931). I. W. Robertson, trans. London: SCM, 1960; reprinted by Pickwick Publications (1985)ISBN0-915138-75-1
The Word in this World: Two Sermons by Karl Barth. Edited by Kurt I. Johanson. Regent Publishing (Vancouver, BC, Canada): 2007
"No Angels of Darkness and Light,"The Christian Century, 20 January 1960, p. 72 (reprinted inContemporary Moral Issues. H. K. Girvetz, ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1963. pp. 6–8).
The Göttingen Dogmatics: Instruction in the Christian Religion, vol. 1. G.W. Bromiley, trans. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1991.ISBN0-8028-2421-8
Dogmatics in Outline (1947 lectures), Harper Perennial, 1959,ISBN0-06-130056-X
A Unique Time of God: Karl Barth's WWI Sermons, William Klempa, editor. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press.
On Religion. Edited and translated by Garrett Green. London: T & T Clark, 2006.
Volume II Part 1:The Doctrine of God: The Knowledge of God; The Reality of God, hardcover:ISBN0-567-09021-3, softcover:ISBN0-567-05169-2 (German: 1940)
Volume II Part 2:The Doctrine of God: The Election of God; The Command of God, hardcover:ISBN0-567-09022-1, softcover:ISBN0-567-05179-X (German: 1942)
Volume III Part 1:The Doctrine of Creation: The Work of Creation, hardcover:ISBN0-567-09031-0, softcover:ISBN0-567-05079-3 (German: 1945)
Volume IV Part 2:Doctrine of Reconciliation: Jesus Christ the Servant As Lord, hardcover:ISBN0-567-09042-6, softcover:ISBN0-567-05139-0 (German: 1955)
Volume IV Part 3, first half:Doctrine of Reconciliation: Jesus Christ the True Witness, hardcover:ISBN0-567-09043-4, softcover:ISBN0-567-05189-7 (German: 1959)
Volume IV Part 3, second half:Doctrine of Reconciliation: Jesus Christ the True Witness, hardcover:ISBN0-567-09044-2, softcover:ISBN0-567-05149-8 (German: 1959)
Volume IV Part 4 (unfinished):Doctrine of Reconciliation: The Foundation of the Christian Life (Baptism), hardcover:ISBN0-567-09045-0, softcover:ISBN0-567-05159-5 (German: 1967)
^Gary J. Dorrien,The Barthian Revolt in Modern Theology: Theology Without Weapons, 2000: "Barthian "crisis theology" movement came into being. Karl Barth was the son of a conservative Reformed pastor and theological professor at the University of Berne, Fritz Barth..."[page needed]
^Church Dogmatics, ed. T. F. Torrance and G. W. Bromiley (1932–67; ET Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1956–75).
^Bowden, John (2005).Christianity: the Complete Guide, entry 'Liberal theology'. London: Continuum. p. 701.ISBN0-8264-5937-4.
^Barth, Karl (1982).The Theology of Schleiermacher. Grand Rapids and Edinburgh: William B Eerdmans Publishing Co and T & T Clark. pp. 264 (Concluding Unscientific Postscript on Schleiermacher).ISBN0-567-09339-5.
^Blumhardt, Christoph (1998).Action in Waiting. Farmington and Robertsbridge: The Plough Publishing House. pp. 'Afterword' by Karl Barth, 219.ISBN0-87486-954-4.
^Tietz, Christiane (2021).Karl Barth: A Life in Conflict. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 62–66.ISBN978-0-19-885246-9.
^Barth, Karl (2011).The Word of God and Theology. London: T&T Clark Continuum. pp. 4–11.ISBN978-0-567-08227-5.
^Kenneth Oakes,Reading Karl Barth: A Companion to Karl Barth's Epistle to the Romans, Eugene: Cascade, 2011, p. 27.
^Busch, Eberhard. Karl Barth: His Life from Letters and Autobiographical Texts. Trans. John Bowden. Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock, 2015. 394. Print."Karl Barth's Rejection of Universalism".The PostBarthian. 18 August 2016. Retrieved5 April 2019.
^Louth, Andrew (1977).Mary and the Mystery of the Incarnation: An Essay on the Mother of God in the Theology of Karl Barth. Oxford: Fairacres. pp. 1–24.ISBN0728300737.
^Stephen J. Plant, "When Karl met Lollo: the origins and consequences of Karl Barth's relationship with Charlotte von Kirschbaum."Scottish Journal of Theology 72.2 (2019): 127-145online.
^Susanne Hennecke, "Biography and theology. On the connectedness of theological statements with life on the basis of the correspondence between Karl Barth and Charlotte von Kirschbaum (1925–1935)."International Journal of Philosophy and Theology 77.4–5 (2016): 324–336.
^George Hunsinger'sreview of S. Seliger,Charlotte von Kirschbaum and Karl Barth: A Study in Biography and the History of Theology.Archived 27 September 2007 at theWayback Machine
^Karl Barth,Vorwort, xxii n. 3, letter of 1947 cited by Christiane Tietz, "Karl Barth and Charlotte von Kirschbaum," Theology Today 2017 Vol. 74(2), 109.
^Muers, Rachel (August 2020). "The personal is the (academic) political: Why care about the love lives of theologians?".Scottish Journal of Theology.73 (3):191–202.doi:10.1017/S0036930620000319.
Bradshaw, Timothy. 1988.Trinity and Ontology: A Comparative Study of the Theologies of Karl Barth andWolfhart Pannenberg.Rutherford House Books, reprint, Lewiston; Lampeter: Edwin Mellen Press for Rutherford House, Edinburgh, 1992.
Bromiley, Geoffrey William.An Introduction to the Theology of Karl Barth. Grand Rapids, Mich.: William B. Eerdmans, 1979.
Buclin, Hadrien, Entre culture du consensus et critique sociale. Les intellectuels de gauche dans la Suisse de l'après-guerre, Thèse de doctorat, Université de Lausanne, 2015.
Busch, Eberhard.Karl Barth: His Life from Letters and Autobiographical Texts. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1976.
——— (2004),The Great Passion: An Introduction to Karl Barth's Theology, Grand Rapids, MI: William B Eerdmans.
Fiddes, Paul. 'The status of women in the thought of Karl Barth', in Janet Martin Soskice, ed.,After Eve [alternative titleAfter Eve: women, theology and the Christian tradition], 1990, pp. 138–55. Marshall Pickering
Fink, Heinrich. "Karl Barth und die Bewegung Freies Deutschland in der Schweiz." [Doctoral dissertation.] "Karl Barth und die Bewegung Freies Deutschland in der Schweiz : Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades doctor scientiae theologiae (Dr.sc.theol.), vorgelegt dem Senat des Wissenschaftlichen Rates der Humboldt-Universitaaet zu Berlin." Berlin, H. Fink [Selfpublisher], 1978.
Gorringe, Timothy.Karl Barth: Against Hegemony. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.
Hunsinger, George.How to Read Karl Barth: The Shape of His Theology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993.
Jae Jin Kim.Die Universalitaet der Versoehnung im Gottesbund. Zur biblischen Begruendung der Bundestheologie in der kirchlichen Dogmatik Karl Barths, Lit Verlag, 1992.
Mangina, Joseph L.Karl Barth: Theologian of Christian Witness. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 2004.
McCormack, Bruce.Karl Barth's Critically Realistic Dialectical Theology: Its Genesis and Development, 1909–1936. Oxford University Press, USA (27 March 1997),ISBN978-0-19-826956-4
