 A Kalinga woman from the Butbut sub-tribe wearing traditional attire from Buscalan,Tinglayan, Kalinga. | |
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| 211,749[1] (2020) | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
 Philippines (Cordillera Administrative Region) | |
| Languages | |
| Kalinga,Ilocano,Tagalog | |
| Religion | |
| Christianity,indigenous folk religion, Animism | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Igorot peoples |
TheKalinga people[2][3][4] (IPA:[ka'liŋɡa]) are anindigenous ethnic group whose ancestral domain is in theCordillera Mountain Range of the northernPhilippines.[5] They are mainly found inKalinga province which has an area of 3,282.58 sq. km. Some of them, however, already migrated toMountain Province,Apayao,Cagayan, andAbra.[6] The Kalinga numbered 163,167 as of 2010.[1]
In the past, various writers studying the Kalinga have sorted them into sub-tribes in various ways.Edward Dozier divided Kalinga geographically into three sub-cultures and geographical position: Balbalan (north); Pasil, Lubuagan, and Tinglayan (south); and Tanudan (east). Rev. Teodoro Llamzon, S.J. divided the Kalinga based on their dialects: Guinaang, Lubuagan, Punukpuk, Tabuk, Tinglayan, and Tanudan.[6]
Ronald Himes (1997) divides theKalinga language into three dialects: Masadiit (inAbra), Northern Kalinga, and South-Central Kalinga.[7]
More recently, Kalinga author John Donqui-is, in an article published by the Philippines'National Commission for Culture and the Arts, identifies 31 Kalinga subtribes.[8]
To the north of Kalinga province, the NCCA article identifies the Municipality of Balbalan as home to the Alingag (also known as the Salegseg), the Buwaya, the Dao-angan, the Gobang, the Mabaca, and the Banao; while the Municipality of Pinukpuk is home to the Ballayangon, the Limos, and the Gilayon (also known as the Pinukpuk Tabuk).[8]
On the south or southwestern part of the province, the NCCA article says the Municipality of Labuagan is home to the Lubuagan, the Mabongtot, and the Tanglag; the Municipality of Pasil is home to the Ableg, the Balatoc, the Balinciagao, the Guinaang, and the Kagalwan; while the Municipality of Tinglayan is home to the Bangad, the Basaso, the Botbot (or Butbut), the Dananao, the Tinglayan, and the Sumadel.[8]
Lastly, the NCCA article says that to the east of the province, the Municipality of Tanudan is home to the Dacalam, the Lubo, the Mangali, and the Taloctoc; the Municipality of Rizal is home to the Gammonnang; and the City of Tabuk is home to the Biga, the Nanong, and the Calaccad (although the article also identifies the Calaccad as Gaddang).[8]
The nameKalinga is actually anexonym[9] which came from the Ibanag and Gaddang termkalinga, which meansheadhunter.[6]
Like other ethnic groups, families and kinship systems are also important in the social organizations of Kalingas.[6]
They are stratified into two economic classes only which are determined by the number of their rice fields, working animals, and heirlooms: thekapos (poor) and thebaknang (wealthy).[10] The wealthy employ servants (poyong).[6]
Politically, themingol and thepapangat have the highest status. Themingols are those who have killed many in headhunting and thepapangats are those formermingols who assumed leadership after the disappearance of headhunting. They are usually the peacemakers, and the people ask advice from them, so it is important that they are wise and have good oratorical ability.[6]
The Kalinga developed an institution of peace pacts calledBodong which has minimised traditional warfare and headhunting and serves as a mechanism for the initiation, maintenance, renewal, and reinforcement of kinship and social ties.[6]
Eduardo Masferré notes that by the start of American colonial period, the neighboringBontoc andGaddang people had begun adapting peace pact customs based on the Kalinga Bodong.[3]
Kalinga territory includes floodplains ofTabuk, andRizal, plus theChico River. Gold and copper deposits are common inPasil andBalbalan.[6][2]
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Tabuk was settled in the 12th century, and from there other Kalinga settlements spread.[6][2]
The 1970s marked the heyday of Robusta coffee production in Kalinga province, but a trader monopoly in the 1980s led to prices being kept so low that Kalinga farmers shifted to other crops like Corn.[11] An effort to bring coffee farming to previous levels began decades later, in the 2010s.[11]
The plight of the Kalinga people during theMarcos dictatorship in the 1970s and early 1980s became a widely discussed national issue[12] because of the Kalinga people's ancestral domain conflicts with theChico River Dam Project, a proposed hydroelectric power generation project which would have encompassed the municipalities ofTinglayan,Lubuagan,Pasil, and parts ofTabuk inKalinga Province, and the municipalities ofSabangan,Sagada,Sadanga,Bontoc,Bauko, and parts ofBarlig inMountain Province. Contemporary estimates suggest that the project would have displaced about 100,000 Kalingas and Bontoks.[13][14] Because the great value placed by the Kalinga on their deceased ancestors who were buried within these communities, the issue was not just one of livelihood, but one of sacred grounds.[14] Marcos sent three armed brigades[14] to quell down the protests, resulting in heightened tensions in the area. In 1977 alone, numerous Kalinga dam protesters — including tribal leaders Lumbaya Aliga Gayudan and Macli-ing Dulag,[12] and even a 12-year-old child[14] — were rounded up by these forces and incarcerated for up to two months.[12][14]
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The 24 April 1980 murder of Macli-ing Dulag became a turning point when coverage of the murder led to public outrage. It was the first time since the 1972 declaration of Martial Law where the mainstream Philippine press managed to report on the arrests of civilians under Martial Law,[15] and the turn of public opinion against both the Chico River Dam and Martial law, coupled with the united anger of the various peoples of theCordillera Mountains led theFerdinand Marcos administration to give up on the dam project.[16] As a result, the Chico River Dam Project is now considered a landmarkcase study concerningancestral domain issues in the Philippines.[17][18]
In 2007, aDiscovery Channel series hosted by AmericananthropologistLars Krutak featured the tattoo work of ButbutmambabatokWhang-od Oggay.[19] This was the start of even more media attention focused on Whang-od, bringing the Kalinga tattoo art to global attention.[20]Kalinga people migrated to south east Asia in large numbers during 3rd C. BCE after devastating Kalinga war in 261BCE and they went in different phases and they settled in Java, Borneo, Sumatra, Bali, Singapore, Malaysia and some groups also reached Philippines and settled there.They were instrumental in spreading Hindu culture and religion there. They mingled with local and there was a fusion of local culture with Kalingan culture for peaceful coexistence. They married to locals leading mixed stuff both beautifully intertwined.
Traditional agricultural practices involved the cultivation wet rice (papayaw) as well asswidden (uwa) farming.[6][2] Due to the availability of water, two planting seasons are possible in the kalingas rice terraces. They plant three varieties of rice namely onoy, oyak and dikit/diket. Men also hunt for wild pigs, deer and wild fowl in the forests. Fish, shells and other marine life are caught from rivers, streams and lakes surrounding their area. Fruit trees such as the coconut, coffee and banana are grown in the orchard or kakkaju. Wine (basi) is also made from sugarcane.[6]
Robusta coffee became a popular cash-crop among the Kalinga in the 1970s, although a trader monopoly in the 1980s led to low farmgate prices despite high world market prices, causing a decline in production.[11] In the 2010s, various government agencies encouraged farmers to return to the planting and harvesting of Cordillera Robusta coffee among the Kalinga.[11]
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Like other Cordillera ethnic groups, the Kalinga also follow numerous of customs and traditions. For example, pregnant women and their husbands are not allowed to eatbeef, cow's milk, and dog meat. They must also avoid streams and waterfalls as these cause harm to unborn children. Other notable traditions are thengilin (avoiding the evil water spirit) and thekontad orkontid (ritual performed to the child to avoid harms in the future). Betrothals are also common, even as early as birth, but one may break this engagement if he/she is not in favour of it. Upon death, sacrifices are also made in honour of the spirit of the dead andkolias is celebrated after one year of mourning period.[6]
Kalinga men wearba-ag (loincloths) while the women wearsaya (colourful garment covering the waist down to the feet). The women are also tattooed on their arms up to their shoulders and wear colourful ornaments like bracelets, earrings, and necklaces, especially on the day of festivities.
Heirlooms include Chinese plates (panay), jars (gosi), and gongs (gangsa). Key dances include the courtship dance (salidsid) and war dance (pala-ok orpattong).[6]
Tattoos among the Kalinga are known asbatok orbatek (whatok in Butbut Kalinga). They are among the best known Cordilleran tattoos due to the popularity of ApoWhang-od - once known as the "lastmambabatok (tattoo artist)", but currently teaching younger artists to continue the tradition.[23][24]
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Common Kalinga tattoo motifs include centipedes (gayaman), centipede legs (tiniktiku), snakes (tabwhad), snakeskin (tinulipao), hexagonal shapes representing snake belly scales (chillag), coiled snakes (inong-oo), rain (inud-uchan), various fern designs (inam-am,inalapat, andnilawhat), fruits (binunga), parallel lines (chuyos), alternating lines (sinagkikao), hourglass shapes representing day and night (tinatalaaw), rice mortars (lusong), pig's hind legs (tibul), rice bundles (sinwhuto orpanyat), criss-crossing designs (sina-sao), ladders (inar-archan), eagles (tulayan), frogs (tokak), and axe blades (sinawit).
The same designs are used to decorate textiles, pottery, and tools. Each design has different symbolic meanings or magical/talismanic abilities. Thetinulipao, for example, is believed to camouflage warriors and protect them from attacks. Ferns indicates that a woman is ready to conceive, enhances their health, and protects against stillbirth. The hourglass and rice mortar designs indicate that a family is wealthy. Rice bundles symbolize abundance.[25]
Kalinga houses (furoy,buloy,fuloy,phoyoy,biloy)are either octagonal for the wealthy, or square, and are elevated on posts (a few as high as 20–30 feet), with a single room. Other building include granaries (alang) and field sheds (sigay).[6][2]
They use the uniquely shaped Kalinga head ax (sinawit), bolo (gaman/badang), spears (balbog/tubay/say-ang), and shields (kalasag). They also carry a rattan backpack (pasiking) and betel nut bag (buyo).[6]
The Kalinga believe in a Supreme Being, Kabuniyan, the creator and giver of life, who once lived amongst them. They also believe in numerous spirits and deities, including those associated with nature (pinaing andaran), and dead ancestors (kakarading andanani). The priestess (manganito,mandadawak, ormangalisig) communicates with these spirits.[6]
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Media related toKalinga people at Wikimedia CommonsIndigenous Peoples of the Cordillera (Igorot) | ||
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