July 22, 1977: Deng Xiaoping restored to power by Chinese Communist Party
July 5, 1977: Pakistan's General Zia overthrows Prime Minister Bhutto
July 12, 1977: Somalia begins Ogaden War by invading Ethiopia to claim "Greater Somalia" (in blue)July 20, 1977: Johnstown, Pennsylvania flood kills 84 people
The lastRailway Mail Servicemail train in the U.S. completed its run, bringing an end to almost 113 years of service. The final train departed New York on Thursday, June 30 and arrived in Washington DC the next morning, after which the service was permanently discontinued. At its height, the RMS had 30,000 employees, while only 68 were left when the final train made its delivery. Starting in the 1950s, jet aircraft had gradually replaced the slower method of shipping mail by train.[1]
Uganda's dictatorIdi Amin lifted restrictions that he had imposed on June 8, when he said that the remaining 240 British residents would not be allowed to leave the East African nation. The decision was announced on Radio Kampala.[2]
By a single vote, a proposal failed in the U.S. Senate to end all funding for development of an Americanneutron bomb. A motion by Senator Mark O. Hatfield of Oregon lost, 42 to 43.[3]
The U.S. Department of State announced that diplomatic relations withCuba would be restored on September 1, when ten U.S. diplomats would be stationed inHavana and ten Cuban diplomats would open and office inWashington D.C.[4]
Tennis starVirginia Wade became the last British woman to win the women's singles title atWimbledon. It was her third, and final Grand Slam win in tennis. After losing the first set, 4–6, in the best-2-of-3 Wade defeatedBetty Stöve, Wade won the second set, 6–3, and the deciding set, 6–1.[6]
Born:Liv Tyler, American actress; in New York City
In defiance of South Africa'sapartheid laws of favored treatment for white citizens and of racial segregation, theBoy Scouts Association of South Africa combined its four branches (Boy Scouts Association, African Boy Scouts Association, Coloured Boy Scouts Association and Indian Boy Scouts Association) into a single Boy Scouts of South Africa organization. The decision took place at the Scouting associations' first multiracial convention, the Quo Vadis Conference inPietermaritzburg.[7]
Björn Borg
Björn Borg of Sweden won the men's singles title atWimbledon, defeatingJimmy Connors of the U.S. in the best-3-of-5 series. Borg, who had won the 1976 Wimbledon title, lost the first and fourth match before defeating Connors in the deciding fifth, 3–6, 6–2, 6–1, 5-7 and 6–4.[8]
Born:Carl Froch, British professional boxer, world super-middleweight champion for the WBC (2008–2011), IBF (2012–2015) and WBA (2013–2015); inNottingham
Died:
Vladimir Nabokov, 78, Russian-born American novelist known forLolita.[9] Nabokov had been writing a new novel,The Opposite of Laura and had completed the equivalent of 30 manuscript pages (on 138 handwritten index cards) before becoming ill. His son Dmitri Nabokov would complete the manuscript more than 30 years later,[10] and with the altered title ofThe Original of Laura, the book would be published in 2009 by Penguin Books and Knopf Publishing.
Gert Potgieter, 47, South African operatic tenor known for his performances in the operasPeter Grimes,In die Droogte andLa bohème, was killed in a car accident.[11]
Turkey's Prime MinisterBulent Ecevit resigned after losing a vote of no confidence in his government. Members of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey voted, 229 to 217, against Ecevit's Republican People's Party, which finished with the highest number of seats in the June 5 general election but fell short of a majority. After the vote, Ecevit drove to the presidential palace in Ankara to present his resignation to President Fahri Koruturk, but agreed to stay on as premier until a new government could be formed.[13]
Pakistan's Prime MinisterZulfikar Ali Bhutto received a warning from Major GeneralK. M. Arif that Pakistan's military was planning a coup d'état, and was urged to negotiate with the opposition parties in thePakistan National Alliance (PNA).[14] Although Bhutto and the PNA leaders reached an agreement for new elections to be called,[15] the coup would be carried out anyway.[16]
A pair of hired assassins shot and killed Haiti's Ambassador to Brazil as he was leaving a bar at the Meridien Hotel in the beach resort ofSalvador. The two gunmen, who shot Delorme Mehu in the back, told police that they had been hired by Louis Robert Makensie, Haiti's secretary to President Jean-Claude Duvalier, to carry out the assassination.[17]
Soviet athleteVladimir Yashchenko broke the world record for the high jump, clearing 7 feet, 7¾ inches, half an inch better than the mark of 7'7¼" set by Dwight Stones in 1976. Yashchenko's mark was set at the USSR-USA Junior track meet inRichmond, Virginia at the University of Richmond.[18]
Thechampionship of Mexico's top soccer football league, thePrimera División de México, was won by theUNAM Pumas of Mexico City, 1 to 0 over theLeones Negros of Guadalajara after the two teams had played to a 0-0 draw on June 29 in the two game series.
A.C. Milan defeatedInter Milan, 2 to 0, to win theCoppa Italia, the playoff tournament of Italy's premier soccer football league. A.C. Milan had finished in tenth place in the regular season, while Inter Milan had placed fourth.
Died:Gertrude Abercrombie, 68, American painter known as "the queen of the Bohemian artists"
TheNestlé boycott of products of the Swiss food manufacturer was inaugurated by theInfant Formula Action Coalition (INFACT) in the U.S. with an announcement in the U.S. from INFACT headquarters inMinneapolis. The boycott would become a worldwide campaign againstNestlé S.A. for its aggressive marketing ofinfant formulas as an alternative tobreast milk inthe world's poorest nations. TheWorld Health Organization (WHO) had condemned the powdered infant formula in areas where the water supply was no sanitary. The INFACT boycott would be halted in 1984 after Nestlé changed its marketing strategy.[19]
At a ceremony at the U.S.National Archives in Washington D.C., museum curators sealed and hid away a "tricentennialtime capsule", to be opened on July 4,2075.[21]
GeneralMuhammad Zia-ul-Haq led a coup d'état to overthrowZulfikar Ali Bhutto, who had been the first electedPrime Minister of Pakistan. The day before, Bhutto and other military chiefs had been guests at ceremonies at the U.S. Embassy in Islamabad for the U.S. independence day.[23] Bhutto, his cabinet ministers, and opposition leaders were placed in "temporary protective custody" and General Zia announced that a four-member military council (himself and commanders of Pakistan's army, navy and air force) would rule the Asian nation until free elections could be held in October.[24] The elections, however, did not take place. Bhutto and the other government members arrested were released on July 28 so that they could participate in the promised October elections, but Bhutto would be arrested again later.[25]
The Ugandan Army arrested playwright John Male,Uganda National Theatre director Dan Kintu, and an undersecretary of the Ugandan Ministry of Culture, Mark Sebuliba, after the staging of a play titled "The Office Is Empty". President Idi Amin inferred that the title of the play and the story was a reference to him, and the three men were charged with "insulting the president". After a trial by a military tribunal, Male, Kintu, and Sebuliba would be executed on July 24.[26]
The"Night of the Neckties", a mass roundup by the Argentine Army of six lawyers and eight of their family members in the city ofMar del Plata, was carried out. Only five survived after being taken to theGADA 601 detention center. Of the other eight, six became "desaparecidos" and were never seen again. The bodies of lawyers Jorge Candeloro and Norberto Centeno would be found later.[28]
Mexico's new agency for regulation and censorship of broadcasting and movies, theRTC (General Directorate for Radio, Television and Cinema) was founded.[29] Mexico's PresidentJosé López Portillo appointed his sister,Margarita López Portillo y Pacheco as the first RTC Director.
Born:
Max Mirnyi, Belarusan tennis player with six Grand Slam doubles titles in the French Open (2005, 2006, 2011, 2012) and U.S. Open (2000, 2002); inMinsk,Byelorussian SSR, Soviet Union
Fan Yuanye, a pilot ofChina'sPeople's Liberation Army Air Force veered off course after taking off fromJinjiang and became the first person to deliver Communist China's newShenyang J-6 fighter to the West. Fan, the third Chinese PLAAF pilot to defect to Taiwan, and the first since 1965, brought secret documents with him and was promised a reward of 5,000 ounces worth of gold, worth US$698,400 at that time.[30] Six other pilots would defect while flying the J-6 between 1979 and 1990.
The Marxist nation ofAlbania, led by Communist Party ChiefEnver Hoxha, criticized "its only friend in the world",[31] thePeople's Republic of China, as China worked on closer diplomatic ties with the United States. The official Communist Party newspaper,Zeri I Popullit, featured an editorial, apparently authored by Hoxha, that said that "'My enemy's enemy is my friend' cannot be applied when it is a matter of the two imperialist powers, the Soviet Union and the United States," adding that "The present theories about the so-calledThird World and nonaligned countries are intended to curb the revolution and defend capitalism.".[31] Three weeks later, Albania asked China to remove its military advisers from the Balkan nation.[32]
The reggae albumTwo Sevens Clash by the Jamaican groupCulture and its songwriter and lead vocalistJoseph Hill, was released to coincide with the date 7/7/77, in anticipation of a prediction by Pan-Africanist leaderMarcus Garvey that the date would be a time when chaos would ensue and wrongs would be righted. Although the prediction caused great concern in Jamaica, no unusual incidents occurred.[33]
The governing body of the San Diego chapterHells Angels Motorcycle Club gang voted unanimously to declare war on the rivalMongols Motorcycle Club gang in a dispute over territory in southern California.[34] Over the summer, four Mongols members and a 15-year-old boy would be killed, and six others injured in shootings and bombings. In October, 32 members of the San Diego Hells Angels chapter would be arrested in October.
The offices of theChurch of Scientology in Los Angeles andHollywood, California and in Washington, D.C. were raided by theFederal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) to seize evidence that the Church's security department, the Guardian's Office, was masterminding illegal activities. The raid, one of the largest by the FBI up to that time, gathered information that led to the arrest of 11 senior members of the Church of Scientology for conspiracy against the United States.[35]
The first fatal accident on theTrans-Alaska Pipeline System occurred less than three weeks after the Alaska Pipeline began transporting crude oil. One worker was killed and five others injured while making repairs south ofFairbanks at Pump Station number 8, because the flow of oil had not been completely turned off while the pipe was being worked on.[36] The pipeline was reopened on July 18 by the U.S. Department of the Interior.[37]
Born:
Wang Zhizhi, Chinese professional basketball player who was the first Chinese citizen to play in the NBA (2001 to 2005) and the 2000 Chinese Basketball Association MVP; inBeijing
Don Revie, the unpopular manager of theEngland national football team, resigned three years into his five-year contract and announced that he had accepted a job to coach the relatively new team of theUnited Arab Emirates. The team had failed to qualify for theUEFA Euro 1976 championship tournament and would be eliminated from the 1978 FIFA World Cup later in the year.
TheOgaden War began as theSomali National Army began afull-scale invasion of neighboring Ethiopia's desert region with the world's second largest population ofethnic Somalis.[45] Within three months after the invasion, Somalia had captured 120,000 square miles (310,000 km2) of territory, or 90% of the Ogaden desert. Ethiopia would make a counterattack with the assistance of soldiers fromCuba, and would repel the Somali invasion by March 23, 1978.[46]
At 9:34 p.m., a blackout shut off electric in all five boroughs ofNew York City, the largest city in the U.S., and parts of suburbanWestchester County. The failure of the Consolidated Edison Company (Con Ed) system left an estimated 12,000,000 people in darkness and shut down the subway system, commuter trains, elevators and all electric appliances.[47] The blackout, coming on one of the hottest and most humid nights of the summer, became an opportunity for looting, vandalism and arson until power was restored 25 hours later, and 3,377 people were arrested. By contrast, there were less than 100 arrests in the blackout of November 9, 1965.[48]
Died:CountCarl Gustaf von Rosen, 67, Swedish aviator, humanitarian and mercenary, was killed in Ethiopia by Somali soldiers who overran the town ofGode during the Ogaden War. For 10 years after World War II, Colonel von Rosen commanded the Ethiopian Air Force at the request of Emperor Haile Selassie.[49]
In the largest anti-nuclear protest held in Spain, more than 150,000 demonstrators turned out inBilbao against theLemoniz Nuclear Power Plant, being constructed inBizkaia province, populated largely by Spain'sBasque minority. Construction would be halted in 1982.[50]
A U.S. ArmyChinook CH-47 cargo helicopter with four people on board strayed across the Demilitarized Zone from South Korea and was shot down in North Korea. Three of the people on board were killed and a fourth was captured.[51] The Chinook had departed fromPyongtaek and was bound forGangneung, but veered northward despite warning shots fired from South Korean observation posts. After landing for the crew to inspect for possible damage, the helicopter flew southward again and was shot down 3.7 miles (6.0 km) inside North Korea.[52] Two days later, North Korea freed the lone survivor, Chief Warrant Officer Glenn Schwanke, and released the bodies of the three other crew.[53]
At least 96 coal miners were killed inColombia, and 40 more were trapped underground, after an explosion at Villa Diana.[54]
Born:Princess Victoria, heiress apparent to the throne of Sweden as the first child of King Carl XVI Gustaf; inSolna. The birth of Victoria Ingrid Alice Desiree of theHouse of Bernadotte marked "the first time a child was born to a reigning Swedish king and queen in 178 years, and the first time the delivery has taken place at a public hospital."[56]
Mishaal bint Fahd Al Saud, 19, Saudi Arabian princess, great niece ofKing Khalid, was executed in public along with her lover, Khaled al Sha'er Muhalhal, after both were convicted ofadultery. On instructions from her grandfather, PrinceMuhammad bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, Princess Mishaal was shot to death outside of the Queen's Building inJeddah, while Khaled Muhalhal was beheaded with a sword. Her death would be the subject of the 1980 British documentaryDeath of a Princess.
Donald Mackay, whose information to Australian police had led to the largest drug bust in the nation's history up to that time, disappeared inGriffith, New South Wales after having drinks with a group of friends at a hotel. He was returning to his van at the hotel parking lot when he was apparently assaulted, dragged away and shot three times. His body would never be found and would still be missing more than 45 years later.[57]
Died:Konstantin Fedin, 85, Soviet Russian novelist and playwright known forCities and Years
Robert M. Stanley, 64, American test pilot who was the first American to fly a jet aircraft and who later founded theStanley Aviation company, was killed in the crash of a company-owned1121 Jet Commander aircraft. Stanley, his two sons, his daughter-in-law and a son's fiancée were making an approach toFort Lauderdale, Florida when the jet encountered severewind shear and crashed into the ocean. Stanley had been the designer of the Yankee Safety System for a rocket powered ejection seat in airplanes that was "credited with saving 100 U.S. pilots' lives in Vietnam", but "died in the crash of a plane that had no escape system."[59]
In aerial combat betweenEthiopia andSomalia, two EthiopianF-5 fighters of the 9th Fighter Squadron were on patrol near Harer when they engaged with four SomaliMiG-21 fighters. The Ethiopian F-5s shot down two of the Somali MiG-21s, while the other two MiGs collided in midair while attempting to avoid an air-to-air AIM-9B Sidewinder missile. During the summer, the Ethiopians would down 25 Somali jets withSidewinder missiles.
South Korea's government freed 14 dissidents from jail, among the 170 arrested under an emergency decree from PresidentPark Chung-hee.[60] More than 150 other government opponents remained incarcerated, including former presidential candidateKim Dae Jung. "Dissident Release 'a Trick,' Korea Opposition Says",Los Angeles Times, July 19, 1977, p. I-12
Project Flower, a secret agreement betweenIsrael andIran for Israeli missiles to be supplied in exchange for Iranian oil, began as Iran's GeneralHassan Toufanian, the assistant Minister of War, arrived in Israel for meeting with Israel's Foreign MinisterMoshe Dayan and Defense MinisterEzer Weizmann. In return for $280,000,000 worth of Iranian oil, Israel began developing anti-ship missiles similar to existing U.S. weapons.[61]
Rhodesia's Prime MinisterIan Smith dissolved parliament and scheduled elections for August 31, limited to white residents only in the minority ruled African nation.[62]
Protasio Montalvo Martin, the former Mayor ofCercedilla in Spain, near Madrid, emerged from his home after 38 years of hiding. Montalvo, a Socialist, had stayed in the basement of his house, coming up upstairs only occasionally to assist his wife in housework, but never ventured outside because he had been in fear of reprisal from the government ofFrancisco Franco.[63]
In South Africa, theTransvaal province director of education announced that the province's white schoolchildren aged 10 to 12 would be required to attend classes to learn African languages, with black teachers instructing them. The most common of theSouthern Bantu languages spoken in the Transvaal wasZulu, followed bySotho,Tswana andXhosa. The compulsory class was a first in the white-minority ruled African nation, which still limited the rights of black and mixed race residents as part of itsapartheid laws.[66]
Egypt returned the bodies of 19 Israeli soldiers who had been killed in the 1973 Yom Kippur War, after Egypt's PresidentAnwar Sadat told reporters that his decision was an unconditional demonstration of his desire for peace with Israel.[67]
The 24th and final studio album byElvis Presley,Moody Blue, was released four weeks before his sudden death on August 16.
Flooding and the collapse of seven dams killed 84 people in the U.S. state ofPennsylvania after a rainfall of 12 inches (300 mm) in 24 hours.[68] At 2:35 in the morning, theLaurel Run Dam collapsed and the waters of the Johnstown Reservoir swept away 39 residents of the unincorporated town of Tanneryville, Pennsylvania, 10 in the town ofDale and 35 others in 13 surrounding communities inCambria County.[69] The disaster was the product of amesoscale convective complex that had originated four days earlier over the U.S. state of South Dakota before hovering over southwestern Pennsylvania.
In the Soviet Union, all but one of the 40 people on board Aeroflot East Siberia Flight B-2 were killed when the Avia 14 airplane crashed on takeoff fromVitim, in the RSFSR with an intended destination ofIrkutsk. Blown sideways by a crosswind, the aircraft failed to completely clear a wooden fence and stalled an at altitude of 100 feet (30 m) and then impacted a forest.
TheLibyan–Egyptian War, sparked by a Libyan raid onSallum, began.[71] The next day, the Egyptian Air Force bombed a Libyan airbase south ofTobruk, 72 miles (116 km) inside Libya. The fighting lasted until July 24.[72]
At least 17 members of the Army ofThailand were killed in battle against Cambodian troops who inaded the border village of Noi Parai.[73]
Süleyman Demirel, ofAP formed the new government ofTurkey, a three-party coalition that called itself the "second national front" (Milliyetçi cephe).[74]
Deng Xiaoping (referred to in the Western press at the time as Teng Hsiao-ping), who had been Vice Premier of thePeople's Republic of China (PRC) before being purged from theChinese Communist Party in 1976, was restored to power nine months after the "Gang of Four" was expelled from power. The decision to restore Deng to the posts of Chief of Staff of the Chinese armed forces, Vice Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), Vice Premier of the PRC, and Vice Chairman of the CCP Military Commission, was approved by the Central Committee of the CCP. Beijing television showed Deng, now the third-ranking Chinese leader, sitting on the right side of CCP ChairmanHua Guofeng and the second most powerful leader, Defense MinisterYe Jianying, sitting on Hua's left.[75]
Spain's KingJuan Carlos I opened the first session of the newly-electedCortes Generales, the first parliament in Spain since 1936 to have been freely elected.[76]
Pacific Southwest Airlines Flight 90, with 103 people on board, narrowly averted a mid-air collision when the pilot put the Lockheed Electra into a sudden dive to avoid a collision with a small private plane. The steep dive of 6,000 feet (1,800 m) in seconds injured 26 passengers who were thrown from their seats, but PSA Flight 90 landed safely at Los Angeles at the end of its travel from South Lake Tahoe.[77]
InParis, the representatives of 23 Western nations agreed on a plan from the Council of theOrganization for Economic Cooperation and Development for the dumping of radioactive waste in the Earth's oceans, a practice already in effect in the UK, the Netherlands, Belgium and Switzerland, and soon to start in Japan.[78]
TheBermuda II Agreement was signed between representatives of the United Kingdom and the United States as a renegotiating of a1946 agreement that had been signed at Bermuda. Under the terms of the pact, only two U.S. airlines (Pan Am and TWA) were allowed to fly to and from London's Heathrow Airport, and a lone British airline (British Airways) could fly from Heathrow to specific U.S. cities.
Kuwait andIraq announced that they were reopening the border between their two nations, closed since 1972.[81]
An express train crashed into a passenger train that was stopped at theJitan station inNorth Chungcheong province in South Korea, killing 19 people and injuring 125.[82]
Born:Mehdi Mahdavikia, Iranian soccer football player with 111 caps for the Iran National team; inShahr-e Ray
Neelam Sanjiva Reddy was sworn in as the sixthPresident of India for a five-year term. The inauguration took place after Reddy, the Speaker of the House of the Lok Sabha, was declared on July 21 to be elected without opposition because no other candidates had sought nomination. A vote scheduled for August 6 was declared unnecessary.[83]
Egypt's PresidentAnwar Sadat extended an invitation to all former Egyptian Jews to return home and pledged that the 100,000 who had moved away from Egypt since the founding of the State of Israel in 1948 would be granted full citizenship and equal rights with other Egyptians. The announcement, which came in an interview in theCairo newspaperAl Ahram, was similar to announcements made by Morocco, Iraq, Sudan and Syria, and came after the Palestine Liberation Organization had campaigned for "Oriental Jews"— those who had immigrated to Israel from Arab nations— to be given incentives to return to the Arab world.[84]
The republics ofPortugal and ofAngola, a former Portuguese colony in Africa, reached an agreement for repatriation of black and white Angolan residents who had fled the country during theAngolan Civil War. A joint communique was issue from bothLisbon andLuanda pledging that the two countries would jointly request aid from the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.[85]
Brazil's President and dictator,Ernesto Geisel, issued a decree banning political broadcasts from radio and television. The South American nation's election laws provided that the ruling party and the only authorized opposition party were each allowed two hours of free air time per year.[86]
A forest fire that destroyed 200 homes inMontecito, California, began after akite was blown by high winds into electrical power lines near the intersection of Coyote Road and Mountain Drive, and then spread by the winds into the unincorporated suburb of Santa Barabara.[87] Stanley Roden, District Attorney forSanta Barbara County, California dismissed arson as a cause and revealed that it was an accident. "The strength of the wind caused the kite string handle to be wrested from the kite flier's hand," Roden said. "The handle wrapped itself around a cable TV wire directly below high tension wires; the force of the wind carried the kite and string forward so that a 16,000-volt line directly above the cable TV line arced with an adjacent high-tension wire." Roden said also that the kite-flyer was "a man in his early 20s" who was in seclusion outside of the city.[88][89]
Born:Rebecca St. James (stage name for Rebecca Jean Smallbone), Australian Christian singer and 1999 Grammy Award winner; inSydney
InCarol City, Florida, a suburb of Miami, John Errol Ferguson, Marvin Francois and Beauford White entered the home of a small-time drug dealer, then tied up and shot eight people, six of whom died. Francois and Beauford would be executed in the electric chair, while Francois, who had raised the insanity defense for 36 years would be executed by lethal injection in 2013.[90]
Born:Jonathan Rhys Meyers (stage name for Jonathan O'Keeffe), Irish film and TV actor, 2006 Golden Globe Award winner known for portraying Elvis Presley in the 2006 TV miniseriesElvis; inDublin
Armed robbers in France committed what the newspaperFrance-Soir dubbed "the heaviest holdup in the world"[91] after stopping a truck that was on its way from the French mint atPessac to the Bank of France inParis. The cargo was 17 millionFrench francs, equivalent to US$3,540,000, but all of it was freshly-minted coins — 1-franc, 5-franc and 10-franc pieces.[92] The French newspaperL'Aurore called the crime the robbery of "The Piggy Bank Truck" and asked the robbers in print, "Please write and tell us how on earth you are going to get rid of it. You can't buy a chateau, a car or even a pair of crocodile shoes with bags of change."[91] In November, police arrested a man and a woman at their residence inAvon, Seine-et-Marne and found $270,000 worth of the missing coins
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto was released from a prison where he had been held in "protective custody" for more than three weeks after his July 5 overthrow asPrime Minister of Pakistan. Bhutto said upon being freed, "You will see as time passes that, no matter how the dice are loaded against me, the people are with me."[94] Bhutto would be re-arrested on September 3 and charged with the murder of a political opponent, a crime for which he would later be convicted and executed.
Born:Manu Ginóbili, Argentine professional basketball player known for championship wins in the NBA, the EuroLeague and the Olympics; inBahía Blanca
The first oil from the Trans-Alaska Pipeline arrived inValdez, Alaska, at 1:02 in the morning, 50 days after the Alyeska Pipeline Service opened the pipeline on June 20 at Prudhoe Bay.[95]
TheJudge Retirement Age act took effect in Australia upon receivingroyal assent and required that any federal judges appointed afterward would be put on retirement at age 70. Ray Northrop would be the last of the Australian federal judges exempt from mandatory retirement, and would step down in 1998 at the age of 73.
TheSon of Sam serial killer in New York City claimed his final victims, shooting Robert Violante and Stacy Moskowitz while they sat in a car parked in the Bensonhurst section ofBrooklyn.[99]
Died:Giuseppe Castellano, 83, Italian Army general who negotiated the surrender of Italy to the Allies in 1943
^"The Mail Train Doesn't Stop Anywhere Anymore", by Robert A. Rosenblatt,Los Angeles Times, July 2, 1977, p.I-1
^"Amin Lifts His Ban Prohibiting Britons From Leaving Uganda",Los Angeles Times, July 2, 1977, p.I-3
^"Close Senate Vote Supports Neutron Bomb— Hatfield Bid to Kill Funding Loses, 43 to 42; Carter's Decision Vital", by Walter Pincus,Los Angeles Times, July 2, 1977, p.I-1
^"U.S., Cuba to Trade Diplomats Sept. 1",Los Angeles Times, July 2, 1977, p.I-6
^"Suspects in Eight Slaying Surrender— Two Men Walk Into Riverside County Sheriff's Office and Point to Photos",Los Angeles Times, July 2, 1977, p.I-17
^"Coronation at Wimbledon: After 15 Years, Wade Wins on the Home Court", by Ted Green,Los Angeles Times, July 2, 1977, p.III-1
^Timothy Parsons,Race, Resistance, and the Boy Scout Movement in British Colonial Africa (Ohio University Press, 2004) p.293
^"Borg Becomes Wimbeldon's Man of the Century— Keeps Title on 5-Set Win over Connors", by Ted Green,Los Angeles Times, July 3, 1977, p.III-1
^"Nabokov, Author of 'Lolita,' Dies",Los Angeles Times, July 5, 1977, p.I-1
^"Dmitri's Choice: Nabokov wanted his final, unfinished work destroyed. Should his son get out the matches?", by Ron Rosenbaum,Slate magazine (January 16, 2008)
^"Potgieter, Gerhardus Petrus (Gert)", inDictionary of South African Biography (Human Sciences Research Council, 1981) pp. 605–606
^"The World",Los Angeles Times, July 5, 1977, p.I-2
^"July 4 Time Capsule Awaits the Nation's Next 100 Years",Los Angeles Times, July 5, 1977, p.I-8
^"Former Egypt Official Found Slain; 15 Cultists Held",Los Angeles Times, July 7, 1977, p.I-16 ("Medical examiners said 64-year-old Zahabi, minister for 19 months until last November, was killed Monday night, almost 40 hours after he was dragged from his home...")
^"Military Seizes Power in Pakistan, Arrests Bhutto",Los Angeles Times, July 5, 1977, p.I-1
^"New Pakistan Leader Vows Free Elections in October",Los Angeles Times, July 6, 1977, p.I-1
^"The World",Los Angeles Times, July 29, 1977, p.I-2
^"3 Reportedly Slain for Insulting Amin",Los Angeles Times, August 18, 1977, p.I-16
^延安市志 [Yan'an City Records](PDF).dfz.shaanxi.gov.cn (in Chinese). Shaanxi Provincial Local History Office. 1994-12-01.Archived(PDF) from the original on 2021-09-20. Retrieved2021-09-19.
^Juan E. Méndez,Truth and Partial Justice in Argentina (Human Rights Watch, 1987) p.31
^"Record Heat Hits Greece and Turkey",Los Angeles Times, July 11, 1977, p.I-10
^"Ruling Party Keeps Control in Japan", by Sam Jameson,Los Angeles Times, July 12, 1977, p.I-4
^Fantahun Ayele,The Ethiopian Army: From Victory to Collapse, 1977–1991 (Northwestern University Press, 2014) p.106
^"The Ethiopia-Somalia War of 1977 Revisited", by Gebru Tareke,The International Journal of African Historical Studies (2000) pp. 635–667
^"Massive Power Failure Blackens New York City", by John J. Goldman and Charles T. Powers,Los Angeles Times, July 14, 1977, p.I-1
^"Power Restored to New York City", by John J. Goldman,Los Angeles Times, July 15, 1977, p.I-1
^"Daredevil Aviator Killed in Ethiopia",Los Angeles Times, July 15, 1977, p.I-9
^Wolfgang Rudig,Anti-nuclear Movements: A World Survey of Opposition to Nuclear Energy (Longman, 1990) p. 138
^"U.S. Helicopter Shot Down Over N. Korea— Reds Say 3 in Crew Killed, Fourth Seized; Carter Asks for Meeting an Panmunjom",Los Angeles Times, July 14, 1977, p.I-1
^"Carter Blames Navigation Error in Helicopter Incident", by Robert Shogan,Los Angeles Times, July 15, 1977, p.I-1
^"North Korea Returns Survivor, 3 Bodies— Helicopter Incident Settled Quickly, Without Usual Communist Propaganda", by Sam Jameson,Los Angeles Times, July 17, 1977, p.I-1
^"Colombia to Aid Families of Mine Disaster Victims",Los Angeles Times, July 17, 1977, p.I-13
^"Australian Leader Who Ousted Labor Regime Resigns His Position",Los Angeles Times, July 15, 1977, p.I-9
^"It's Girl for Swedish Royalty: Princess Victoria",Los Angeles Times, July 16, 1977, p.I-7
^"Smith Dissolves Rhodesian Parliament, Schedules Election in Bid for Mandate",Los Angeles Times, July 19, 1977, p.I-8
^"Spanish Civil War Loser Leaves Cellar Hideout After 38 Years",Los Angeles Times, July 19, 1977, p.I-12
^"The World",Los Angeles Times, July 20, 1977, p.I-2
^Dieter Nohlen,Elections in the Americas: A Data Handbook, Volume I, (Nomos, 2005) p.78
^"Transvaal will Require White Pupils to Learn African Tongue",Los Angeles Times, July 20, 1977, p.I-4
^"Egypt Returns 19 Bodies to Israel; Actions Seen as Peace Gesture",Los Angeles Times, July 20, 1977, p.I-13
^"New Flood Hits Johnstown; 25 Dead, Damage Heavy".Los Angeles Times. July 21, 1977. p. I-1.
^Shaw, Gaylord (July 20, 1977). "Collapse of 2 Dams Made Flood Worse".Los Angeles Times. p. I-18.
^"Prime Minister's Party Defeated in Sri Lanka Vote",Los Angeles Times, July 22, 1977, p.I-5
^"Egypt, Libya Forces Clash Along Border— Cairo Reports Destroying 40 of Foe's Tanks, 2 Planes; Arab League to Meet", by Don A. Schanche,Los Angeles Times, July 22, 1977, p.I-1
^"Both Egypt, Libya Accept Cease-Fire, Arafat Says",Los Angeles Times, July 26, 1977, p.I-1
^"Thai, Cambodian Troops Clash",Los Angeles Times, July 22, 1977, p.I-7
^"Right-Wing Coalition Forms New Government in Turkey",Los Angeles Times, July 20, 1977, p.I-17
^"Peking Announces Teng's Comeback",Los Angeles Times, July 23, 1977, p.I-9
^"King Opens First Elected Spanish Parliament Since '36",Los Angeles Times, July 23, 1977, p.I-10
^"Near-Collision Over L.A. Injures 26 on Airliner", by David Rosenzweig,Los Angeles Times, July 23, 1977, p.I-1
^"23 Nations Agree on Plan to Dump Radioactive Wastes",Los Angeles Times, July 23, 1977, p.I-6
^"Comanches, Utes Seal Century-Old Peace Pact", by Jerry Belcher,Los Angeles Times, July 25, 1977, p.I-1
^"The World",Los Angeles Times, July 25, 1977, p.I-2
^"19 Killed, 123 Hurt as Speeding Express Rams Passenger Train",Los Angeles Times, July 25, 1977, p.I-5
^"The World",Los Angeles Times, July 22, 1977, p.I-2
^"Egyptian-Born Jews in Israel Ignoring Sadat's Call to Return",Los Angeles Times, July 31, 1977, p.I-4
^"Angola Refugee Return Planned",Los Angeles Times, July 27, 1977, p.I-2
^"The World",Los Angeles Times, July 27, 1977, p.I-2
^"Montecito Blaze Destroys Homes— Gusty Winds Drive Fire Down Into Suburb of Santa Barbara", by Ted Thackrey Jr. and Tom Paegel,Los Angeles Times, July 28, 1977, p.I-1
^"Kite on Wires Started Blaze, Resident Says", by John Hurst,Los Angeles Times, July 28, 1977, p.I-4
^"SANTA BARBARA TOLL— 200 HOMES", by Ted Thackrey Jr.,Los Angeles Times, July 28, 1977, p.I-1
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