John McLean
Daguerreotype byMathew Brady,c. 1849
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
In office March 12, 1829 – April 4, 1861
Nominated by	Andrew Jackson
Preceded by	Robert Trimble
Succeeded by	Noah Swayne
United States Postmaster General
In office June 26, 1823 – March 4, 1829
President	James Monroe John Quincy Adams
Preceded by	Return Meigs
Succeeded by	William Barry
Commissioner of the General Land Office
In office September 11, 1822 – June 26, 1823
President	James Monroe
Preceded by	Josiah Meigs
Succeeded by	George Graham
Associate Justice of the Ohio Supreme Court
In office February 17, 1816 – September 11, 1822
Preceded by	William Irvin
Succeeded by	Charles Sherman
Member of theU.S. House of Representatives fromOhio's1st district
In office March 4, 1813 – October 8, 1816
Preceded by	Jeremiah Morrow
Succeeded by	William Henry Harrison
Personal details
Born	(1785-03-11)March 11, 1785 Morris County, New Jersey, U.S.
Died	April 4, 1861(1861-04-04) (aged 76) Cincinnati,Ohio, U.S.
Political party	Democratic-Republican (before 1825) National Republican (1825–1828) Democratic (1828–1831) Anti-Masonic (1831–1838) Whig (1838–1848) Free Soil (1848–1854) Republican (1854–1861)
Other political affiliations	Jacksonian
Spouses	Rebecca Edwards ​ ​ (m. 1807; died 1841)​ Sarah Ludlow ​ (m. 1843)​
Children	6
Education	Harvard University

John McLean (March 11, 1785 – April 4, 1861) was an American jurist and politician who served in theUnited States Congress, asU.S. Postmaster General, and as a justice of theOhio andUnited States Supreme Courts. He was often discussed for theWhig Party nominations for president, and is also one of the few people who served in all three branches of government.

Born inNew Jersey, McLean lived in several frontier towns before settling inRidgeville, Ohio. He foundedThe Western Star, a weekly newspaper, and established a law practice. He won election to theUnited States House of Representatives, serving from 1813 until his election to the Ohio Supreme Court in 1816. He resigned from that position to accept appointment to the administration of PresidentJames Monroe, becoming theUnited States Postmaster General in 1823. Under Monroe and PresidentJohn Quincy Adams, McLean presided over a major expansion of theUnited States Postal Service. In 1829, PresidentAndrew Jackson appointed McLean as an associate justice of the United States Supreme Court.

On the court, McLean became known as an opponent of slavery, and he was frequently mentioned as a presidential candidate for various parties. McLean received the support of delegates at the1848 Whig National Convention, the1856 Republican National Convention, and the1860 Republican National Convention. He was the sole dissenter in the fugitive slave case ofPrigg v. Pennsylvania and one of two justices to dissent in the landmark case ofDred Scott v. Sandford. McLean served on the court until his death in 1861.

McLean was born inMorris County, New Jersey, the son of Fergus McLean and Sophia Blackford. After living in a succession of frontier towns, namelyMorgantown, Virginia,Nicholasville, Kentucky, andMaysville, Kentucky, his family settled inRidgeville,Warren County, Ohio in 1797. There, McLean received his formal education and developed his interest in law, later graduating from Harvard in 1806. It can be argued that his anti-slavery views also began to form at this time, given his upbringing as an evangelical Methodist with a focus on egalitarianism. His brotherWilliam was also a successful Ohio politician.

McLean studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1807. That same year, he foundedThe Western Star, a weekly newspaper atLebanon, the Warren County seat. In 1810, Mclean transferred ownership of theStar to his brother Nathaniel and hung up his shingle, beginning to practice law as an individual lawyer for the first time. He was elected to theU.S. House for theThirteenth andFourteenth Congresses, serving from March 4, 1813, until he resigned in 1816 to take a seat on theOhio Supreme Court, to which he had been elected on February 17, 1816, replacingWilliam W. Irvin.

State v. Carneal, which occurred during McLean's tenure on theOhio Supreme Court, foreshadowed McLean's future dissent in an important fugitive slavery case,Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857). In it, a black man named Richard Lunsford, aKentucky slave, applied for a writ of habeas corpus to obtain freedom from his owner, Thomas D. Carneal. The Ohio Constitution of 1802 forbade slavery in the state, and at issue was whether slaves owned by a man traveling in Ohio became free once they traveled to Ohio and whether a slave who resided in Kentucky could be sent to work in Ohio without gaining his freedom. Lunsford, as a slave who was regularly sent to work in Ohio, sued on the grounds that, by having him travel to work inCincinnati for periods of over a week, Thomas Carneal forfeited his property rights in Lunsford. The Court ruled, with McLean issuing its opinion, that since Carneal sold Lunsford to a Mr. James Riddle, the man who sent Lunsford to Cincinnati, he did in fact forfeit his right to be Lunsford's owner. The most notable portion of this case was McLean's opinion, which highlighted his personal distaste for the institution of slavery: "Were it proper to consider it, the Court, as well as from the principles recognized by our Constitution and Laws, could not hesitate in declaring that SLAVERY [emphasis in original], except for the punishment of crimes, is an infringement upon the sacred rights of man: Rights, which he derives from his Creator, and which are inalienable."^[1]

He resigned his judgeship in 1822 to take PresidentJames Monroe's appointment to be Commissioner of theUnited States General Land Office, serving until 1823, when Monroe appointed himUnited States Postmaster General. McLean served in that post from December 9, 1823, to March 7, 1829, under Monroe andJohn Quincy Adams, presiding over a massive expansion of thePost Office into the new western states and territories and the elevation of the Postmaster Generalship to a cabinet office.

During Adams' administration McLean supported Vice PresidentJohn C. Calhoun, who was estranged from the president, but Adams declined to remove McLean despite Secretary of StateHenry Clay asking for his removal.^[2]

While Postmaster General, McLean supportedAndrew Jackson, who offered him the posts ofSecretary of War andSecretary of the Navy. McLean declined both and was instead appointed to the Supreme Court by Jackson on March 6, 1829, to a seat vacated byRobert Trimble. McLean was confirmed by theUnited States Senate on March 7, 1829, receiving his commission the same day. He wassworn into office on March 12.^[3]

Known as "The Politician on the Supreme Court," he associated himself with every party on the political spectrum, moving from a JacksonianDemocrat, to the Anti-Jackson Democrats, theAnti-Masonic Party, theWhigs, theFree Soilers, and finally theRepublicans. For this reason he has been characterized as a "political opportunist" whose political affiliations varied.^[4] McLean was touted as a potential Whig presidential candidate throughout the 1830s-40s. PresidentJohn Tyler offered him the post ofSecretary of War, but he declined. Because of his anti-slavery-extension positions, he was considered by the new Republican party asa presidential candidate in 1856, but the nomination went toJohn C. Frémont. McLean sought the presidency again in1860 despite turning 75 that March. He won twelve votes on the first ballot at the Republican convention;Abraham Lincoln ultimately was nominated.

McLean's tendency toward economic nationalism can be seen in cases such asGroves v. Slaughter, 40 U.S. 449 (1841). In this case, McLean upheld the right ofMississippi to restrict the introduction of slaves from other states. Though it was "not necessary" to the decision, McLean restated his nationalism by holding that the power to regulate commerce rested exclusively with Congress. "The necessity of a uniform commercial regulation, more than any other consideration, led to the adoption of the federal Constitution. And unless the power be not only paramount, but exclusive, the Constitution must fail to attain one of the principal objects of its formation," McLean wrote.^[5]

Groves v. Slaughter concerned a Mississippi man who had bought some slaves but believed that he could escape without paying the slave-trader due to a clause in the Mississippi constitution that seemed to forbid the importation of slaves for in-state sale after a certain date. For the Court, the issue became whether Congress possessed an exclusive right to regulate interstate commerce. If so, did it follow that states could not constitutionally regulate the slave trade? Moreover, should the Court answer in the affirmative, on what basis could a state abolish slavery? McLean, seeking to limit national regulation in regards to slavery, paradoxically abandoned his aforementioned position as an economic nationalist when he claimed, "The power over slavery belongs to the States respectively. It is local in its character and in its effects."^[6] This was of course done in accordance with the Free Soil fear that, if the states lost their power to regulate slavery, what was to stop its spread into the free North? McLean held that the States should be given the right to protect themselves from the "avarice and intrusion of the slave dealer."^[6] All of this he contended while holding the aforementioned view, which demonstrates his tortured reconciliation of two neo-Federalist political biases, which in this case contradict: one favoring an expansive national government, the other condemning slavery.

InPrigg v. Pennsylvania (1842), McLean dissented. By his reasoning, it was necessary for Prigg to take Morgan to court to demonstrate that she was, in fact, a slave.^[7] As such Prigg did not have the legal pretext to remove Morgan from the state of Pennsylvania, without first gaining judicial approval. A court had to decide that Morgan was technically a slave for Prigg to have the authority to transport her across state lines. McLean suggests that this process was the only way to be fair to the slave, the owner, the free state, and the slaveholding state from which the slave came, stating that "[his] opinion, therefore, does not rest so much upon the particular law ofPennsylvania, as upon the inherent and sovereign power of a state, to protect its jurisdiction and the peace of its citizens, in any and every mode which its discretion shall dictate, which shall not conflict with a defined power of the federal government."^[8]

McLean's sense of nationalism could be seen again in his concurring opinion on thePassenger Cases (1849). The most senior member of the Court at the time, McLean began his opinion by weighing in on the debate concerning the nature of theCommerce Clause. McLean asserted the Commerce Clause "is exclusively vested in Congress." Under this view, if the federal government does not regulate a particular area of foreign or interstate commerce, it means that federal policy maintains that such an area should remain unregulated, not that states should have the right to impose individual regulations. To McLean, only one authority could exercise any given power, and the judicial task was to determine whether a particular subject fell within a power delegated to the federal government or within a power reserved to the States. McLean denied that the States could exercise a power unless the federal government chose to exercise the same power, at which point state regulation would be trumped by federal action. Although McLean recognized that both Congress and the States could impose a tax on the same object, he insisted these respective taxes result from the exercise of distinct powers, and did not represent any concurrent exercise of the same power.

InDred Scott v. Sandford (1857), he was one of two dissenting Justices to the majority vote, the other being JusticeBenjamin Robbins Curtis. Justice McLean citedMarie Louise v. Marot, an 1835freedom suit appealed to theLouisiana Supreme Court in which Presiding JudgeGeorge Mathews, Jr. stated that "[b]eing free for one moment...it was not in the power of [the plaintiff's] former owner to reduce her again to slavery."^[9] In opposition to the majority ruling that African-Americans cannot and were not intended to be citizens under the US Constitution, McLean argued that they had already the right to vote in five states.^[10] His strong dissenting views are believed to have forced the hand of Chief JusticeRoger Brooke Taney into a harsher and more polarizing opinion than he originally planned. To the argument that "a colored citizen would not be an agreeable member of society," McLean responded, "This is more a matter of taste than of law."

He also wrote the Court's opinion denying there was acommon-law copyright in American law inWheaton v. Peters.

During the 1820s, McLean was a member of the prestigiousColumbian Institute for the Promotion of Arts and Sciences, who counted among their members former presidentsAndrew Jackson andJohn Quincy Adams and many prominent men of the day, including well-known representatives of the military, government service, medical and other professions.^[11]

McLean became the last surviving member of the Monroe and Quincy Adams Cabinets. He died inCincinnati, Ohio, and was buried inSpring Grove Cemetery there.^[12] Also interred there isStanley Matthews, another associate justice,^[13][14] as well as chief justiceSalmon P. Chase.

During theAmerican Civil War, Camp John McLean, aUnion Army training camp in Cincinnati, was named in his honor. McLean's daughter Evelyn McLean marriedJoseph Pannell Taylor, brother of U.S. PresidentZachary Taylor and uncle ofJefferson Davis by marriage. His son,Nathaniel C. McLean (1815–1905), a Cincinnati native, was aUniongeneral in theAmerican Civil War. Nathaniel's daughter Evelyn was the wife of army general Charles H. Whipple.^[15][16]

• Thomas E. Carney. "The Political Judge: Justice John McLean Pursuit of the Presidency. Ohio History. v. 111. Summer/Autumn 2002. 121+[1]
• Francis Phelphs Weisenberger.The Life of John McLean, A Politician On the United States Supreme Court.Columbus, Ohio: TheOhio State University Press, 1937
• John McLean at theBiographical Directory of Federal Judges, a publication of theFederal Judicial Center.
• United States Congress."John McLean (id: M000549)".Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.

• Howe, Daniel (2007).What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848.Oxford University Press.ISBN 978-0-19-507894-7.

Wikimedia Commons has media related toJohn McLean.

• Abraham, Henry J. (1992).Justices and Presidents: A Political History of Appointments to the Supreme Court (3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.ISBN 0-19-506557-3.
• Cushman, Clare (2001).The Supreme Court Justices: Illustrated Biographies, 1789–1995 (2nd ed.). (Supreme Court Historical Society, Congressional Quarterly Books).ISBN 1-56802-126-7.
• Finkelman, Paul (2009)."John McLean: Moderate Abolitionist and Supreme Court Politician".Vanderbilt Law Review.62:519–65.
• Flanders, Henry.The Lives and Times of the Chief Justices of the United States Supreme Court. Philadelphia:J. B. Lippincott & Co., 1874 atGoogle Books.
• Frank, John P. (1995). Friedman, Leon; Israel, Fred L. (eds.).The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions. Chelsea House Publishers.ISBN 0-7910-1377-4.
• Hall, Kermit L., ed. (1992).The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States. New York: Oxford University Press.ISBN 0-19-505835-6.
• Martin, Fenton S.; Goehlert, Robert U. (1990).The U.S. Supreme Court: A Bibliography. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Books.ISBN 0-87187-554-3.
• Urofsky, Melvin I. (1994).The Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary. New York: Garland Publishing. pp. 590.ISBN 0-8153-1176-1.
• White, G. Edward. The Marshall Court & Cultural Change, 1815–35. Published in an abridged edition, 1991.

• "John McLean".Ohio History Central.

• 1785 births
• 1861 deaths
• 19th-century American newspaper publishers (people)
• Methodists from Ohio
• American newspaper founders
• Anti-Masonic Party politicians from Ohio
• Burials at Spring Grove Cemetery
• Ohio Free Soilers
• Ohio Jacksonians
• Ohio National Republicans
• Ohio Republicans
• Ohio Whigs
• Justices of the Supreme Court of Ohio
• People from Morris County, New Jersey
• Politicians from Cincinnati
• People from Lebanon, Ohio
• Commissioners of the United States General Land Office
• Democratic-Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Ohio
• United States postmasters general
• Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States
• United States federal judges appointed by Andrew Jackson
• Candidates in the 1832 United States presidential election
• United States federal judges admitted to the practice of law by reading law
• American slave owners
• 19th-century members of the United States House of Representatives

• Webarchive template wayback links
• Articles with short description
• Short description is different from Wikidata
• Use mdy dates from May 2022
• Use American English from May 2022
• All Wikipedia articles written in American English
• FJC Bio template with ID same as Wikidata
• Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges
• Commons category link from Wikidata