| Johannes's tody-tyrant | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Tyrannidae |
| Genus: | Hemitriccus |
| Species: | H. iohannis |
| Binomial name | |
| Hemitriccus iohannis (Snethlage, 1907) | |
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Johannes's tody-tyrant, orJoao's tody-tyrant[2], (Hemitriccus iohannis) is a species ofbird in the familyTyrannidae, the tyrant flycatchers.[3] It is found inBolivia,Brazil,Colombia,Ecuador, andPeru.[4]
Johannes's tody-tyrant has a complicated taxonomic history. It wasoriginally described in 1907 asEuscarthmus iohannis.[5] During different parts of the twentieth century it was treated as a subspecies of thestripe-necked tody-tyrant (nowH. striaticollis) and as a full species in generaEuscarthmornis andIdioptilon. Those two genera were eventually merged intoHemitriccus.[6]
Johannes's tody-tyrant ismonotypic.[3]
Johannes's tody-tyrant is about 11 cm (4.3 in) long and weighs 9.2 to 12.7 g (0.32 to 0.45 oz). The sexes have the same plumage. Adults have a bright olive crown. They have brownishlores, sometimes with a white spot above them, and the color extends around the eye. Their back and rump are bright olive. Their wings are dusky olive with indistinct yellow edges on the flight feathers and indistinct yellow tips on thecoverts; the latter show as twowing bars. Their tail is bright olive. Their throat is whitish with very thin black streaks. Their breast is pale yellow with blurry olive streaks; it and the flanks are smudged with olive. Their belly is unstreaked yellow. They have a whitish to pale straw-yellow iris, a dark gray to blackish bill, and pale yellowish, pinkish, or light gray legs and feet.[7][8][9][10][11]
Johannes's tody-tyrant has adisjunct distribution in one large area and at least one much smaller one. The large area extends from most of eastern Peru and east into northern Bolivia and into western Brazil as far as the upper reaches of theSolimões,Juruá, andPurus rivers. A separate population is found in southern Colombia'sPutumayo andAmazonas departments and possibly slightly into northeastern Ecuador. Another population is found in eastern Ecuador'sPastaza Province; it appears to be isolated but might be contiguous with the far northwestern part of the Peruvian range.[7][8][9][10][11]
Johannes's tody-tyrant primarily inhabits humid subtropical forest along watercourses andoxbow lakes, where it favors vine tangles and dense shrubby areas. In Colombia it is found interra firme forest. In elevation it reaches 800 m (2,600 ft) in Peru, 400 m (1,300 ft) in Colombia, and about 200 m (700 ft) in Ecuador.[7][9][10][11]
Johannes's tody-tyrant is a year-round resident.[7]
Johannes's tody-tyrant feeds onarthropods. It typically forages singly, in pairs, or in small family groups and very seldom joinsmixed-species feeding flocks. It mostly forages in the mid- to upper levels of dense brush and vine tangles. It takes most of its prey using short upward sallies from a perch to grab it from the underside of leaves.[7][10][11]
The breeding season of Johannes's tody-tyrant has not been defined but apparently includes July to October in southeastern Peru. Nothing else is known about the species' breeding biology.[7]
| Songs and calls |
The song of Johannes's tody-tyrant has been described as "an accelerating, rising trilledtew-tur'r'r'r'e'e'e'e? phrases interspersed with singletew notes or a slow, rising series of 3-6tew notes".[9] Another description is a "high, brisk 'tjudrrrri' ('tju' colliding with 'd'); 'drrrri' rising".[8] Its call is single or pairedtew notes.[9]
TheIUCN has assessed Johannes's tody-tyrant as being of Least Concern. It has a large range; its population size is not known and is believed to be decreasing. No immediate threats have been identified.[1] It is considered widespread but "uncommon, inconspicuous, and easily overlooked (except by voice)" in Peru.[9] It is "local and rare" in Colombia and found only around a few oxbow lakes in Ecuador.[10][11] It is found in several protected areas in Peru and a few elsewhere.[7]
