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Ben Sira orJoshua ben Sirach (Hebrew:שמעון בן יהושע בן אליעזר בן סירא,romanized: šimʿon ben yəhošuʿ ben ʾəliʿezer ben Sirā;fl. 2nd century BCE) was aHellenistic Jewishscribe,sage, andallegorist fromSeleucid-controlled Jerusalem of theSecond Temple period. He is the author of theBook of Sirach, also known as "Ecclesiasticus".
Ben Sirach wrote his work in Hebrew, possibly inAlexandria in thePtolemaic Kingdom c. 180–175 BCE, where he is thought to have established a school.[1]
While Ben Sira is sometimes claimed to be a contemporary ofSimeon the Just, it is more likely that his contemporary wasHigh Priest Simon II (219–199 BCE) and this is due to confusion with his father, Joshua.[2]
A medieval text, theAlphabet of Sirach, was falsely attributed to him.
In theKoine Greek text of theBook of Sirach, the author's father is called "Jesus the son of Sirach of Jerusalem".[3][failed verification]Jesus is the Anglicized form of the Greek nameἸησοῦς, the equivalent of theAramaic form borrowed from lateBiblical HebrewYeshua, derived from the older Masoretic HebrewYehoshua.
The copy owned bySaadia Gaon, the prominentrabbi, Jewish philosopher, and exegete of the 10th century, had the reading "Shimʽon, son of Yeshuaʽ, son of Elʽazar ben Siraʼ"; and a similar reading occurs in the Hebrew manuscript B.[4]
Sirach is the Greek form of the family name Sira. It adds the letterChi, an addition like that inHakel-dama-ch inActs 1:19.[citation needed]
According to the Greek version, though not according to the Syriac, the author traveled extensively (Sirach 34:12) and was frequently in danger of death (34:13). Collins comments that unfortunately "he gives no details of his travels".[5] Corley surmises from these travels that Ben Sira may have been adiplomat or counsellor.[6] In the hymn of chapter 51, he speaks of the perils of all sorts from which God had delivered him, although this is probably only a poetic theme in imitation of thePsalms.[citation needed] The calumnies to which he was exposed in the presence of a certain king, supposed to be one of thePtolemaic dynasty, are mentioned only in the Greek version, being ignored both in the Syriac and in the Hebrew text. The only fact known with certainty, drawn from the text itself, is that Ben Sira was a scholar, and a scribe thoroughly versed in the Law, and especially in the "Books of Wisdom".
Very little is known about his grandson, who claims in the prologue to the Greek text to be the translator of Sirach into Greek.[7] He probably undertook the translation many years after the original was written.[citation needed]
The grandson states that he came to Egypt in the thirty-eighth year of the reign of Euergetes.Ptolemy VIII Physcon must be intended; he ascended the throne in 170 BCE, together with his brother Philometor, but he soon became sole ruler ofCyrene, and from 146 to 117 BCE, held sway over all Egypt. He dated his reign from the year in which he received the crown (i.e., from 170 BCE). The translator must therefore have gone to Egypt in 132 BCE.[8]
The prologue is generally considered the earliest witness to a canon of the books of the prophets.[9]
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