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Jesús Guridi Bidaola (25 September 1886 – 7 April 1961)[1] was a SpanishBasque composer who was a key player in 20th-century Spanish and Basque music. His style fits into the late Romantic idiom, directly inherited from Wagner, and with a strong influence from Basque culture. Among his best-known works are the zarzuelaEl Caserío, the operaAmaya, the orchestral workTen Basque Melodies and his organ works, where theTriptych of the Good Shepherd can be highlighted.
Guridi was born inVitoria-Gasteiz into a family of musicians. His mother, Maria Trinidad Bidaola, was a violinist and his father, Lorenzo Guridi, was a pianist (Menéndez and Pizà 2001). After completing his early studies with thePiarists and theJesuits ofZaragoza[2] he moved toMadrid, where he received lessons from Valentín Arín. Later, inBilbao, he received violin lessons from Lope Alaña, who introduced him to the society called "El Cuartito", and studied harmony with José Sáinz Besabe (Menéndez and Pizà 2001). On 28 January 1901 he gave his first public concert with the Philharmonic Society of Bilbao. At the age of 18 he was enrolled in theSchola Cantorum in Paris, studying organ withAbel Decaux, composition withAuguste Sérieyx, and fugue and counterpoint withVincent d'Indy. Here he metJose Maria Usandizaga, with whom he developed a deep friendship.
He then moved toBrussels, where he studied withJoseph Jongen and inCologne withOtto Neitzel, following the recommendations of Resurrección Maria de Azcue. In June 1912 he was appointed director of theBilbao Choral Society. In the same year, his friend Usandizaga died.
In 1922 he married Julia Ispizua. The couple had six children: María Jesús, Luis Fernando, María Isabel, Ignacio, Julia, and Javier. In 1944 he began working at the Madrid Conservatory, where, years later, he became director.
He died suddenly on 7 April 1961 at the age of 74 years in his home on Sagasta Street in Madrid.
Strongly influenced byRichard Wagner and other late-Romantic musicians, he found inspiration in the roots ofBasque folklore in his first scores, and which later give body and soul to his compositions. Guridi produced copiously in a huge range of genres. From chamber music (string quartets), vocal and choral compositions, orchestral works, liturgical and concert pieces for the organ, operas (Mirentxu andAmaya) and zarzuelas (El Caserio,La Meiga, etc.). Among his works are:El Caserio (1926),Diez melodias Vascas (1940),Así cantan los chicos (1909),Amaya (1920),Mirentxu (1910),Una aventura de Don Quixote (1916),La Meiga (1929),Seis canciones castellanas (1939),Pyrenean Symphony (1945), andHomenaje a Walt Disney, for piano and orchestra (1956).
Despite his intense activity as an organist, choir director and teacher, Guridi was largely devoted to composition. The variety of genres he cultivated is very wide, ranging from symphonic music to film music, operas and operettas, chamber music, choral music, songs and music for children.
Guridi's music writing is characterized by the clarity of its formal organization, by the strength and richness of its harmony and the inspiration of the melodies. He was one of the main creators of musical nationalism in Euskadi and Spain.
These are some of his most important works:
His best known opera isAmaya (libretto by Joseph M. Arroita Jáuregui), released at the Coliseo Albia in Bilbao in 1920, and alsoMirentxu (libretto by Alfred Etxabe), released in Bilbao in 1910.
Probably his best known zarzuela and work isEl Caserío (The Farmhouse, libretto by Guillermo Fernández Shaw and Federico Romero), premiered in Madrid in 1926.
It is also worth mentioningLa Meiga (by the same authors),La Cautiva (The Captive, by LF Seville and A. Carreño), released in 1931,Mandolinata (A. C. de la Vega, 1934) andMari-Eli, Basque operetta (E. Carlos and Arniches Garay, 1936) as well as the lyricalLa bengala (The flare, by L. Weaver and J. Hollow, 1939),Peñamariana (Romero and Fernandez Shaw, 1944), andAcuarelas vascas (Basque Watercolours, 1948).
On orchestral music, his most famous work isTen Basque melodies (1940). He also composedBasque Legend in 1915, the symphonic poemAn Adventure of Don Quixote (1916) andEn un barco fenicio (In a Phoenician ship), in 1927. In 1945 he composed hisPyrenean Symphony and, in 1956,Tribute to Walt Disney Fantasy for piano and orchestra.
Vocal music is also present in Guridi’s work.Six Castilian Songs, composed in 1939, can be highlighted. Other Guridi’s choral works are:So the children sing (1915), for chorus and orchestra,Euskal folkloreko XXII Abesti (Basque popular songs, 1932),Basque Songs (1956),Boga boga (Popular Basque, 1913),Anton Aizkorri (1913),Ator, ator mutil (Christmas Eve Song, 1920),Mass in honor of the Archangel Gabriel, for chorus and organ (1955),Mass in honor of San Ignacio de Loyola, (3 voices and organ, 1922),Requiem Mass for chorus and organ (1918),Te Deum, for chorus and organ (1937),Ave Maria (1907), Hail, for gold and organ (1916),Tantum ergo, for choir and organ (1915) andBasque Folk Songs, for chorus of mixed voices (1913–1923).
They are also noteworthy creations of incidental music for film and his work for solo piano, which includeOld Dances (1939),8 Notes For Piano (1954),Ten Basque melodies, Lamento e imprecación de Agar (1958),Piano Pieces (1905),Three short pieces (1910) andVasconia (1924). He also cultivated chamber music, and he wrote two string quartets,Quartet in G major (1934) andQuartet in A minor (1949; dedicated to the cellistJuan Ruiz Casaux).
The organ was probably Guridi’s favourite instrument, in his role as a performer and as a teacher. He was a master of improvisation and he remained active as an organist until the end of his days.
Guridi was appointed professor of organ and harmony at the Institute of Music of Bizkaia in 1922, and in 1944 he won by opposition the organ national chair of the Royal Conservatory of Music in Madrid, which in 1956 would become director. He served for years as organist of the Church of San Manuel and San Benito, Madrid.
In 1909, when he was still very young, he won the Gold Medal in the Valencia Regional Exhibition, with hisFantasy for great organ, a piece composed between 1906 and 1907 and premiered by Guridi himself. Also in 1909 he composed anInterlude and in 1917 he wrote another Fantasy, that was published under the titlePrelude and Fantasy.
In 1922 he composedCuadros vascos (Basque scenes), for chorus and orchestra, and adapted, for solo organ, theEspatadantza (traditional Basque dance) contained in this work. He also adapted for organFour Cantigas of Alfonso el Sabio in 1953.
In 1948 he composedVariations on a Basque theme, which consists of nine variations on the popular songItsasoa laino dago (There is fog on the sea), contained in Resurrección Mª de Azkue’s Songbook.
In 1951, Guridi grouped twenty short and not difficult of execution pieces for organ teaching approach under the titleSpanish School of Organ (1. Introducción – 2. Capriccio – 3. Cantinela – 4. Himno – 5. Improvisación – 6. Canción vasca – 7. Salida – 8. Interludio – 9. Plegaria – 10. Preludio – 11. Pastorela – 12. Villancico – 13. Glosa (Puer natus est) – 14. Éxtasis – 15. Fuga – 16. Adagio – 17. Ave Maria – 18. Ofertorio I – 19. Ofertorio II – 20. Tocata).
In 1953 he wrote the beautifulTriptych of the Good Shepherd ("The Flock ", "The Lost Sheep" and "The Good Shepherd"), surely his masterpiece in this field, which won the first prize in the composition competition organized by Organería Española because of the inauguration of the new organ of the Good Shepherd Cathedral inSan Sebastián. Guridi himself premiered his "Triptych" on 20 January 1954 in this temple. The other composers awarded in the competition were Tomás Garbizu, Luis Urteaga and José María Nemesio Otaño. In 2007, the concert offered by these composers, 19 and 20 January 1954, was reproduced, and the concert ended with the work of Guridi.
Shortly before his death in 1961, he composed aFinal for organ, a composition of great character in the line of the French masterLouis Vierne.
