 flag | |
 Eastern Choctaw | |
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| 327[1] | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
 United States ( Louisiana) | |
| Languages | |
| English,Choctaw | |
| Religion | |
| Christianity, traditional beliefs | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| OtherChoctaw tribes,Muscogee (Creek),Chickasaw,Seminole,Cherokee |
TheJena Band of Choctaw Indians (Choctaw:Jena Chahta) are one of threefederally recognizedChoctaw tribes in theUnited States. They are based inLa Salle,Catahoula, andGrant parishes in the U.S. state ofLouisiana. The Jena Band receivedfederal recognition in 1995 and has a reservation in Grant Parish. Their headquarters are inJena, Louisiana. Tribal membership totals 327.[1][2][needs update?]
The Jena Band of Choctaw Indians are related to the federally recognizedMississippi Band of Choctaw Indians. Both bands descend from Choctaws that remained behind inMississippi when the Choctaw Nation was removed toIndian Territory in the 1830s after signing theTreaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek. Between 1870 and 1880, ancestors of the Jena Band left Mississippi and settled in central Louisiana. Ten core families with surnames that included Lewis, Allen, Gibson, and Jackson came to reside onplantations owned by the Bowie and Whatley families near Jena, Louisiana. Most worked assharecroppers, domestics, orday laborers. The Bowie and Whatley families and the Choctaw group developed a dependent andpaternalistic relationship. This was evident in how the local community referred to the band members as the "Bowie Indians" or the "Whatley Indians." Many Choctaws were forced to buy goods on credit at the Whatley family store on their plantation. The Choctaws also grew gardens for their own subsistence. Choctaw men tanned deer hides; women made baskets for sale.[3]
The original ten families were known as "full-blood" Choctaws in the local area. The Jena Band was isolated on Whatley and Bowie lands until the 1950s. Due to discrimination and the Choctaw's determination to maintain their community, they had limited contact with the white population in the area. Members of the group spoke Choctaw and maintained Choctaw names. John Allen, for example, was also known by his traditional name, Hatubbe. Jena Choctaws largely intermarried within the small group until the 1950s. They maintained Choctaw traditions such aslanguage andfolklore. Some members traveled to Muskogee, Indian Territory, in 1902 to appear before theDawes Commission. Their testimony revealed that most Jena Choctaw applicants were monolingual in Choctaw. In the 1930s, sources reported that most group members spoke Choctaw and noEnglish.[4]
Until the 1930s, the small Jena Choctaw group received no assistance from theBureau of Indian Affairs (BIA). As part ofPresidentFranklin Roosevelt's "Indian New Deal," federal officials sought to aid non-federally recognized tribes in the Southeast that had maintained significant indigenous ancestry and community cohesion. The BIA established a school for Jena Choctaw children during the decade. The first teacher noted that the children could not speak English and urgently needed educational assistance. Because of the Jena Choctaw band's small size,poverty, and isolation, federal officials planned to remove the families to the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians Reservation in the late 1930s. Funding shortages hampered this effort.[5]
By the 1960s, many Choctaws had moved away from Jena to take jobs in growing urban areas such asNew Orleans andHouston. However, the core Jena Choctaw community remained on lands near Jena. During that time, Jena Choctaws generally avoided the growing Indian activism in Louisiana and other Southeastern states. It was customary for the Band to pass the traditional leadership on to the oldest male in the community, but the last traditional leader, William Lewis, died in 1968. Also, in 1968, the younger Jena Choctaws began advocating for economic change and acknowledgment of their rights as indigenous Americans. An outgrowth of the Indian renaissance of the era, the newly created Louisiana Governor's Office on Indian Affairs sought to organize the band. In the early 1970s, it helped younger Jena Choctaw leaders write a formal constitution. It set up formal government structures and electoral procedures while establishing specific criteria for tribal membership for the first time, requiring a one-quarter Choctawblood quantum for enrollment (later changed to 1/32 Choctaw blood[6]). In 1974, Jerry Jackson was elected the Jena Band's first Chairman. With a federalDepartment of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) grant, the Band built a tribal center. In the early 1980s, they also received a federal grant from theAdministration for Native Americans to research and write a petition for federal tribal recognition through theBIA's Federal Acknowledgment Process. The Band also pursued tribal recognition legislation after 1980. In 1995, the federal government acknowledged the Jena Band as a federally-recognized tribe through the Bureau of Indian Affairs' process.[7]
After 15 years of planning and hard work, construction began on the Jena Choctaw Pines Casino, located in the newly incorporated Town ofCreola, Louisiana. The doors were opened in 2013.[8]
The tribe is headquartered in Jena, Louisiana.
When the tribe was first federally recognized in 1995, it was governed by a five-member council, which included Tribal Chief Jerry Don Jackson and Tribal Council members Mary Jones, Christine Norris, Ricky Jackson, and Cheryl Smith.[9]
Smith was elected as the Jena Band of Choctaw Indian’s first woman chief in 1998 and served in that capacity until 2002 and was re-elected in 2010.[9] She served on the Tribal Council from 1975 to 1998 and 2004 to 2010. She retired on October 20, 2022.[10]
In 2024, the elected Principal Chief of the Jena Band is Libby Rogers.[11]
TheJena Band of Choctaw Reservation (31°26′16″N92°29′56″W / 31.43778°N 92.49889°W /31.43778; -92.49889) is located in two separate parts inGrant Parish, in and near the village ofCreola. The larger section is located northwest of the village, while the smaller section is located within the village.
Choctaw culture has greatly evolved over the centuries, absorbing mostlyEuropean-American influences.[12][13] It was also shaped by and contributed toSpanish,French, andEnglish colonial cultures.[14] The Choctaw were known for rapidly incorporating modernity, developing awritten language, transitioning toyeoman farming methods, and acceptingEuropean Americans andAfrican Americans into their society by birth, adoption, or marriage.[15][16] More information relevant to Jena Choctaw history is available on Elizabeth Ellis' webpage,[17] the FamilySearch wiki site,[18] and other websites.
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Municipalities and communities ofGrant Parish, Louisiana,United States | ||
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| Footnotes | +This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties | |
Municipalities and communities ofLaSalle Parish, Louisiana,United States | ||
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| Footnotes | ‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent parish or parishes | |
