Jamestown is thecapital city of theBritish Overseas Territory ofSaint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, located on the island ofSaint Helena in the SouthAtlantic Ocean. It is also the historic main settlement of the island and is on its north-western coast. Before the development of the port at Rupert's Bay, it was the island's only port and the centre of the island's road and communications network. It was founded when colonists from the EnglishEast India Company settled on the island in 1659 and was briefly occupied by theDutch East India Company in 1673 before being recaptured. Many of the buildings built by the East India Company in the 18th century survive and give the town its distinctiveGeorgian flavour.
The city briefly hostedNapoleon in 1815 during his exile on St. Helena and later served as a base for theRoyal Navy's efforts to suppress theslave trade. It had no role during theFirst World War and only played a minor role during theSecond World War.
Jamestown was founded in 1659 by theEast India Company and is named after James, Duke of York, the future KingJames II of England. A fort, originally named the Castle of St John, was quickly built and, with the restoration of the monarchy in 1660, the fort was renamed James Fort, the town Jamestown and the valley James Valley.[2] The fort and associated gunbatteries dominated James Bay and were sporadically improved over the years.[3] In January 1673 theDutch East India Company briefly seized control of the island until the English East India Company recaptured it in May. Since then the town has been continuously inhabited under English and then British rule.[2]
After his defeat in theBattle of Waterloo in June 1815 and the subsequent occupation of Paris, theEmperor of the French,Napoleon, surrendered to the British and was exiled to St Helena. He arrived on 21 October aboard the 74-gun shipHMS Bellerophon and resided at theBriars in Jamestown for several months until he was transferred toLongwood House in a more remote part of the island in December.[4] Jamestown was chosen to host a vice admiralty court and a naval base for British efforts to stop the slave traffic between Africa and the Americas. Capturedslave ships were often brought to Jamestown to be sold and their cargos were off-loaded in Rupert's Valley. By the time that the naval station was closed in the 1870s, an estimated 25,000 slaves had been rescued, although about 5,000 died shortly after arrival and were buried in Rupert's Valley. Their graves, long lost, were rediscovered in 2006 in conjunction with preliminary digging for the airport. A team ofarchaeologists arrived in mid-2008 to excavate the graves. Some of the finds from the excavations are on exhibit at theInternational Slavery Museum inLiverpool, England.[5]
The island was too isolated to play any role in theFirst World War and only played a minimal one during the Second World War. Theoil tankerRFADarkdale was sunk by theGerman submarine U-68 in James Bay on 22 October 1941 with only nine of the 50-man crew surviving. She had been sent to St Helena a few months earlier to refuel ships operating in the South Atlantic. The wreck continued to leak small amounts of oil until June 2015 when theMinistry of Defence sent a team of divers to pump out all the remaining oil.[6]
The city is built onigneous rock in the James Valley, sandwiched between steep cliffs. It is therefore rather long and thin. The walls of the valley are rough and steep, and rockfalls have been a problem, although now minimised by netting.[7] A small stream, theRun, runs through the valley.[8] The city is commonly divided into lower and upper parts, depending on the distance up James Valley. Being the island's main port (and with theSaint Helena Airport only receiving its first scheduled flight in October 2017) the city is still currently the main entrance to the island to visitors.[7] Despite not being connected to Jamestown proper by road, Rupert's Valley, the next valley north, is also part of the city. It houses much of the island's infrastructure, such as itspower station and associated fuel storage, and a one-shipwharf was completed in June 2016.[9]
The city has over 100listed buildings,[10] mostly from theGeorgian era. Main Street has been described as "one of the best examples of unspoilt Georgian architecture anywhere in the world."[11] Many buildings are built out of local volcanic rock.St James' Church dates from 1772 and is the oldestAnglican church in the Southern Hemisphere.[12] Another of the city's prominent features isJacob's Ladder, a staircase of 699 steps, built in 1829 to connect Jamestown to the former fort on Ladder Hill. The ladder is very popular with tourists, is lit at night and a timed run takes place there every year, with people coming from all over the world to take part.[13] TheMuseum of Saint Helena is situated in Jamestown, one of two museums on the island (the other beingLongwood House).[7]
Jamestown features a tropicalhot desert climate (Köppen climate classification:BWh)[14] with essentially consistent temperatures throughout the year. Despite the fact that the city has a desert climate, its temperatures are moderated by the adjacent ocean and cold currents therein, leading to a cool climate for the deep tropical latitude. As a result, it seldom gets very hot in Jamestown. The temperature in the Jamestown area is some 5 °C (9 °F) warmer than the rest of the island, because of the difference in altitude. While Jamestown receives less than 5 inches (13 cm) of rainfall per year, the higher parts of the island are also wetter than the city, which lies on the drier coast and in a sheltered location. The highlands above Jamestown receive up to 39 inches (99 cm) per year of precipitation and are lush with vegetation. The surrounding waters can be quite rough at times, and there is a sea wall to protect the settlement.[15]
As of 2016, the district Jamestown had 629 residents,[18] a significant decline since the 2008 population of 714.[19] The city's population has been shrinking and it is no longer the largest settlement on the island, having been surpassed byHalf Tree Hollow,Saint Paul's andLongwood.[18]
As a British territory, the island follows theBritish education system. There is oneprimary school, serving children ages four to eleven,[20] in Jamestown, Pilling Primary School, which was created by the amalgamation of Jamestown First School and Pilling Middle School in September 2007.[21] The island's onlysecondary school isPrince Andrew School inSaint Paul's.[22]
TheAnglican Parish of St. James is one of the three parishes of theDiocese of St Helena on the island.St James' Church is the primary church in the parish and is the oldest Anglican Church in the southern hemisphere; the present building was put up in 1772. There are 3 daughter churches:St John's, in Upper Jamestown, St Mary's, theBriars, and St Michael's, in Rupert's Valley.[12] The soleCatholic Church in St Helena,Sacred Heart Church, is located in Jamestown;[23] as is aBaptist church.[24]
^Denholm, Ken."South Atlantic Fortress"(PDF).Saint Helena Island Info. pp. 3–12. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 26 November 2016. Retrieved25 November 2016.
^Cappelen, John; Jensen, Jens."St. Helena - jamestown"(PDF).Climate Data for Selected Stations (1931-1960) (in Danish). Danish Meteorological Institute. p. 233. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 27 April 2013. Retrieved17 October 2019.
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