James Balfour (c. 1775 – 19 April 1845) was a Scottishnabob who became a landowner and politician. The son of a prosperous and influential Scottish gentry family, he became a trader in India. Having made a fortune supplying theRoyal Navy, he returned to Scotland to buy several landed estates, includingWhittingehame inEast Lothian where he built a classical mansion.
Balfour became aToryMember of Parliament (MP) from 1826 to 1834, but never achieved ministerial office. However, many of his descendants found fame and success, including his grandsonArthur Balfour,[1]who served asprime minister from 1902 to 1905.
At his death, Balfour's estates in Scotland alone were estimated to be worth over £1 million[2] (equivalent to £125 million in 2025[3]).
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Balfour was born about 1775.[4]He was the second son of John Balfour (1739–1813), anadvocate who ownedBalbirnie House, near the town ofGlenrothes in Fife.[2] His elder brotherRobert Balfour, who inherited Balbirnie, became a Lieutenant-General in theBritish Army.
His ancestor George Balfour had purchased Balbirnie in the late 16th or early 17th century,[5] and by the late 18th century its land included profitable mines in theFife Coalfield.[6]
After studying book-keeping and accountancy inEdinburgh, Balfour went toMadras in March 1795 as awriter (junior clerk) for theBritish East India Company. He held several posts in the following years, before being sent back to Britain after a disciplinary issue.[2]
Balfour returned to India in 1802, where he became a merchant in partnership with James Baker. His breakthrough came in 1806, when the partners obtained the contract with theVictualling Commissioners of theRoyal Navy to supply their needs throughout the East Indies.[7]
The contract had been held since 1796 by the Hon.Basil Cochrane, who had built his own flour mills and bakeries in Madras.[7]Cochrane returned to England in 1806 due to ill-health, and had intended to appoint Balfour and Baker as his agents.[8]However, before leaving, Cochrane was notified that the Navy was reviewing his accounts dating back to 1794, and that the Navy had lost much of the paperwork. He then returned to England permanently to settle the accounts, which took until 1820.[8]
Instead of engaging agents, Cochrane passed the contract to Balfour and Baker, who held it until at least 1815.[8]At some point the partnership was dissolved, and the contract held by Balfour alone.[7]When he left India, he had accumulated a fortune of £300,000[9](equivalent to £34.4 million in 2025[3]).
The Indian business did not end with Balfour's return home. It was run on his behalf by agents, and within a few decades the family's assets had grown ten-fold to £3 million[10](equivalent to £344 million in 2025[3]).
On his return to Scotland in 1815, Balfour married Lady Eleanor Maitland (1790–1869), daughter of the Tory politicianJames Maitland, 8th Earl of Lauderdale.[1]They had seven children, three of whom predeceased their parents. The eldest son was killed by a fire in 1822.[11][12]
Within two years of their marriage, Balfour had bought two large countyestates. The first was a sporting estate withshooting lodge in theHighlands, at Strathconan inRoss-shire.[13]In 1817, he purchased the 10,000-acre (4,000 ha; 16 sq mi)Whittingehame estate in Haddingtonshire from Colonel William Hay ofDuns Castle,[2]which provided a net rental income of £11,000 per year (equivalent to £1,375,000 in 2025[3]).[1] He also bought atown house in London,[1]No. 3Grosvenor Square.[14]
In the 1820s the Balfours employed the architectRobert Smirke, designer of theBritish Museum, to build a largeclassical mansion at Whittingehame,[1]along with a stable block and gate lodges.[15]They equipped their home with French furniture andSèvres china.[1]Built of pale cullalo stone, the house was expanded and altered in 1827 to the designs ofWilliam Burn, which were not entirely successful. Colin McWilliam and Christopher Wilson describe them as having changed "a dry composition into a boring one".[15]
They then rebuilt the local church, and created a newmodel village to the north-west of the old one. Built in about 1840 ofred sandstone, it consists of a row of cottages and a school.[15]
Established as a country gentleman, though known locally as "thenabob",[1][9]Balfour became ajustice of the peace,[1]and in 1822 was appointed as aDeputy Lieutenant of Haddingtonshire.[16]
In about 1823[17]or 1824 he paid £104,000[17](equivalent to £11.6 million in 2025[3]) to buy from the10th Earl of Leven[5]a large estate in his native Fife, includingBalgonie Castle.Adjacent to his native Balbirnie, the Balgonie estate included coal mines which worked seams described as "inexhaustible"[18]and iron workings.
In November 1820, the death ofHenry St Paul MP triggered a by-election for the borough ofBerwick-upon-Tweed, where Balfour's father-in-lawLord Lauderdale had great influence.[19]Balfour was also supported by AdmiralSir David Milne,[9]who had defeated St Paul at thegeneral election in March 1820[20]but was unseated onpetition in July.[21]
However, Lauderdale was disliked for his opposition to the popularQueen Caroline, which became a significant issue in the campaign. His agents claimed that Balfour would have opposed her trial for alleged adultery, but he was portrayed as too close toLiverpool's Tory ministry to properly represent interests of the borough. After four days of polling, Balfour lost by 9 votes (374—363) to theWhig baronetSir Francis Blake.[19]
A further vacancy occurred in Berwick in 1822, but Balfour did not contest the seat.[2]Instead, he turned his attentions to theAnstruther Burghs, a set of fiveburghs which were located only 15 miles from his newly purchased estate atBalgonie in Fife.[22]At the1826 general election he won the support of three burghs ofPittenweem,Anstruther Easter andCrail, whereas the sitting MP andLord Advocate of ScotlandSir William Rae won onlyAnstruther Wester andKilrenny.[22]With three out of five votes[22]Balfour was declared elected,[23]and a petition lodged by Rae was rejected in March 1827.[24]
In 1829, several groups of his constituents submitted petitions against theRoman Catholic Relief Bill. Balfour presented all the petitions to Parliament,[22]but in April he voted with the majority in favour of the Bill.[25]
Balfour was opposed at the1830 general election byRobert Marsham, the Warden ofMerton College, Oxford. However, he won the seat,[26]taking three of the four boroughs remaining after Kilrenny's disenfranchisement in 1829.[22]
At the1831 general election, Balfour was drafted to stand instead in the county seat ofHaddingtonshire, the area which included Whittingehame. The sitting MPLord John Hay had been an advocate of Parliamentary reform, a view which was supported by the county's voteless tenant farmers but opposed by the existing voters. Lord John's position looked untenable, so Balfour was drafted by Lord Lauderdale and Hay's brotherLord Tweeddale. Describing himself as an opponent of the current reform proposals, but a supporter of a "wise and prudent amendment to the representative system", he won the seat by a margin of 40 votes to the 11 of his opponentSir David Baird, Bt.[27]However, a crowd of non-voting residents ofHaddington shouted down his attempts to make a speech of thanks.[2]
The new Parliament was dominated by the Reform Bills, and in the last Parliament of theUnreformed House of Commons Balfour voted against them at most opportunities.[2]At thegeneral election in December 1832, with the franchise expanded under theScottish Reform Act, Balfour was re-elected[28]but with a much narrower majority of 271 votes to 232.[29]
His health had been declining, and he cited that as his reason for retiring at thedissolution of Parliament in December 1834.[2]At thegeneral election in January 1835,the Haddingtonshire seat was won by the WhigRobert Ferguson.[29]
Balfour died at Whittingehame in April 1845, aged about 70. He was survived by his wife, Lady Eleanor, two sons, and two daughters.[30] Another two daughters and a son predeceased him.[11]
The surviving children were:
On his death, Balfour's estate was valued at over £1 million. His widow Eleanor (who survived him by 24 years) was left a legacy of £31,000 and alife annuity of £3,760.[2]
The rest was divided between his children. The estates at Whittingehame and Strathconan were left to his eldest son, along with a house inGrosvenor Square, London.[2]His property in Fife, includingBalgonie Castle, was left to his second son Charles, while his daughters Mary and Anna had each been given adowry of £40,000[2] (equivalent to £4.59 million in 2025[3]).
Until theReform Act in 1832, political power in Britain had been dominated for centuries by a land-owningoligarchy, and for another century they shared power with the risingbourgeoisie.[1]The Balfour family straddled both groups. James Balfour's new wealth brought new vigour to the ancient family, with many of his grandchildren and great-grandchildren achieving notability. They include:
As with many other estate houses in Scotland, Balfour family ownership of Whittingehame House ended in the 20th century. Arthur and Gerald lost a lot of money in a series of poor investments, particularly in their efforts to develop peat processing as a green alternative to coal-mining.[10]In the 1930s,death duties forced the mothballing of the house and sale of its contents.[32] The building was leased for various purposes before being sold in 1963 to become a residential school,[33]and has since been converted into apartments.[32][34]The olderWhittingehame Tower has been restored and remains the residence of theEarls of Balfour,[35] descendants of James Balfour.
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| Parliament of the United Kingdom | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by | Member of Parliament forAnstruther Easter Burghs 1826 –1831 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Member of Parliament forHaddingtonshire 1831 –1835 | Succeeded by |