J. R. D. Tata | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Tata in 1955 | |
| Born | (1904-07-29)29 July 1904 Paris, France |
| Died | 29 November 1993(1993-11-29) (aged 89) Geneva, Switzerland |
| Resting place | Père Lachaise Cemetery |
| Citizenship | France (1904–1928) British Raj (1929–1947) India (1947–1993) |
| Occupation | IndustrialistPhilanthropist |
| Known for | Founder ofTata Consultancy Services,Tata Motors,Titan Industries,Voltas andAir India |
| Spouse | Thelma Tata |
| Parent(s) | Ratanji Dadabhoy Tata Suzanne "Sooni" Brière |
| Relatives | SeeTata family |
| Awards | Padma Vibhushan (1955) Legion of Honour (1982) Daniel Guggenheim Medal (1988) Bharat Ratna (1992) |
Jehangir Ratanji Dadabhoy Tata (29 July 1904 – 29 November 1993) was an Indian industrialist, philanthropist, aviator and former chairman ofTata Group.
Born into theTata family of India, he was the son of noted businessmanRatanji Dadabhoy Tata and his wifeSuzanne Brière. He is best known for being the founder of several industries under the Tata Group, includingTata Consultancy Services,Tata Motors,Titan Industries,Tata Salt,Voltas andAir India. In 1982, he was awarded the FrenchLegion of Honour and in 1955 and 1992, he received two of India's highest civilian awards: thePadma Vibhushan and theBharat Ratna. These honours were bestowed on him for his contributions to Indian industry.[1]
Jehangir Ratanji Dadabhoy Tata was born on 29 July 1904 to an IndianParsi family inParis, France. He was the second child of businessmanRatanji Dadabhoy Tata and his French wife,Suzanne "Sooni" Brière.[2] His father was the first cousin ofJamsetji Tata, a pioneer industrialist in India. He had one elder sister Sylla, a younger sister Rodabeh and two younger brothers Darab and Jamshed (called Jimmy) Tata. His sister, Sylla, was married toDinshaw Maneckji Petit, the third baronet of Petits.
As his mother wasFrench, he spent much of his childhood in France and as a result,French was his first language. He attended the Janson De Sailly School in Paris.[3] One of the teachers at that school mistaken him for being Egyptian and used to call himL'Egyptien. Tata's family also purchased a house on the beach inNeufchâtel-Hardelot where the family would sometimes live until 1917. Tata was also neighbors withLouis Bleriot.[4]
Tata attended theCathedral and John Connon School,Bombay. In 1917 he and his family moved toYokohama,Japan and lived there for two years while he attended an American school.[5] When his father joined theTata company he moved the whole family toLondon. During this time, J. R. D.'s mother died at the age of 43 while his father was in India and his family was in France.
After his mother's death,Ratanji Dadabhoy Tata decided to move his family to India and sent J. R. D. back to England for higher studies in October 1923. He attended agrammar school, and later enrolled atCambridge University and was interested in studying Engineering.
However, as a citizen of France J. R. D. had to enlist in theFrench army for at least a year. In between grammar school and his time in the army, he spent a brief spell at home in Bombay. After joining the French Army he was posted into a regiment ofspahis.[6] Upon discovering Tata could not only read and write French and English,[7] but could type as well, a colonel had him assigned as a secretary in his office. After his time in the French Army, Tata planned to return to Cambridge and complete his studies, but his father decided to bring him back to India and he joined the Tata Company.
In 1929, Tata renounced hisFrench citizenship and became anIndian citizen. In 1930 Tata married Thelma Vicaji, the niece of Jack Vicaji, a colourful lawyer whom he hired to defend him on a charge of driving hisBugatti too fast along Bombay's main promenade,Marine Drive. Previously he had been engaged to Dinbai Mehta, the future mother ofThe Economist editorShapur Kharegat.
While he was born to a Parsi father, and his French mother converted toZoroastrianism, J. R. D. wasagnostic. He found some Parsi religious customs like their funeral rites and their exclusiveness irksome. He adhered to the three basic tenets of Zoroastrianism, which were good thoughts, good words, and good deeds, but he did not profess belief or disbelief in God.[8]
When Tata was in tour, he was inspired by his friend's father, aviation pioneerLouis Blériot, the first man to fly across the English Channel, and took to flying. On 10 February 1929, Tata obtained the first license issued in India.[9]He later came to be known as the "Father of Indiancivil aviation". He founded India's first commercial airline, Tata Airlines in 1932, which becameAir India in 1946, now India's national airline. He andNevill Vintcent worked together in buildingTata Airlines. They were also good friends. In 1929, J. R. D. became one of the first Indians to be granted a commercial's license. In 1932 Tata Aviation Service, the forerunner to Tata Airline and Air India, took to the skies.[citation needed] That same year he flew the first commercial mail flight toJuhu, in ade Havilland Puss Moth.[10]
The first flight in the History of Indian aviation[dubious –discuss] lifted off fromDrigh inKarachi toMadras with J. R. D. at the controls of a Puss on 15 October 1932.[11] J. R. D. nourished and nurtured his airline baby through to 1953, when the government ofJawaharlal Nehru nationalised Air India along with several other private Airlines and appointed JRD as its first Chairman. JRD continued as chairman for 25 years before being removed byMorarji Desai in 1978.
He joined Tata Sons as an unpaid apprentice in 1925. In 1938, at the age of 34, Tata was elected Chairman of Tata Sons making him the head of the largest industrial group in India. He took over as Chairman ofTata Sons from his second cousinNowroji Saklatwala. For decades, he directed the huge Tata Group of companies, with major interests in steel, engineering, power, chemicals and hospitality. He was famous for succeeding in business while maintaining highethical standards – refusing to bribe politicians or use theblack market.
Under his chairmanship, the assets of the Tata Group grew from US$100 million to over US$5 billion. He started with 14 enterprises under his leadership and half a century later on 26 July 1988, when he left, Tata Sons was a conglomerate of 95 enterprises which they either started or in which they had controlling interest.
He was the trustee of the Sir Dorabji Tata Trust from its inception in 1932 for over half a century. Under his guidance, this Trust established Asia's first cancer facility, the Tata Memorial Centre for Cancer, Research and Treatment, Bombay in 1941. He also founded the Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS, 1936), the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR, 1945), and the National Center for Performing Arts.
In 1945, he foundedTata Motors. In 1948, Tata launched Air India International as India's first international airline. In 1953, the Indian Government appointed Tata as Chairman ofAir India and a director on the Board ofIndian Airlines – a position he retained for 25 years. For his crowning achievements in aviation, he was bestowed with the title of Honorary Air Commodore of India.
Tata cared greatly for his workers. In 1956, he initiated a programme of closer 'employee association with management' to give workers a stronger voice in the affairs of the company. He firmly believed in employee welfare and espoused the principles of an eight-hour working day, free medical aid, workers' provident scheme, and workmen's accident compensation schemes, which were later, adopted as statutory requirements in India.
He was also a founding member of the first Governing Body of NCAER, the National Council of Applied Economic Research in New Delhi, India's first independent economic policy institute established in 1956. In 1968, he foundedTata Consultancy Services as Tata Computer Centre. In 1979,Tata Steel instituted a new practice: a worker being deemed to be "at work" from the moment he leaves home for work until he returns home from work. This made the company financially liable to the worker for any mishap on the way to and from work. In 1987, he foundedTitan Industries.Jamshedpur was also selected as a UN Global Compact City because of the quality of life, conditions of sanitation, roads and welfare that were offered by Tata Steel.[12]
Tata was also supportive of the declaration of emergency powers by Prime MinisterIndira Gandhi, in 1975. He is quoted to have told a reporter of theTimes, "things had gone too far. You can't imagine what we've been through here—strikes, boycotts, demonstrations. Why, there were days I couldn't walk out of my house into the streets. The parliamentary system is not suited to our needs."[13]
Tata received a number of awards. He was conferred the honorary rank ofgroup captain by theIndian Air Force in 1948, was promoted to theAir Commodore rank (equivalent toBrigadier in the army) on 4 October 1966,[14] and was further promoted on 1 April 1974 to theAir Vice Marshal rank.[15] Several international awards for aviation were given to him – theTony Jannus Award in March 1979, the Gold Air Medal of theFédération Aéronautique Internationale in 1985, the Edward Warner Award of the International Civil Aviation Organisation, Canada in 1986 and theDaniel Guggenheim Medal in 1988.[16] He received thePadma Vibhushan in 1955. The FrenchLegion of Honour was bestowed on him in 1983. In 1992, because of his selfless humanitarian endeavours, Tata was awarded India's highest civilian honour, theBharat Ratna.[17] In his memory, the Government of Maharashtra named its first double-decker bridge theBharatratna JRD Tata Overbridge at Nasik Phata,Pimpri Chinchwad.[18]
Following Prime Minister Indira Gandhi's1975-1977 Emergency, in which she controversially pursuedforced sterilizations as a form ofpopulation control, Tata built on these efforts by ordering Tata Steel to open ninefamily planning centers in 1984.[19] Employees and their non-employee partners were compensated for undergoing sterilization, and factory plant departments were awarded for achieving the lowest fertility rate.[20] While such incentives arguably violated themedical ethics principle ofpersonal bodily autonomy, Tata was awarded the 1992United Nations Population Award for his efforts.[17]
Tata died inGeneva, Switzerland of a kidney infection on 29 November 1993, at the age of 89.[21] He said a few days before his death:"Comme c'est doux de mourir" ("How gentle it is to die").[22]
Upon his death, theIndian Parliament was adjourned in his memory, an honour not usually given to persons who are not members of parliament. He was buried at thePère Lachaise Cemetery in Paris.
In 2012, Tata was ranked the sixth "The Greatest Indian" in anOutlook magazine poll, "conducted in conjunction with CNN-IBN and History18 Channels with BBC."[23]
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| Preceded by | Chairman ofTata Group 1938-1991 | Succeeded by |
Chairmen ofTata Group | |
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