Anitinerarium (plural:itineraria) was anancient Roman travel guide in the form of a listing of cities, villages (vici) and other stops on the way, including the distances between each stop and the next. Surviving examples include theAntonine Itinerary and theBordeaux Itinerary. The term later evolved and took wider meanings (seelater meanings below).
The Romans and ancient travelers in general did not usemaps. While illustrated maps existed as specialty items, they were hard to copy and not in general use. On theRoman road system, however, the traveller needed some idea of where he or she was going, how to get there, and how long it would take. Theitinerarium filled this need. In origin, it was simply a list of cities along a road: "at their most basic,itineraria involve the transposition of information given onmilestones, which were an integral feature of the majorRoman roads, to a written script."[1] It was only a short step from lists to a master list. To sort out the lists, the Romans drew diagrams of parallel lines showing the branches of the roads. Parts of these were copied and sold on the streets. The very best featured symbols for cities, way stations, water courses, and so on. The maps did not represent landforms but they served the purpose of a simpleschematic diagram for the user.
The Roman government from time to time undertook to produce a master itinerary of all Roman roads.Julius Caesar andMark Antony commissioned the first known such effort in 44 BC. Zenodoxus, Theodotus, and Polyclitus, three Greek geographers, were hired to survey the system and compile a master itinerary. This task required over 25 years. The result was a stone engraved masteritinerarium set up near thePantheon, from which travelers and itinerary sellers could make copies.
Archaeology has turned up some itinerary material in unexpected places. The fourVicarello Cups, made of silver and dated to 1st century AD, were found in 1852 by workmen excavating a foundation atVicarello [it] (nearBracciano), 37 kilometres (23 miles) northwest of Rome. They are engraved with the names and distances of 104 stations on the road between Gades (modern-dayCadiz) and Rome, covering in total a distance of 1,840Roman miles (2,723.2 km (1,692.1 mi)). Believed to be a votive offering by merchants travelling from Gades to Rome, the inscription is a valuable source of information about the road network at the time, and scholars refer to this artefact as theItinerarium Gaditanum. Similarly, theItinerarium Burdigalense (Bordeaux Itinerary) is a description of a route taken by a pilgrim fromBordeaux in France to the Holy Land in AD333.
The term changed meaning over the centuries. For example, theItinerarium Alexandri is a list of the conquests ofAlexander the Great. In the medieval period, the term was applied to guide-books written by travelers, most of which were accounts ofpilgrimages to theHoly Land.[2]
