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List of Italian concentration camps

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Italian concentration camps include camps from the Italian colonial wars in Africa as well as camps for the civilian population from areas occupied by Italy duringWorld War II. Memory of both camps were subjected to "historical amnesia". The repression of memory led to historical revisionism in Italy[1] and in 2003 the Italian media publishedSilvio Berlusconi's statement thatBenito Mussolini only "used to send people on vacation".[2][3]

Colonial wars

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See also:Italian concentration camps in Libya andLibyan genocide (1929–1934)

There were numerous war crimes conducted by theItalian Army in the colonies. InCyrenaica alone between 1929 and 1933 over 40,000 people were killed and 80,000 locked up in concentration camps,[4] out of a total population of just 193,000. According to the historianIlan Pappé, the fascist regime between 1928 and 1932 killed half the Bedouin population either directly or by starvation in the fields.[5] According to the historianAngelo Del Boca, in 1933, of the approximately 100,000 Libyans deported from Jebel Achdar and Marmarica, more than 40,000 died in the camps.[6]

Name of the campLocation of campPresent-day countryDate of establishmentDate of disestablishmentEstimated number of prisonersEstimated number of deaths
NocraNocraEritrea1930s1941 1,500[7]
AbyarAbyarLibya193019333,123[8] 
AgedabiaAjdabiyaLibya1930193310,000[8]1,500[9]
El AgheilaEl AgheilaLibya1930193310,900[8] 
Marsa BregaBregaLibya1930193321,117[8] 
Sid Ahmed el MaghrunEl MagrunLibya1930193313,050[8]4,500[9]
SoluchSuluqLibya1930193320,123[8]5,500[9]
DernaDernaLibya19301933145[8]
ApolloniaApolloniaLibya193019331,354[8]
BarceBarceLibya19301933538[8]
DrianaDrianaLibya19301933225[8]
NufiliaNufiliaLibya19301933375[8]
DananeMogadishuSomalia193519416,000[8]3,175[10]
Total~44 675[11]

World War II

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Name of the campLocation of localityPresent-day countryDate of establishmentDate of disestablishmentEstimated number of prisonersEstimated number of deaths
BakarBakarCroatia31 December 19421 July 1943893[12]100–120[13]
BolzanoSouth TyrolItalySeptember 8, 1943April 29 and May 3, 194511,000 
Buq BuqBuq Buq (بقبق [ar])EgyptLate August 1942November 6, 19423500
CampagnaSalernoItaly15 June 194019 September 1943  
ChiesanuovaPaduaItalyJune 1942   
Ferramonti di TarsiaCosenzaItalysummer 19404 September 19433,800 
GiadoJadu, LibyaLibyaJanuary 194224 January 19433,146[14]564
GonarsPalmanovaItalyMarch 19428 September 19437,000453; >500
MamulaMamula islandMontenegro30 May 194214 September 19432,322200[15]
MonigoTrevisoItaly1 July 1942May 194510,000187–225
MolatMolatCroatia28 June 19428 September 194320,000[16]c. 1,000[16]
PisticciSoutheast ofPisticci in Camporotondo[17]Italy[17]1939[17]September 13, 1943[17]Capacity of 1,000[17]Not stated[17]
Rab, separate camps forSlovenes/Croats andJewsRab (Arbe) islandCroatiaJuly 194211 September 194310,000; 15,0002,000; >3,500; 4,000
Renicci di AnghiariArezzoItalyOctober 1942 10,000159
Risiera di San Sabba[18]TriesteItalyOctober 1943April 1945> 11,5004,000–5,000[19]
Sidi AzazSidi AzazLibyaJuly 1942Late January 19431,0003
ViscoPalmanovaItalywinter 1942   
ZlarinZlarinCroatiaMarch 1943June 19432,50026
Campo di FossoliCarpiItalyMay 1942March 1944  

References

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  1. ^Alessandra Kersevan 2008: (Editor) Foibe – Revisionismo di stato e amnesie della repubblica. Kappa Vu. Udine.
  2. ^Survivors of war camp lament Italy's amnesiaArchived 2008-10-20 at theWayback Machine, 2003,International Herald Tribune
  3. ^Di Sante, Costantino (2005)Italiani senza onore: I crimini in Jugoslavia e i processi negati (1941–1951), Ombre Corte, Milano. (Archived by WebCite®)
  4. ^L'Africa del Duce: i crimini fascisti in Africa
  5. ^Ilan Pappé,The Modern Middle East. Routledge, 2005,ISBN 0-415-21409-2, p. 26.
  6. ^Del Boca, Angelo (11 January 2011).Italiani, brava gente. Neri Pozza Editore.ISBN 9788854504950.Gli ultimi lager sarebbero stati smantellati nel settembre 1933. Dei 100.000 libici che erano partiti dal Gebel Achdar e dalla Marmarica, ne sarebbero tornati a casa 60.000.
  7. ^Ottolenghi, Gustavo (1997).Gli italiani e il colonialismo: i campi di detenzione italiani in Africa. Sugarco. p. 174.ISBN 9788871983974.
  8. ^abcdefghijklMichael R. Ebner. Geoff Simons.Ordinary Violence in Mussolini's Italy. New York, New York, USA: Cambridge University Press, 2011. P. 261.
  9. ^abc"I campi concentramento per i civili nell'Africa italiana".criminidiguerra.it. Archived fromthe original on 2020-11-12.
  10. ^Donatella Strangio.The Reasons for Underdevelopment: The Case of Decolonisation in Somaliland. Springer, 2012. P. 5.
  11. ^Sum among the estimates of the deaths in the Danane camp (source Donatella Strangio), the deaths of all the camps in Italian Libya (sourceAngelo Del Boca), and the deaths in the Nocra camp (source Gustavo Ottolenghi).
  12. ^Bakar concentration camp, Online Research project
  13. ^"Talijanski koncentracioni logor Bakar 1941-1943". Retrieved7 July 2022.
  14. ^Maurice M. Roumani:The Jews of Libya. Sussex Academic Press 2007,ISBN 978-1-84519-137-5, p 34.
  15. ^Dizdar, Zdravko (2005)."Italian Policies Toward Croatians In Occupied Territories During The Second World War". Hrvatski institut za povijest. p. 196.
  16. ^abBašić 2008, pp. 196.
  17. ^abcdefThe United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945(PDF). Vol. 3. Indiana University Press. pp. 448–449.doi:10.2307/j.ctt22zmbr7.9. Retrieved2024-01-23.
  18. ^"English - Risiera di San Sabba – Monumento Nazionale – Comune di Trieste".risierasansabba.it. Archived fromthe original on 2014-02-03.
  19. ^"Trieste ebraica » La Risiera di San Sabba".moked.it.

Works cited

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External links

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