Islamic literature isliterature written byMuslim people, influenced by anIslamic cultural perspective, or literature that portraysIslam. It can be written in any language and portray any country or region. It includes many literary forms includingadabs, anon-fiction form ofIslamic advice literature,^[1] and various fictional literarygenres.

The definition of Islamic literature is a matter of debate, with some definitions categorizing anything written in a majority-Muslim nation as "Islamic" so long as the work can be appropriated into an Islamic framework, even if the work is not authored by a Muslim. By this definition, categories likeIndonesian literature,Somali literature,Pakistani literature, andPersian literature would all qualify as Islamic literature. A second definition focuses on all works authored by Muslims, regardless of the religious content or lack thereof within those works. Proponents of the second definition suggest that the Islamic identity of Muslim authors cannot be divorced from the evaluation of their works, even if they did not intend to infuse their works with religious meaning.^[2] Still other definitions emphasize works with a focus on Islamic values, or those that focus on events, people, and places mentioned in the Quran and hadith. An alternate definition states that Islamic literature is any literature about Muslims and their pious deeds.^[3]

Some academics have moved beyond evaluations of differences between Islamic and non-Islamic literature to studies such as comparisons of thenovelization of various contemporary Islamic literatures^[4] and points of confluence with political themes, such asnationalism.^[5]

Over the centuries, there have been numerousbibliographies andbiographical dictionaries attempting to list authors of Islamic literature, including India-born scholarMaulana Mahmud Hasan Khan ofRajasthan, who died in 1946 and whose 60-volumeM'ojam-ul-Musannifin (Dictionary of Authors) in Arabic provides the biographical sketches of some 40,000 writers from all over the Islamic world.^[6]

Among the best known works offiction from the Islamic world isThe Book of One Thousand and One Nights (Arabian Nights), a compilation of many earlier folk tales set in aframe story of being told serially by thePersian QueenScheherazade. The compilation took form in the 10th century and reached its final form by the 14th century; the number and type of tales have varied from one manuscript to another.^[7] Many other Arabianfantasy tales were often called "Arabian Nights" when translated intoEnglish, regardless of whether they appeared in any version ofThe Book of One Thousand and One Nights or not, and a number of tales are known in Europe as "Arabian Nights", despite existing in no Arabic manuscript.^[7]

This compilation has been influential in the West since it was first translated byAntoine Galland in the 18th century.^[8] Many imitations were written, especially in France.^[9][10]

In the 12th century, Ibn Tufail wrote thenovelHayy ibn Yaqdhan, orPhilosophus Autodidactus (The Self-Taught Philosopher), as a response toal-Ghazali'sThe Incoherence of the Philosophers. The novel, which features a protagonist who has beenspontaneously generated on an island, demonstrates the harmony of religion and philosophy and the virtues of an inquiring soul.^[11] In the same century, Ibn al-Nafis wrote the novelTheologus Autodidactus (The Self-Taught Theologian) in response to Ibn Tufail’s work; the novel is a defense of the rationality of prophetic revelation.^[12] Theprotagonists of both these narratives wereferal children (Hayy inHayy ibn Yaqdhan and Kamil inTheologus Autodidactus) who wereautodidactic (self-taught) and living in seclusion on adesert island. ALatin translation ofPhilosophus Autodidactus first appeared in 1671, prepared byEdward Pococke the Younger, followed by an English translation bySimon Ockley in 1708, as well asGerman andDutch translations.Robert Boyle's own philosophical novel set on an island,The Aspiring Naturalist, may have been inspired by the work.^[13]

Beginning in the 19th century, fictional novels and short stories became popular within the literary circles of theOttoman Empire. An early example, the romance novelTaaşuk-u Tal'at ve Fitnat (تعشق طلعت و فطنت; "Tal'at and Fitnat in Love"), was published in 1872 byŞemsettin Sami. Other important novels of the period includedMuhayyelât byAli Aziz Efendi, which consists of three parts and was written in a laconical style contrasting with its content, wheredjinns andfairies surge from within contexts drawn from ordinary real life situations. Inspired by a much older story written both inArabic andAssyrian, the author also displays in his work his deep knowledge ofsufism,hurufism andBektashi traditions.Muhayyelât is considered to be an early precursor of the newTurkish literature to emerge in theTanzimat period of the 19th century.

=== }Cultural Muslim poetry is influenced by both Islamic metaphors and local poetic forms of various regions including the Arabic tradition of Qasida actually beginning since ancient pre-Islamic times. Some Sufi traditions are known for theirdevotional poetry. Arab poetry influenced the rest of Muslim poetry world over. Likewise Persian poetry too shared its influences beyond borders of modern-day Iran particularly in south Asian languages like Urdu Bengali etc.. Genres present in classical Persian poetry vary and are determined by rhyme, which consists of a vowel followed by a single-rhyming letter. The most common form of Persian poetry comes in the ghazal, a love-themed short poem made of seven to twelve verses and composed in the monorhyme scheme.^[14] Urdu poetry is known for its richness, multiple genres, traditions of live public performances throughMushairas,Qawwali andGhazal singing in modern times.

Ferdowsi'sShahnameh, the national epic poem ofIran, is a mythical and heroic retelling ofPersian history.Amir Arsalan was also a popular mythical Persian story.

Beginning in the 15th centuryBengali poetry, originating depicts the themes of internal conflict with thenafs,Islamic cosmology, historical battles, love andexistential ideas concerning one’s relationship with society. The historical works ofShah Muhammad Sagir,Alaol,Abdul Hakim,Syed Sultan andDaulat Qazi mixed Bengali folk poetry with Perso-Arabian stories and themes, and are considered an important part of theMuslim culture of Bengal.^[15]Ginans are devotional hymns or poems recited byShia Ismaili Muslims.

Dante Alighieri'sDivine Comedy, considered the greatest epic ofItalian literature, derived many features of and episodes about the hereafter directly or indirectly from Arabic works onIslamic eschatology: theHadith and theKitab al-Miraj (translated into Latin in 1264 or shortly before^[16] asLiber scalae Machometi, "The Book of Muhammad's Ladder") concerningMuhammad's ascension to Heaven, and the spiritual writings ofIbn Arabi.

One term for Islamic literature isal-adab al-islami, oradab.^[17][18] Although todayadab denotes literature generally, in earlier times its meaning included all that a well-informed person had to know in order to pass in society as a cultured and refined individual. This meaning started with the basic idea thatadab was the socially accepted ethical and moral quality of an urbane and courteous person'; thusadab can also denote thecategory of Islamic law dealing with etiquette, or agesture of greeting.^[19]

According to Issa J. Boullata,

Adab material had been growing in volume in Arabia before Islam and had been transmitted orally for the most part. With the advent of Islam, its growth continued and it became increasingly diversified. It was gradually collected and written down in books, ayrab literature other material adapted from Persian, Sanskrit, Greek, and other tongues as the Arabic language spread with the expansion of Islam's political dominion in the world. It included stories and saying from the Bible, the Qur’ān, and the Ḥadīth. Eventually, the heritage ofadab became so large that philologists and other scholars had to make selections, therefore, each according to his interests and his plans to meet the needs of particular readers, such as students seeking learning and cultural refinement, or persons associated with the Islamic state such as viziers, courtiers, chancellors, judges, and government secretaries seeking useful knowledge and success in polished quarters.^[19]

Key earlyadab anthologies were theal-Mufaḍḍaliyyāt ofAl-Mufaḍḍal al-Ḍabbī (d. c. 780 CE);Abū Tammām'sDīwān al-Ḥamāsa (d. 846 CE);ʿUyūn al-Akhbār, compiled byIbn Qutayba (d. 889 CE); andIbn ʿAbd Rabbih'sal-ʿIqd al-Farīd (d. 940 CE).^[20]

Some scholar's studies attribute the role of Islamisation of Muslim individuals and communities, social, cultural and political behavior by legitimization through various genres likeMuslim historiographies,^[21]Islamic advice literature and other Islamic literature.

The British Indian novelist and essayistSalman Rushdie's (b.1947) second novel,Midnight's Children won the Booker Prize in 1981 and was deemed to be "the best novel of all winners" on two separate occasions, marking the 25th and the 40th anniversary of the prize. In 1989, in an interview following thefatwa against him for alleged blaspheme in his novelThe Satanic Verses, Rushdie said that he was in a sense a lapsed Muslim, though "shaped by Muslim culture more than any other", and a student of Islam.^[22]

Oman authorJokha Alharthi (b.1978) was the first Arabic-language writer to win theMan Booker International Prize in 2019 with her novelCelestial Bodies. The book focuses on three Omani sisters and the country's history of slavery.^[23]

The 1988Nobel Prize in Literature was given to theEgyptian authorNaguib Mahfouz (1911–2006), "who, through works rich in nuance—now clear-sightedly realistic, now evocatively ambiguous—has formed an Arabian narrative art that applies to all mankind".^[24][25]He was the first Muslim author to receive such a prize.^[26] With regard to religion Mahfouz describes himself as, "a pious moslem believer".^[27]

The 2006Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded to theTurkish authorOrhan Pamuk "(b. 1952) famous for his novelsMy Name Is Red andSnow, "who in the quest for the melancholic soul of his native city has discovered new symbols for the clash and interlacing of cultures".^[28][29]Pamuk was the firstTurk to receive the Nobel Prize, He describes himself as aCultural Muslim who associates the historical and cultural identification with the religion while not believing in a personal connection to God.^[30][31] When asked if he considered himself a Muslim, Pamuk replied: ": "I consider myself a person who comes from a Muslim culture. In any case, I would not say that I'm an atheist. So I'm a Muslim who associates historical and cultural identification with this religion. I do not believe in a personal connection to God; that's where it gets transcendental. I identify with my culture, but I am happy to be living on a tolerant, intellectual island where I can deal with Dostoyevsky and Sartre, both great influences for me".^[32]

TheInternational Prize for Arabic Fiction is a literary prize managed in association with the Booker Prize Foundation in London and supported by the Emirates Foundation inAbu Dhabi. The prize is for prose fiction by Arabic authors. Each year, the winner of the prize receives US$50,000 and the six shortlisted authors receive US$10,000 each. The aim of the award is to recognise and reward excellence in contemporary Arabic fiction writing and to encourage wider readership of good-quality Arabic literature in the region and internationally. The prize is also designed to encourage the translation and promotion of Arabic language literature into other major world languages. An independent board of trustees, drawn from across the Arab world and beyond, is responsible for appointing six new judges each year, and for the overall management of the prize.

TheKing Faisal Prize (Arabic:جائزة الملك فيصل) is an annual award sponsored byKing Faisal Foundation presented to "dedicated men and women whose contributions make a positive difference".^[33][34] The foundation awards prizes in five categories: Service toIslam;Islamic studies; theArabic language andArabic literature;science; andmedicine. Three of the prizes are widely considered as the most prestigious awards in the Muslim world.^{[citation needed]}

• Arabic literature
  • Arabic epic literature
• Persian literature
• South Asian literature
• Turkish literature

• Media related toIslamic literature at Wikimedia Commons
• Islamic Literature atCornell University.
• Brief article on the growth of the influence of Islamic literature in the U.S.
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