| Islamic Army in Iraq الجيش الإسلامي في العراق | |
|---|---|
| Leaders | Ishmael Jubouri Muhammad Abid Luhaibi Ahmed al-Dabash |
| Dates of operation | 2003–2014 |
| Active regions | Sunni Triangle Baghdad Belts |
| Ideology | Sunni Islamism Iraqi nationalism Anti-imperialism Anti-Zionism |
| Size | 10,400(2007)[1] |
| Allies |  Iraqi Ba'ath Party Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi OrderFree Iraqi Army Hamas of Iraq 1920 Revolution Brigades Jama'at al-Tawhid wal JihadJaysh al-Mujahideen Jamaat Ansar al-Sunna Al-Qaeda in Iraq (2004-2006) Iraqi Islamic Resistance Army |
| Opponents |  Iraq United States Iran - backed militias in Iraq Islamic State of IraqAl-Qaeda in Iraq (2007) Israel |
| Battles and wars | Iraq War Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013) War in Iraq (2013–2017) |
| Flag |  |
Succeeded by Popular Movement in Iraq | |
TheIslamic Army in Iraq (Arabic:الجيش الإسلامي في العراق,romanized: al-Jaysh al-Islāmi fī'l-`irāq,abbr.IAI) was an undergroundIslamist militant organization formed in Iraq following the2003 invasion of Iraq byU.S.-led Coalition forces, and the subsequent collapse of theBa'athist regime headed bySaddam Hussein. IAI was regarded as one of the largest, sophisticated and most influential Sunni insurgent groups in Iraq that led an asymmetrical military insurgency against Coalition forces.[2] The group became known for its grisly videos of kidnappings and attacks on U.S. and Iraqi troops.[3][4]
Although it carries an Islamic title, the group combines Sunni Islamism withIraqi nationalism, and has been labelled as "resistance" by Iraq'sSunniVice presidentTariq al-Hashimi (who was sentenced to death in 2012) despite al-Hashimi's close relations with the U.S. government.
Following the withdrawal of American forces from Iraq in late 2011, the IAI largely demobilized and turned towards political activism, setting up theSunni Popular Movement.[5] The group’s turn away from armed opposition towards activism was criticised by other militant groups, including groups that the IAI had previously allied with such as the Mujahideen Army.[5]
In the beginning of 2014, however, the group returned to armed militancy and was active anti-government violence inAnbar andNorthern Iraq during the first phases of theWar in Iraq (2013-17). The group was primarily active in theDiyala andSaladin Governorates.[5] Most of its fighters have renounced fighting against the Iraqi state, although some have joinedIslamic State. Islamic Army in Iraq has not claimed any attacks since late 2014.
On the 9th of April, 2024, the group has published a video titled "Come toJihad" (حي على الجهاد). This hour long video shows the history of activities the group was involved in and testifies that the group will come back. Furthermore, the group reannounces their opposition towards the Iranian government and ISIS. They also call for the Sunni Iraqis to join the group.[6]
The precise details about the emergence of the IAI are unclear, although it is generally assumed that the group was established in the late summer of 2003 to fight and expelCoalition forces from Iraq.[7] Former officers ofSaddam Hussein's army from Sunni strongholds such asRamadi,Fallujah,Tikrit andBaqubah who were skilled ex-soldiers from thedisbandedRepublican Guard,Fedayeen Saddam, and theIraqi Intelligence Service formed and joined the Islamic Army in Iraq (IAI).[8][9]
When the IAI first formed, it used kidnapping as a means of pursuing its goals. The group also threatened to target the January 2005 elections, although it didn't carry out any such attack. Unlike most terrorist organizations today, the IAI does not haveSalafist tendencies,[dubious –discuss] its primary focus and goal[citation needed] being the expulsion of foreign troops from Iraq. A November 2004Washington Post interview with the group's leader, Ishmael Jubouri, stated that the IAI was predominantly composed ofIraqis (Sunnis,Shias,Kurds, andArabs) trying to force foreign troops out of Iraq.[10] TheTerrorism Monitor put out byThe Jamestown Foundation confirms some of what Jubouri was claiming. In a March 2005 article, the monitor said the group was composed primarily of Sunnis with a small Shiite congregation and, in general, was "[an] inclusive Islamic organization with Iraqi nationalist tendencies."[7]
In a November 2006Al Jazeera interview, spokesman Ibrahim al-Shamary expanded on who the IAI considers foreign troops, "There are two occupations in Iraq.Iran on one side through the militias which they control and through direct involvement with the national guard and the intelligence services, that causes the killing and destruction of the Sunnis. ... And then there is theAmerican occupation which destroys the Iraqi people."[11]
The group has released several joint statements with other groups such asIslamic Resistance Movement and theIslamic Front for the Iraqi Resistance, which are known to be of anikhwan background. In one of these joint statements, six groups (including the IAI) called for Iraqis to participate in the referendum on the October 2005constitution by voting against it. (This was in conspicuous contrast toal-Qaeda in Iraq, which said that simply participating in voting is a compromise of the fundamentals ofIslam, even if one were to vote against it.)
When rumours spread in Iraq of the alleged demolition of theal-Aqsa Mosque, in April 2005, the IAI announced the formation of the "al-Aqsa Support Division." This group was to supportPalestine in the armed struggle againstIsrael. The current status of the al-Aqsa Support Division is unknown, leading people to believe that the statement was merelyrhetoric.
The group has shown support for theFree Syrian Army (FSA) and its fight against the Syrian government and allied Shiite paramilitary groups likeHezbollah. In June 2013, the IAI released a statement advising the FSA in methods in fighting.[12]
The group was responsible for the abduction of the following people who were released unharmed:
The IAI is also believed responsible for the execution of the following foreigners:
On 22 November 2003, the Islamic Army in Iraq organized and videotaped a shoulder-fired surface-to-airmissile attack on a DHL Airbus A300 leaving fromBaghdad International Airport.[17][18]
On 15 April 2004, the Islamic Army in Iraq assassinated Khalil Naimi, first secretary of the Iranian Embassy in Baghdad.[19] Naimi was accused of being a senior Iranian intelligence officer in charge of collecting information on the Iraqi "resistance".[20]
The Islamic Army in Iraq claimed responsibility for the 1 September 2004,assassination attempt against Iraqi politicianAhmed Chalabi, leader of theIraqi National Congress, in which two of his bodyguards were killed, two were wounded and two went missing (the IAI admitted capturing one of Chalabi's bodyguards and executing the other), and Chalabi escaped unharmed.
On 24 March 2005, the IAI claimed responsibility for avehicle-borne improvised explosive device (VBIED) that detonated at a city entrance checkpoint inRamadi.[21] The attack killed 11 Iraqi police commandos and wounded 2 U.S. Marines and 2 Iraqi civilians.[22]
On 22 April 2005, the IAI released a video of their members executing Lyubomir Kostov, aBulgarian civilian contractor, who survived after the downing of his helicopter.[23] He was helped to his feet and then shot with 27 rounds of ammunition. The group also claims to haveshot down a commercialairliner in Iraq, although officials maintain the accident was caused byfog. The crash killed 34 people.[24]
In 2006, videos were released of their snipers killingCoalition forces.[25][26] Thealleged name of the IAI sniper is "Juba". These sniper videos were distributed for free to Iraqi citizens on CDs as part of apropaganda,recruiting campaign and as a means of wagingpsychological warfare on Coalition forces.[27] Islamic Army videos of attacks on U.S.-led Coalition forces were aired onAl-Zawraa TV channel, which is now banned in Iraq.
As of 2011, the group's content was distributed online by the Jihad Media Battalion (subtitled in English) and the Media Division of the Islamic Army in Iraq (subtitled in Arabic). These groups were considered distinct from al-Qaeda and the linked groupsAs-Sahab,Ansar ul-Mujahideen, andal-Fida Islamic Network and also distinct from theGlobal Islamic Media Front,Islamic Media Center, and the media center of theIslamic Jihad Army.[28]
In the beginning of 2014, however, the group was active in the anti-government violence inAnbar andNorthern Iraq and after the outbreak of theWar in Iraq (2013-17). Most of its fighters have renounced fighting against the Iraqi state, although some have joinedISIS. Islamic Army in Iraq has not claimed any attacks since late 2014.
In early 2007, the Islamic Army engaged in an armed conflict against Al-Qaeda in Iraq. In June, this ended in aceasefire between the two rival groups. The IAI was quoted saying "The most important thing is that it's our common duty to fight the Americans;" nevertheless, the groups never adopted al-Qaeda's philosophy and refused to sign on to the al-Qaeda-ledIslamic State of Iraq.[29]
According to Iraqi sources, fighters from the Islamic Army battled Al-Qaeda gunmen aroundSamarra at least twice in October and November 2007, a possible indication that the cease-fire brokered earlier this year had collapsed (however, coalition officials later issued a statement claiming that Iraqi policemen and coalition troops, not Islamic Army fighters, had carried out the latter operation).[30][31] Furthermore, although the Islamic Army denied that it had joined forces with the U.S. military, several news outlets reported that many Islamic Army commanders in and around Baghdad were now working together with the U.S.-led coalition to counter Al-Qaeda in Iraq.[32]
