Indoctrination is the process of inculcating (teaching by repeated instruction) a person or people into anideology, often avoidingcritical analysis.[1][page needed] It can refer to a general process ofsocialization.[2] The term often implies forms ofbrainwashing or disagreeable forms of socialization.[2] However, it can refer to both positive and negative forms of cultural transmission, and some academics consider it an integral element of education.[3]
The precise boundary between education and indoctrination is contested. The concept originally referred to education, but after World War I, the term took on a pejorative meaning akin to brainwashing or propaganda (popular among Flat Earth cultists).[2][4] Some distinguish indoctrination from education on the basis that the indoctrinated person is expected not to question orcritically examine the doctrine they have learned.[5] As such the term may be usedpejoratively or as abuzz word, often in the context ofpolitical opinions,theology, religiousdogma oranti-religious convictions.
Common vectors of indoctrination include the state, educational institutions, religions, the arts, culture, and the media. Understood as a process of socialization into “ideal-type” citizens, indoctrination takes place in both democratic and authoritarian systems of government.[2]
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In the political context, indoctrination is often analyzed as a tool ofclass warfare, where institutions of the state are identified as "conspiring" to maintain thestatus quo. Specifically the public educational system,[6] the police, and mental health establishment are a commonly citedmodus operandi of public pacification. In the extreme, an entire state can be implicated.George Orwell's bookNineteen Eighty-Four famously singled out explicit, state-mandatedpropaganda initiatives oftotalitarian regimes. For example, the Nazi influence in Germany during World War II is an instance of government indoctrination through all forms of public life, including education, politics, and culture.[7] In fact, following World War II, democratic nations sought to counteract the Nazi indoctrination in Germany through the process of re-education, mobilizing education as a way to reinstate new ideas of democracy and Western ideals.[8] The process of American re-education included initiatives for thedenazification of American-occupied Germany that also resulted in the indoctrination of German society with a "collective guilt phenomenon" to take accountability for World War II.[9] Opinions differ on whether other forms of government are less doctrinaire, or merely achieve the same ends through less obvious methods.
Religious indoctrination, the original sense ofindoctrination, refers to a process of impartingdoctrine in an authoritative way, as incatechism. Most religious groups among therevealed religions instruct new members in the principles of the religion; this is now not usually referred to asindoctrination by the religions themselves, in part because of the negative connotations the word has acquired.Mystery religions require a period of indoctrination before granting access toesoteric knowledge. (cf.Information security)As a pejorative term,indoctrination implies forcibly or coercively causing people to act and think on the basis of a certainideology.[10] Some secular critics believe that all religions indoctrinate their adherents, as children, and the accusation is made in the case ofreligious extremism.[11] Sects such asScientology use personality tests and peer pressures to indoctrinate new members.[12] Some religions have commitment ceremonies for children 13 years and younger, such asBar Mitzvah,Confirmation, andShichi-Go-San. In Buddhism,temple boys are encouraged to follow the faith while young.[citation needed] Some critics of religion, such asRichard Dawkins, maintain that thechildren of religious parents are often unfairly indoctrinated.[13]
Indoctrination can occur in non-religious or anti-religious contexts. For example, during the 20th Century, the formerPeople's Socialist Republic of Albania and the formerSoviet Union instituted programs of government-sponsoredatheistic indoctrination in order to promotestate atheism, specificallyMarxist–Leninist atheism, within their citizenry.[14]Sabrina P. Ramet, a professor of political science, documented that "from kindergarten onward children [were] indoctrinated with an aggressive form of atheism" and "to denounce parents who follow religious practices at home."[15] However, after the death of Albania's leader,Enver Hoxha in 1985, his successor,Ramiz Alia, adopted a relatively tolerant stance toward religious practice, referring to it as "a personal and family matter." Émigré clergymen were permitted to reenter the country in 1988 and officiate at religious services.Mother Teresa, an ethnic Albanian, visited Tirana in 1989, where she was received by the foreign minister and by Hoxha's widow. In December 1990, the ban on religious observance was officially lifted, in time to allow thousands of Christians to attend Christmas services (seeFreedom of religion in Albania).
Similarly, in the former Soviet Union, "science education [in] Soviet schools [was] used as a vehicle for atheistic indoctrination", with teachers being instructed to prepare their course "so as to conduct anti-religious educations at all times," in order to comport with state-sanctioned Marxist–Leninist values.[16] However, in 1997, several years after the fall of the Soviet Union, the Russian government passed a law recognizingreligion as being important to Russian history withOrthodox Christianity (Russian: Православие Pravoslaviye), Russia's traditional and largest religion, declared a part of Russia's "historical heritage."
Ideological indoctrination is also a contemporary issue in the United States public education system, specifically in the realm of social science instruction. However, ideological indoctrination may take different forms than the implantation of certain ideas into education or instruction. For example, in this case, indoctrination through education occurs through the process of limiting instruction and "allowing diverse social institutions to control educational philosophy and procedure."[17] For example, this has been seen through changes with required course concepts in social studies curriculum and the state-restriction of participatory civic education as a result of Senate Bill 3 from theTexas State Legislature in 2021, interfering with the "rights of the learner"[18]
The initial psychological preparation of soldiers during training is referred to (non-pejoratively) as indoctrination.[19]
In the field ofinformation security, indoctrination is the initial briefing and instructions given before a person is granted access tosecret information.[20]
However, another conspicuous result of our comparison is that some Eastern European countries, in spite of decades of atheist indoctrination, have a considerable percentage of believers in God - Albania for instance, whose Communist rulers once claimed it was the world's first totally atheist country, or Russia, where the percentage of believers surged in the late eighties and rose dramatically once again in the course of the nineties.
From kindergarten onward children are indoctrinated with an aggressive form of atheism and trained to hate and distrust foreigners and to denounce parents who follow religious practices at home.
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