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Theindigenous people of Africa are groups of people native to a specific region; people who lived there before colonists or settlers arrived, defined new borders, and began to occupy the land. This definition applies to all indigenous groups, whether inside or outside of Africa. Although the vast majority of Native Africans can be considered to be "indigenous" in the sense that they originated from that continent and nowhere else (like allHomo sapiens), identity as an "indigenous people" is in the modern application more restrictive. Not every African ethnic group claims identification under these terms. Groups and communities who do claim this recognition are those who by a variety of historical and environmental circumstances have been placed outside of the dominant state systems. Their traditional practices and land claims have often come into conflict with the objectives and policies promulgated by governments, companies, and surrounding dominant societies.
Marginalization, along with the desire to recognize and protect theircollective andhuman rights, and to maintain the continuity of their individualcultures, has led many to seek identification asindigenous peoples, in the contemporary global sense of the term. For example, inWest Africa, theDogon people ofMali andBurkina Faso,[1][2] theJola people ofGuinea-Bissau,The Gambia, andSenegal,[3] and theSerer people of Senegal, The Gambia,Guinea-Bissau, andMauritania, and formally North Africa,[4][5] have faced religious and ethnic persecution for centuries, and disenfranchisement or prejudice in modern times (seePersecution of Serers andPersecution of Dogons). These people, who are indigenous to their present habitat, are classified asindigenous peoples.[1][2][3][4]
The history of the indigenousAfrican peoples spans thousands of years and includes a complex variety of cultures, languages, and political systems. Indigenous African cultures have existed since ancient times, with some of the earliest evidence of human life on the continent coming from stone tools androck art dating back hundreds of thousands of years. The earliest written records of African history come fromancient Egyptian andNubian texts, which date back to around 3000 B.C. These texts provide insight into the societies of the time, including religious beliefs, political systems, and trade networks. In the centuries that followed, various other African civilizations rose to prominence, such as theKingdom of Kush in northern Sudan and the powerful empires ofGhana,Mali, andSonghai in West Africa. Arab colonization of Northern Africa displaced and dispossessed indigenous African peoples. In the late 15th century, European colonization began, leading to the further displacement of many indigenous cultures. Since the end of World War II, indigenous African cultures have been in a state of constant flux, struggling to maintain their identity in the face of Westernization and globalization. In recent years, there has been a resurgence of interest in traditional cultures and many African countries have taken steps to preserve and promote their indigenous heritage.
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In the post-colonial period, the concept of specific indigenous peoples within the African continent has gained wider acceptance, although not without controversy. The highly diverse and numerous ethnic groups which comprise most modern, independent African states contain within them various peoples whose situation, cultures, andpastoralist orhunter-gatherer lifestyles are generally marginalized and set apart from the dominant political and economic structures of the nation. Since the late 20th century, these peoples have increasingly sought recognition of their rights as distinct indigenous peoples, in both national and international contexts.
TheIndigenous Peoples of Africa Co-ordinating Committee (IPACC) was founded in 1997. It is one of the main trans-national network organizations recognized as a representative of African indigenous peoples in dialogues with governments and bodies such as the UN. In 2008, IPACC was composed of 150 member organisations in 21 African countries. IPACC identifies several key characteristics associated with indigenous claims in Africa:
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With respect to concerns that identifying some groups and not others as indigenous is in itselfdiscriminatory, IPACC states that it:
At an African inter-governmental level, the examination ofindigenous rights and concerns is pursued by a sub-commission established under theAfrican Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights (ACHPR), sponsored by theAfrican Union (AU) (successor body to theOrganisation of African Unity (OAU)). In late 2003, the 53 signatory states of the ACHPR adopted theReport of the African Commission's Working Group on Indigenous Populations/Communities and its recommendations. This report says in part (p. 62):
The adoption of this report at least notionally subscribed the signatories to the concepts and aims of furthering the identity and rights of African indigenous peoples. The extent to which individual states are mobilizing to put these recommendations into practice varies enormously, however. Most indigenous groups continue to agitate for improvements in the areas of land rights, use of natural resources, protection of environment and culture, political recognition and freedom from discrimination.
On 30 December 2010, theRepublic of Congo adopted a law for the promotion and protection of the rights of indigenous peoples. This law is the first of its kind in Africa, and its adoption is a historic development for indigenous peoples on the continent.[6]
