Ijangs are the terracedhillfort settlements of theIvatan people built on hill tops and ridges in theBatanes Islands of thePhilippines.[1] These high rocky formations can serve as fortresses or refuge against the enemies of the Ivatan people.[2]
In 1994, Eusebio Dizon, the deputy director of theNational Museum of the Philippines, went to Batanes with his team for an archeological project. They found a triangular-shaped hill in Savidug, a town in Sabtang. These structures were calledijang.[3][2] Ijangs are similar to thegusuku castles found in Okinawa, Japan. Aside from both of them being strategically built in high places, 12th-century Sung-type ceramics and Chinese beads and other artefactual materials recovered from an ijang were dated at almost the same time as the foundations of the Okinawan castles beginning from circa 1200 CE.[4]
The Ivatan traditionally lived in theijang which were fortified mountain areas and drank sugar-cane wine, orpalek. They also usedgold as currency and produced a thriving agriculture-based industry, as well as expertise in seafaring and boatbuilding.
Based on oral history and tradition, pre-Hispanic Ivatans were divided into small clans that lived not far from the sea. During clan wars, those attacked climbed for safety to the tops of the ijangs where they defended themselves by throwing stones at the enemy below. The tops of the ijangs today are still full of stones—the primitive ammunition of the people. Building a shelter atop the ijang became necessary when fighting continued long for some time. Ijangs were first described by the English freebooter Captain William Dampier when he visited the island of Ivuhos in 1687. Today, there are still traces of such ancient dwellings, including stone posts standing or lying where the Ivatans left them when they abandoned their pagan way of life for Christianity in the late 18th century.[2]
In 1783, the Spanish claimed Batanes as part of the Philippines under the auspices of Governor-GeneralJosé Basco y Vargas.[citation needed] The Bashi Channel had come to be increasingly used by English East India Company ships and the Spanish authorities brought the islands under their direct administration to prevent them from falling under British control.[5] However, the Ivatan remained on their ijangs, or mountain fortresses.
In 1790, Governor Guerrero decreed that Ivatans were to leave their ijang and live in the lowlands, therebygiving them more people to tax. Basco and Ivana were the first towns that implemented this decree.[5]
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