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I Ching divination is a form ofcleromancy applied to theI Ching. The text of theI Ching consists of sixty-fourhexagrams: six-line figures ofyin (broken) oryang (solid) lines, and commentaries on them. There are two main methods of building up the lines of the hexagram, using either 50yarrow stalks or three coins. Some of the lines may be designated "old" lines, in which case the lines are subsequently changed to create a second hexagram. The text relating to the hexagram(s) and old lines (if any) is studied, and the meanings derived from such study can be interpreted as anoracle.

Each hexagram is six lines, written sequentially one above the other; each of the lines represents a state that is eitheryin (陰yīn: dark, feminine,etc., represented by a broken line) oryang (陽yáng: light, masculine,etc., a solid line), and eitherold (moving or changing, represented by an "X" written on the middle of ayin line, or a circle written on the middle of ayang line) oryoung (static, unchanging). The usual methods for consulting theI Ching as an oracle produce a "sacred" or "ritual" number for each type of line: 6 (for an oldyin line), 7 (youngyang), 8 (youngyin), or 9 (oldyang). The six lines are produced in order using the chosen method (see below for examples), beginning at the first (lowest) one and proceeding upward to the sixth (uppermost) line, each with its corresponding number. Then, the commentaries applying to the generated hexagram are studied; if the hexagram contains no old lines at all, that concludes the consultation, but if there are one or more old lines, the separate commentary for each such line is also studied. Then, the lines are appropriately changed (any oldyin lines into youngyang lines, and any oldyang lines into youngyin lines), which—with the young lines in the original hexagram remaining the same—results in a second, different, hexagram, the commentarial material on which is then also studied.

The method used by the diviner to generate the hexagram(s) depends on their circumstances and beliefs; the yarrow-stalk method is usually employed by traditionalists who find significance in its complexity, and in the resulting time needed to manipulate the stalks to produce a hexagram. Coin methods, and others, are used either by those short of time, or by fortune-tellers who need a quick reading. There are also methods to generate a hexagram by interpreting the time, direction, person,etc., instead of throwing coins or dividing and counting yarrow stalks.Several of the methods described belowforce exactly one, or no, moving lines; the traditional yarrow-stalk method allows from zero to six moving lines. The yarrow-stalk method favours static lines over moving lines in the ratio 3:1.

Plastromancy or theturtle-shell oracle is probably the earliest recorded form of fortune telling. The diviner would apply heat to a piece of a turtle shell (sometimes with a hot poker), and interpret the resulting cracks. The cracks were sometimes annotated with inscriptions, the oldest Chinese writings that have been discovered. This oracle predated the earliest versions of theZhou Yi (dated from about 1100 BC) by hundreds of years.^[relevant?]

A variant on this method was to useox shoulder bones, a practice calledscapulimancy. When thick material was to be cracked, the underside was thinned by carving with a knife.

Hexagrams may be generated by the manipulation ofyarrow stalks. These are usually genuineAchillea millefolium stalks that have been cut and prepared for such purposes, or any form of wooden rod or sticks (the quality ranging from cheap hardwood to very expensivered sandalwood,etc.) which are plain, lacquered, or varnished. When genuineAchillea is used, varieties local to the diviner are considered the best, as they would containqi closer to, and more in tune with, the diviner, or they may come from a particularly spiritual or relevant place, such as on the grounds of aConfucian temple. When not in use, they are kept in a cloth or silk bag/pouch or a wooden case/box.

Fifty yarrow stalks are used, though one stalk is set aside at the beginning and takes no further part in the process of consultation. The remaining forty-nine stalks are roughly sorted into two piles, and then for the right hand pile one stalk is initially "remaindered"; then the pile is "cast off" in lots of four (i.e., groups of four stalks are removed). The remainders from each half are combined (traditionally placed between the fingers of one hand during the counting process) and set aside, with the process then repeated twice (i.e., for a total of three times). The total number of stalks in the remainder pile will necessarily (if the procedure has been followed correctly) be 9 or 5, in the first count, and 8 or 4, in the second. 9 or 8 is assigned a value of 2; 5 or 4, a value of 3. The total of the three passes will be one of just four values: 6 (2+2+2), 7 (2+2+3), 8 (2+3+3), or 9 (3+3+3)—that value is the number of the first line.^[1]The forty-nine stalks are then gathered and the entire procedure repeated to generate each of the remaining five lines of the hexagram.

The yarrow-stalk method produces unequal probabilities^[2][3] for obtaining each of the four totals, as shown in the table. Compared to the three-coin method discussed next, the probabilities of the lines produced by the yarrow-stalk method are significantly different.

Note that theYarrow algorithm is a particular algorithm forgenerating random numbers; while it is named after the yarrow-stalk method of consulting theI Ching, its details are unrelated to it.

The three-coin method came into use over a thousand years after the yarrow-stalk method. The quickest, easiest, and most popular method by far, it has largely supplanted yarrow stalks, but produces outcomes with different likelihoods. Three coins are tossed at once; each coin is given a value of 2 or 3, depending upon whether it is heads or tails, respectively. Six such tosses make the hexagram. Some fortune-tellers use an empty tortoise shell to shake the coins in before throwing them on a dish or plate.

The three-coin method can be modified to have the same probabilities as the yarrow-stalk method by having one of the coins be of a second coin type, or in some way be marked as special (i.e., be distinguishable from the other coins). All three coins are tossed at once. The results are counted just as in the original three-coin method, with two exceptions: one to makeyin less likely to move, and one to makeyang more likely to move. (The probability for 6/8/9/7 in the coin method is 2/6/2/6, but in the yarrow-stalk method is 1/7/3/5; hence, 6 has to occur less often, and 9 has to occur more often.)

In the case where the special coin is tails and the other two are both tails—which would normally produce a 6—re-flip the marked coin: if it remains tails, then it remains a 6 (movingyin); otherwise, treat it as an 8 (staticyin). As a 6 can become a 6 or an 8, it reduces the probability of the moving 6. In other words, it makes the oldyin less likely to change (or move).

In the case where the special coin is heads and the other two are both tails—which would normally produce a 7—re-flip the marked coin: if it remains heads, then it remains as a 7 (staticyang); otherwise, it becomes a 9 (movingyang). As a 7 can become a 7 or an 9, it reduces the probability of the static 7. In other words, it makes the youngyang less likely and hence moreyangs change as a result.

This method retains the 50% chance of yin:yang, but changes the ratio of movingyin to staticyin from 1:3 to 1:7; likewise, it changes the ratio of movingyang to staticyang from 1:3 to 3:5, which is the same probabilities as the yarrow-stalk method.

Some purists contend that there is a problem with the three-coin method because its probabilities differ from the more ancient, yarrow-stalk, method. In fact, over the centuries there have even been other methods used for consulting the oracle.

The two-coin method involves tossing one pair of coinstwice: on the first toss, two heads give a value of 2, and anything else is 3; on the second toss, each coin is valued separately, to give a sum from 6 to 9, as above. This results in the same distribution of probabilities as for the yarrow-stalk method.

A modified version of the two-coin method improves on the original on several aspects. First, while maintaining the probabilities of the traditional yarrow-stalk method, it simplifies outcomes such that they become intuitive at first sight, without need of further calculations. Second, it reduces the average number of coin throws per hexagram by 25%, from 12 to 9. It does so by requiring to throw the coins a second time only if both coins land on the same face (either both heads, or both tails), thus only in 50% of instances. Third, it is easy to memorize, as it clearly identifies heads with yang, and tails with yin, and a greater share of heads/tails with old (aka mature, moving, changing) yang/yin.

The modified two-coin method involves tossing one pair of coins of different size or shape. The larger, or heavier coin is assigned primacy (and is reported here as first, dominant, outcome) while the outcome of the smaller one comes second. Let H be heads and T tails.

If the coins land H, T, yang dominates and the outcome is young yang, unchanging. There is no need to throw the coins again for the same line.

If the coins land T, H, then yin dominates and the outcome is young yin, unchanging. Again, there is no need to throw the coins again for the same line.

If the coins land both on heads (H, H) then the outcome is for sure yang, but one must throw again to verify if the yang is changing (aka old) or unchanging (young). In case the second throw yields at least one H (either H, H, or H, T, or T, H), then the yang is changing. If both coins land on T (T, T) at second throw then the yang is unchanging.

If the coins land both on tails (T, T) then the outcome is for sure yin, but one must throw again to verify if the yin is changing or unchanging. In case the second throw yields both tails (T, T), then the yin is changing. If any of the two coins lands on H (either H, T, or T, H, or H, H) at second throw then the yin is unchanging.

The modified two-coin method yields old yang (changing) 3/16 of the times. Unchanging yang 5/16 times, and unchanging yin 7/16. The remaining 1/16 outcomes is old yin (changing).

It is considered simplified as it reduces the number of throws and calculations needed to correctly identify the outcome of each hexagram line, compared to any other method. While this has its advantages, some purists consider the time required to build the hexagram as a fundamental aspect of I Ching divination, for its ceremonial as well as introspective purposes. This said, any other coin based method can be considered similarly lacking on this regard, when compared to the yarrow-stalk method.

As is the case for the conventional two-coin method and the four coin method, the simplified two-coin method can be boiled down to binary numbers, simply interpreting any H as 1 and any T as 0. Then, old yin takes value of 0000 (0 in decimal numbers), unchanging yin values between 0001 and 0111 (1 to 7), unchanging yang those between 1000 and 1100 (8 to 12), and old yang from 1101 to 1111 (13 to 15). This also clearly showcases the relative probabilities of each outcome.

With tails assigned the value 0 (zero) and heads the value 1, four coins tossed at once can be used to generate a four-bit binary number, the right-most coin indicating the first bit, the next coin (to the first's left) indicating the next bit, etc. The number 0000 is calledold yin; the next three numbers—0001, 0010, and 0011 (the binary numbers whose decimal equivalents are 1, 2, and 3, respectively)—are calledold yang, with a similar principle applied to the remaining twelve outcomes. This gives identical results to the yarrow-stalk method.

The two-coin method described above can be performed with four coins, simply by having one pair of coins be alike—of the same size or denomination—while the other two are of a different size or denomination; the larger coins can then be counted as the first toss, while the two smaller coins constitute the second toss (orvice versa).

Six coins—five identical coins and one different—can be thrown at once. The coin that lands closest to a line drawn on the table will make the first line of the hexagram, and so on: heads for yang, tails for yin. The distinct coin is a moving line. This method has the dual failings that (1) it forces every hexagram to be a changing hexagram, and (2) it only ever allows exactly one line to be changing.

Eight coins, one marked, are tossed at once. They are picked up in order and placed onto aBagua diagram; the marked coin rests on the lower trigram. The eight process is repeated for the upper trigram. After a third toss, the first six coins are placed on the hexagram to mark a moving line. This has the deficiency or allowing at most one moving line, whereas all six lines could be moving in traditional methods.

Any dice with an even number of faces can also be used in the same fashion as the coin tosses, with even die rolls for heads and odd for tails. An eight-sided die (d8) can be used to simulate the chances of a line being an old moving line equivalent to the yarrow-stalk method. For example, because the chances of anyyin line or anyyang line are equal in the yarrow-stalk method, there is a one-in-eight chance of getting any basic trigram, the same chance held under theba qian method, so theba qian method can be used to determine the basic hexagram. The d8 can then be used by rolling it once for each line to determine moving lines. A result of 1 on ayin line, or 3 or less on ayang line, will make that line a moving line, preserving the yarrow-stalk method's outcomes.

Another dice method that produces the 1:7:3:5 ratio of the yarrow-stalk method is to add 1d4 + 1d8. All odd results are consideredyin, with the result of 11 denoting an oldyin. Any even results would be consideredyang, with both 4 and 10 treated as oldyang.

Two dice methods that not only produce the yarrow-stalk probabilities but also maintain the traditional even–odd associations ofyin andyang are the 3d4 and 2d8 methods. In the 3d4 method, one rolls three four-sided dice and adds their outcomes, treating all odd totals asyang and all even totals asyin, with totals of 4, 7, and 12 indicating a moving line. The 2d8 method works analogously for two eight-sided dice, but here, any total over 10 (with the exception of 12) is considered moving.

There is a tradition ofTaoist thought which exploresnumerology,esoteric cosmology,astrology andfeng shui in connection with theI Ching.

TheHan period (206 BCE-220 CE)… saw the combination and correlation of theI Ching, particularly in its structural aspects ofline,trigrams, andhexagrams, with theyin-yang andwu hsing (Five Element) theories of the cosmologists, with numerical patterns and speculations, with military theory, and, rather more nebulously, with the interests of the fang-shih or "Masters of Techniques," who ranged over many areas, from practical medicine, through alchemy and astrology, to the occult and beyond.

— Hacker, Moore and Patsco, "The I Ching in Time and Space",I Ching: an annotated bibliography, p. xiii

The eleventh-centuryNeo-Confucian philosopherShao Yung contributed advanced methods of divination including the Plum Blossom Yi Numerology, ahorary astrology^[4] that takes into account the number ofcalligraphic brush strokes of one's query.^{[citation needed]} Following the associationsCarl Jung drew between astrology andI Ching with the introduction of his theory ofsynchronicity, the authors of modern Yi studies are much informed by the astrological paradigm.^[5] Chu and Sherrill provide five astrological systems inAn Anthology of I Ching^[6] and inThe Astrology of I Ching^[7] develop a form of symbolic astrology that uses theeight trigrams in connection with the time of one's birth to generate an oracle from which further hexagrams and a dailyline judgement are derived.^[4] Another modern development incorporates the planetary positions of one'snatal horoscope against the backdrop of Shao Yung's circularFu Xi arrangement and the Westernzodiac to provide multiple hexagrams corresponding to each of the planets.^[4]

This method goes back toJing Fang (78–37 BC). While ahexagram is derived with one of the common methods like coin or yarrow stalks, here the divination is not interpreted on the basis of the classicI Ching text. Instead, this system connects each of the six hexagram lines to one of the TwelveEarthly Branches, and then the picture can be analyzed with the use of5 Elements (Wu Xing).^[8]

By bringing in theChinese calendar, this method not only tries to determinewhat will happen, but alsowhen it will happen. As such, Wen Wang Gua makes a bridge betweenI Ching and theFour Pillars of Destiny.

The preceding ("concrete"/physical) methods can be simulated in ("abstract"/conceptual) software. This has the theoretical advantage of improving randomness aspects of consulting theI Ching ("not-doing" in the personal sense, enhancing the "universal" principle). For all methods, one must pre-focus/prepare the mind.

Here is a typical example for the "modified three-coin" method:

#!/usr/bin/env python3## iChing_Modified_3_coins.py##   see https://github.com/kwccoin/I-Ching-Modified-3-Coin-Method##   Create (two) I Ching hexagrams: present > future (might be same).## With both "3-coin method" and "modified 3-coin method" (see <nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Ching_divination</nowiki>).## 3-coins Probabilities:#   old/changing/moving yin    "6 : == x ==" = 1/8#   (young/stable/static) yang "7 : =======" = 3/8#   (young/stable/static) yin  "8 : ==   ==" = 3/8#   old/changing/moving yang   "9 : == o ==" = 1/8## 3-coins Probabilities:#   old/changing/moving yin    "6 : === x ===" = 1/8#   (young/stable/static) yang "7 : =========" = 3/8#   (young/stable/static) yin  "8 : ===   ===" = 3/8#   old/changing/moving yang   "9 : ====o====" = 1/8## Modified 3-coins Probabilities:#   old/changing/moving yin    "6 : === x ===" = 1/8 * 1/2     = 1/16#   (young/stable/static) yang "7 : =========" = 3/8 - 1/8*1/2 = 5/16#   (young/stable/static) yin  "8 : ===   ===" = 3/8 - P[6]    = 7/16#   old/changing/moving yang   "9 : ====o====" = 1/8 - p[7]    = 3/16# see# https://aleadeum.com/2013/07/12/the-i-ching-random-numbers-and-why-you-are-doing-it-wrong/# especially see the remark why 1st round are 1/4-3/4 whilst 2nd and 3rd round are 1/2-1/2importrandomdeftoss(method:str="yarrow")->int:"""Toss."""rng=random.SystemRandom()# Auto-seeded, with os.urandom()special_coin=0val=0forflipinrange(3):# Three simulated coin flips i.e. coin 0, 1, 2val+=rng.randint(2,3)# tail=2, head=3 for each coinifflip==0:special_coin=val# Coin 0 as the special coinifmethod=="coin":# Coin method note tth or 223 is 7 or young yangreturnval# Probability of 6/7/8/9 is 1/8 3/8 3/8 1/8elifmethod=="modified 3 coins":# method similar to "yarrow-stick" need to have prob.# for 6/7/8/9 as 1/16  5/16  7/16  3/16# now coin method is# for 6/7/8/9 as 2/16  6/16  6/16  2/16# modified to change#               -1/16 -1/16 +1/16 + 1/16#                   6     7     8      9if(val==6)and(special_coin==2):special_coin=rng.randint(2,3)ifspecial_coin==2:val=6else:val=8elif(val==7)and(special_coin==3):special_coin=rng.randint(2,3)if(special_coin==3):val=7else:val=9returnval# probability of 6/7/8/9 is 1/16 5/16 7/16 3/16else:# yarrow-stick method as effectively default# start_sticks, sky-left, sky-reminder, human,  earth-right, earth-reminder, bin# value->   49         0             0      0             0            0      0# index->    0         1             2      3             4            5      6# on table:#               heaven# heaven-left   human    earth-right#               earth## sometimes use finger to hold abovedefprintys(ys,remark):# String format example: f"Result: {value:{width}.{precision}}"width=3print(f'[{ys[0]},\t{ys[1]},\t{ys[2]},\t{ys[3]},\t{ys[4]},\t{ys[5]},\t{ys[6]}]\t{remark}')returndefys_round(ys,round,debug="no"):ifdebug=="yes":print("Round is",round)ifdebug=="yes":print("===============")ifdebug=="yes":print(f'[{"src"},\t{"sky"},\t{"left"},\t{"human"},\t{"earth"},\t{"right"},\t{"bin"}]\t{"remark"}')# Generate a number somewhere in between 1/3 to 2/3 as human do not trickifdebug=="yes":printys(ys,"Starting")ys[1]=rng.randint(ys[0]//3,ys[0]*2//3)ys[4]=ys[0]-ys[1]ys[0]=ys[0]-ys[1]-ys[4]ifdebug=="yes":printys(ys,"Separate into two")ys[3]=1ys[1]=ys[1]-ys[3]ifdebug=="yes":printys(ys,"and with one as human")ys[2]=ys[1]%4ifys[2]==0:ys[2]=4ys[1]=ys[1]-ys[2]ifdebug=="yes":printys(ys,"then 4 by 4 and sky behind ...")ys[5]=ys[4]%4ifys[5]==0:ys[5]=4ys[4]=ys[4]-ys[5]ifdebug=="yes":printys(ys,"then 4 by 4 and earth behind ...")ys[6]+=ys[2]+ys[3]+ys[5]ys[2]=0ys[3]=0ys[5]=0ys[0]=ys[1]+ys[4]ys[1]=0ys[4]=0ifdebug=="yes":printys(ys,"complete the cycle ...")returnysys=[0,0,0,0,0,0,0]# May be better use dictionaryys[0]=55# printys(ys, "The number of heaven and earth is 55")ys[0]=49# printys(ys, "only 49 is used")# Round 1 need to ensure mod 4 cannot return 0 and cannot have 0# wiki said cannot have 1 as well not sure about thatys=ys_round(ys,1,"no")# "yes")ys=ys_round(ys,2,"no")# "yes")ys=ys_round(ys,3,"no")# "yes")returnys[0]//4# We build in bottom to topprint("Method is yarrow by default\n")toss_array=[0,0,0,0,0,0]forlineinrange(0,6,1):toss_array[line]=toss()print("Line is ",line+1,"; toss is ",toss_array[line],"\n")# Hence we print in reversedefprint_lines_in_reverse(toss_array):forlineinrange(5,-1,-1):val=toss_array[line]# The changing line/hexagram need another programifval==6:print('6  :  == x ==')# ||   ==   ==  >  -------')elifval==7:print('7  :  -------')# ||   -------  >  -------')elifval==8:print('8  :  ==   ==')# ||   ==   ==  >  ==   ==')elifval==9:print('9  :  -- o --')# ||   -------  >  ==   ==')print_lines_in_reverse(toss_array)print("\n\n")

With a modified three-coin method as default, this may avoid the Sung dynasty issue,i.e., when you have an easily available and simple method, you use it—but with a wrong probability! (Also, the first number starts from the bottom like a hexagram.)

A JavaScript version of the Yarrow Stalk method, which generates slightly different probabilities, is available in open source form at GitHub.^[9]

Most analyses of the probabilities of either the coin method or yarrow-stalk method agree on the probabilities for each method. The coin method varies significantly from the yarrow-stalk method, in that the former gives the same probability to both of the moving lines and to both of the static lines, which is not the case in the yarrow-stalk method.

However, the calculation of the frequencies for the yarrow-stalk method—generally believed to be the same as those described in this article in the simplified method using sixteen objects—contains a further error, in the opinion of Andrew Kennedy,^[10] which is that of including the selection ofzero as a quantity for either hand. The yarrow-stalk procedureexpressly requires that the four numbers be producedwithout using zero; Kennedy shows that by not allowing the user to select zero for either hand, or a single stalk for the right hand (this stalk is moved to the left hand before counting by fours, and so also leaves a zero in the right hand), the hexagram frequencies change significantly for a daily user of the oracle. Kennedy has modified the simplified method of using sixteen coloured objects described in this article as follows:

take 38 objects, of which

• 8 are of one colour = moving yang
• 2 are of a different colour = moving yin
• 11 are of a different colour = static yang
• 17 are of a different colour = static yin

This arrangement produces Kennedy's calculated frequencies within 0.1%.

This section includes a list ofgeneral references, butit lacks sufficient correspondinginline citations. Please help toimprove this section byintroducing more precise citations.(December 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

• In theProfiler episode "Unholy Alliance", aserial killer usesI Ching, and the hexagram determines what and how someone is chosen and killed.
• In theMad Men episode "The Crash",Frank Gleason'sflower child daughter, Wendy, uses the three-coin method to tell fortunes at the offices of the newly merged firm.^[11][12][13]
• InThe Man In the High Castle byPhilip K. Dick, several characters consult theI Ching at various points and consider the answers given. Dick apparently used theI Ching while writing his novel, to help him decide on the direction of the plot.
  • In theTV adaptation of the novel, theI Ching is habitually used by character Nabosuke Tagomi, who later teaches this to Juliana Crain and Trudy Walker.
• In the song "God",John Lennon states that he "doesn't believe inI Ching", among many other religious and cultural phenomena that he claims to not believe in or follow.
• The song "Walking On The Chinese Wall" byPhilip Bailey references theI Ching and the coin method.
• In Philip Pullman'sThe Amber Spyglass, Mary Malone uses theI Ching as a way to communicate with Dust.
• In theDark Shadows original TV series episode "700", Barnabas Collins and Professor Elliott Stokes discover a set ofI Ching wands in a drawer in an abandoned section of the Collinwood mansion in 1969. Barnabas casts himself into a trance using the wands, allowing his astral body to travel back to the year 1897.
• In the video gameCyberpunk 2077, players can undertake a mission to collect several self-driving cars driven byartificial intelligence. If the player chooses to grant the cars independence, they will receive messages from one vehicle stating that it has discovered the meaning of life through the 61sthexagram.
• The song "Chapter 24" byPink Floyd takes its lyrics from the commentary on the 24th hexagram.
• InSheila Heti's 2018 autobiographical novelMotherhood, Heti includes conversations where she asks yes or no questions about art, love and motherhood, and attempts to answer them using coin flips. This was inspired by theI Ching^[14][15].

• I Ching
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