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Huang Xing | |||||||||||
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 Xing between 1905 and 1916 | |||||||||||
| Nickname(s) | Eight Fingered General | ||||||||||
| Born | (1874-10-24)24 October 1874 Huangxing,Changsha,Qing Empire | ||||||||||
| Died | 31 October 1916(1916-10-31) (aged 42) Shanghai,Republic of China | ||||||||||
| Allegiance | Tongmenghui,Kuomintang | ||||||||||
| Service | Tongmenghui | ||||||||||
| Years of service | 1894–1912 | ||||||||||
| Rank | General | ||||||||||
| Battles / wars | Xinhai Revolution | ||||||||||
| Alma mater | Jinshi degree in theImperial Examination | ||||||||||
| Relations | Liao Danru(wife) | ||||||||||
| Chinese name | |||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 黃興 | ||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 黄兴 | ||||||||||
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Huang Xing orHuang Hsing (Chinese:黃興; 25 October 1874 – 31 October 1916) was a Chinese revolutionary leader and politician, and the firstcommander-in-chief of theRepublic of China. As one of the founders of theKuomintang (KMT) and the Republic of China, his position was second only toSun Yat-sen. Together they were known as Sun-Huang during theXinhai Revolution. He was also known as the "Eight Fingered General" because of wounds sustained during war. His tomb is on Mount Yuelu, in Changsha, Hunan, China.
Huang was born in the village of Gaotang, now part ofChangsha,Hunan. Like many other Chinese men born before 1949, Huang was known by many different names during his life. His birth name was "Huang Zhen", but this was later changed to "Huang Xing". He was also known as "Huang Keqiang" and "Qing Wu". In the period after 1911 he also used the names "Li Youqing" and "Zhang Shouzheng".
Huang Xing was a descendant ofHuang Tingjian, a Chinese artist, scholar, government official, and poet of the Song dynasty.[1] Huang Xing began his studies at the prestigious South Changsha Academy in 1893, and received hisJinshi degree when he was only 22 years old. In 1898 Huang Xing was selected to complete further study at Wuchang Lianghu College, from which Huang Xing graduated in 1901. In 1902 Huang was selected byZhang Zhidong to study abroad in Japan, and was enrolled in Tokyo's Kōbun Institute (弘文学院).
While in Japan, Huang Xing developed an appreciation for the study of military affairs, and studied modern warfare under a Japanese officer in his leisure time. While living in Japan, Huang Xing practiced horsemanship and shooting every morning. Huang Xing's military training in Japan prepared him for his later role as a Chinese revolutionary.
In 1903, Huang organized the Anti-Russia Volunteer Army (Chinese:拒俄義勇隊;pinyin:Jù-É Yìyǒngduì) of over two hundred fellow students in Japan. The Army, quickly shut down by authorities in Japan, was intended to protest Russia's growing hegemony overOuter Mongolia and its occupation of northeast China after theBoxer Uprising. Later in 1903 Huang returned to China and organized a meeting withChen Tianhua,Song Jiaoren, and more than 20 other people. The group founded theHuaxinghui, a secret revolutionary party dedicated to the overthrow of theQing Dynasty. Huang Xing was elected president.
The Huaxinghui cooperated with other revolutionary parties, and in 1905 scheduled an armed uprising in Changsha during theEmpress Dowager's seventieth birthday celebration. The Huaxinghui's plan was discovered, and its members (including Huang) were forced to escape to Japan. In Japan, Huang metSun Yat-sen and helped Sun found theTongmenghui, another revolutionary party dedicated to the overthrow of the Qing Dynasty. Huang held the post of General Affairs Officer, and became the Tongmenghui's second most important leader, after Sun. Following the founding of the Tongmenghui, Huang devoted his time and energy to the revolution.
In 1907 Huang secretly returned to China and traveled toHanoi inFrench Indochina in order to participate in numerous revolts, including the Qinzhou Uprising, Fangcheng Uprising, andZhen Nanguan Uprising. All of the revolts that Huang actively took part in failed due to lack of sufficient resources. In the autumn of 1909, Huang was commissioned by Sun Yat-sen to establish the South Branch of the Tongmenghui, and to prepare the Party for a planned military uprising from Guangzhou. In the spring of 1909, Huang led another uprising, but this revolt also failed. In October 1909, Huang presided over an assembly with Sun Yat-sen in the British colony ofPenang (now part ofMalaysia). The assembly decided to concentrate human and financial resources to stage further uprisings in Guangzhou.
In the spring of 1911, Huang established the Department of the Guangzhou Uprising in Hong Kong, and became the Department's minister. On April 27, Huang launched theHuanghuagang Uprising in Guangzhou, and led hundreds of people in an attempt to capture the viceroy of Guangdong and Guangxi. Huang and his followers failed to capture the viceroy, who climbed over a wall in order to escape them. During the skirmish, Huang sustained serious injuries and sustained a gunshot wound to his hand, resulting in losing two of his fingers.[2] The Huanghuagang Uprising turned out to be the last unsuccessful revolt before theWuchang Uprising, that ultimately succeeded in overthrowing the Qing Dynasty by the end of 1911.
Following the Wuchang Uprising in October 1911, Huang Xing traveled from Shanghai to Wuchang and commanded the revolutionary forces in theBattle of Yangxia against Qing loyalist forces ofYuan Shikai.
On January 1, 1912, the Nanjing Interim Government was established, and Huang was selected to be one of its leaders. In August 1912, Huang became the director of the KMT. In March 1913, the provisional president of the newly formedRepublic of China,Yuan Shikai, successfully assassinated the chairman of the KMT,Song Jiaoren, whose party had won China's first elections and who had shown indications of a desire to limit Yuan's powers within the new government.
In later 1913,Yuan Shikai expelled KMT members from all government offices and moved the government toBeijing. Huang stayed in Nanjing and attempted to reorganize the South Army in order to oppose Yuan. Because of a shortage of money, Huang's army later mutinied, and Huang had to abandon Nanjing and retreat to the foreign concession areas of Shanghai. Sun Yat-sen again fled to Japan in November 1913.
In July 1913, Sun organized armed forces to suppress Yuan, and theSecond Revolution broke out. On July 14, Huang went to Nanjing from Shanghai, convinced the military governor ofJiangsu to declare independence from Yuan, and pushed to be the military commander in charge suppressing Yuan's forces in Jiangsu. After Huang's rebellion in Jiangsu failed, Huang fled back to Japan.
Huang went into exile in the United States in 1914, andYuan Shikai proclaimed himselfemperor in 1915. While abroad, Huang raised funds in order to raise a Yunnan National Protection Army tosuppress Yuan. After the death of Yuan, in June 1916, Huang returned to China. In October 1916, Huang died in Shanghai at the age of 42 ofcirrhosis. On April 15, 1917, Huang was given a state funeral, and was buried in Changsha onYuelu Mountain.
Children:
Huang Xing is portrayed byJackie Chan in the film1911, released in 2011 on the 100th anniversary of the Wuchang Uprising.
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